不同育秧盘对机插双季稻株型与产量的影响

doi:10.16819/j.1001-7216.2020.9131

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】旨在阐明不同育秧盘对机插双季稻株型与产量的影响。【方法】以4个早、晚稻品种为材料,设置毯状盘(CK)、钵体盘(D1)和钵体毯状盘(D2)3种育秧盘试验,系统测定了不同育秧盘处理下早、晚稻植株形态特征与产量结构。【结果】1）不同秧盘处理秧苗素质表现为CK>D1>D2;机插时,D2处理下秧苗整体机插质量最优,表现在漂秧率、伤秧率和漏插率D2均优于CK,提高了栽插质量;2）D2处理下秧苗返青快,拔节期后分蘖快,孕穗期分蘖数D2>D1>CK,有效促进了茎蘖成穗,直接影响产量;从SPAD值看,早晚稻孕穗期时,D2处理下秧苗叶片SPAD值比D1处理平均高出3.2%,比CK处理平均高出9.2%,可有效促进光合作用,为增产提供了营养保障;3）产量数据显示,早晚稻均以D2处理产量最高,早稻分别比CK和D1增产13.04%和1.65%,晚稻分别增产30%和19%,平均比对照(CK)育秧机插增产20%;具体表现在D2处理叶片叶绿素含量高,有效穗数多,结实率和千粒重指标好。【结论】与毯状盘和钵体盘相比,钵体毯状盘可提高秧苗素质和产量,在江西双季稻生产中具有推广应用价值。

关键词: 育秧盘, 机插, 双季稻, 株型, 产量

Abstract:

【Objective】The objective is to elucidate the effects of different seedling raising trays on plant type and yield of machine-transplanted double cropping rice. 【Method】Field experiments were conducted in Jiangxi in 2019, involving two early and two late rice cultivars and three types of nursery trays [blanket tray(CK), bowl tray(D1) and bowl-blanket tray(D2)]. The changing characteristics of plant morphology and yield components were systematically measured. 【Result】The results indicated that: 1) The seedling quality of different seedling raising trays followed the trend of CK>D1>D2. The whole transplanting quality of seedlings under D2 was the best, as reflected by lower floating rate, injure rate and missed rate of seedling than CK. 2) Under D2 treatment, the seedlings turned green quickly and tillering was accelerated after jointing stage. The average number of tillers at booting stage was D2 > D1 > CK, which effectively increased the tiller number and panicle number and directly promote the yield. In the booting stage of early and late rice, the SPAD value of seedling leaves under D2 treatment was 3.2% higher than that under D1, and 9.2% higher than that under CK treatment, which effectively promoted photosynthesis and provided nutrition guarantee for increasing yield; 3) The yield data showed that D2 treatment had the highest yield in early rice, 13.04% and 1.65% higher than CK and D1, 30% and 19% higher than CK, respectively, and 20% higher than CK on average; The high yield of D2 treatment was due to its high chlorophyll contents in leaves, high effective panicle number, high seed setting rate and 1000-grain weight. 【Conclusion】Compared with the blanket nursing tray and bowl tray, the bowl-blanket tray can raise seedling quality and grain yield, which has a potential to be widely applied for high yield cultivation in double cropping rice production.

Key words: nursery tray, machine-transplanted, double cropping rice, plant type, yield

中图分类号:

叶春, 李艳大, 曹中盛, 黄俊宝, 孙滨峰, 舒时富, 吴罗发. 不同育秧盘对机插双季稻株型与产量的影响[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2020, 34(5): 435-442.

Chun YE, Yanda LI, Zhongsheng CAO, Junbao HUANG, Binfeng SUN, Shifu SHU, Luofa WU. Effects of Different Seedling Raising Trays on Plant Type and Grain Yield of Machine-Transplanted Double Cropping Rice[J]. Chinese Journal OF Rice Science, 2020, 34(5): 435-442.

图/表 6

参考文献 29

[1]	农博. 农业部主推12项农机技术[J]. 北京农业, 2012(13): 35.
	Nong B.12 Agricultural machinery technologies promoted by the ministry of agriculture[J]. Beijing Agriculture, 2012 (13): 35. (in Chinese)
[2]	张洪程. 水稻机械化精简化高产栽培[M]. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2014: 1-89.
	Zhang H C.The Rice Mechanization Simplifies The High-yield Cultivation [M]. Beijing: China Agricultural Press, 2014: 1-89. (in Chinese)
[3]	周晚来, 王朝云, 易永健, 谭志坚, 汪洪鹰, 杨媛茹, 余旺, 易镇邪. 我国水稻机插育秧发展现状[J]. 中国稻米, 2018, 24(5): 11-15.
	Zhou W L, Wang C Y, Yi Y J, Tian Z J, Wang H Y, Yang Y R, Yu W, Yi Z X.Development status of rice seedling raising technology for mechanical transplanting in China[J]. China Rice, 2018, 24(5): 11-15. (in Chinese)
[4]	吴青香, 曾勇军, 程慧煌, 成臣, 石庆华, 潘晓华. 双季稻机插技术在江西的应用现状、存在问题及推广对策[J]. 中国稻米, 2017, 23(4): 157-159, 164.
	Wu Q X, Zeng Y J, Cheng H H, Cheng C, Shi Q H, Pan X H.Application of machine transplanting in double cropping rice in Jiangxi Province: Status quo, problems and countermeasures[J]. China Rice, 2017, 23(4): 157-159, 164. (in Chinese)
[5]	李木英, 黄程宽, 谭雪明, 石庆华, 潘晓华. 不同机插条件下双季稻不同品种的产量和干物质生产力[J]. 江西农业大学学报, 2015, 37(1): 1-10.
	Li M Y, Huang C K, Tan X M, Shi Q H, Pan X H.The yield and matter productive capacity of different varieties of double season rice under different conditions of mechanical transplanting[J]. Acta Agriculturae Universitis Jiangxiensis, 2015, 37(1): 1-10. (in Chinese)
[6]	宋云生. 不同类型品种水稻钵苗机插产量形成特征及关键栽培技术研究[D]. 扬州: 扬州大学, 2017.
	Song Y S.Study on yield formation characteristics and key cultivation techniques of different rice varieties with nutrition bowl mechanical-transplanting[D]. Yangzhou: Yangzhou University, 2017. (in Chinese)
[7]	朱聪聪, 张洪程, 郭保卫, 曹利强, 江峰, 葛梦婕, 花劲, 宋云生, 周兴涛, 霍中洋, 许轲, 戴其根, 魏海燕, 朱大伟. 钵苗机插密度对不同类型水稻产量及光合物质生产特性的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2014, 40(1): 122-133.
	Zhu C C, Zhang H C, Guo B L, Cao L Q, Jiang F, Ge M J, Hua J, Song Y S, Zhou X T, Huo Z Y, Xu G, Dai Q G, Wei H Y, Zhu D W.Effect of planting density on yield and photosynthate production characteristics in different types of rice with bowl mechanical-transplanting method[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2014, 40(1): 122-133. (in Chinese)
[8]	张洪程, 龚金龙. 中国水稻种植机械化高产农艺研究现状及发展探讨[J]. 中国农业科学, 2014, 47(7): 1273-1289.
	Zhang H C, Gong J L.Research status and development discussion on high-yielding agronomy of mechanized planting rice in China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2014, 47(7): 1273-1289. (in Chinese)
[9]	宋建农. 推广适合中国国情的机插秧技术[J]. 当代农机, 2018(5): 24-25.
	Song J N.Popularizing the technology of transplanting rice by machine suitable for China[J]. Contemporary Farm Machinery, 2018(5): 24-25. (in Chinese)
[10]	李泽华, 马旭, 齐龙, 谭穗妍, 陈学深, 谭永炘, 梁仲维, 孙国栋, 黄益强. 华南双季稻区水稻不同机械化栽植方式对比试验与评价[J]. 农业工程学报, 2015, 31(3): 40-47.
	Li Z H, Ma X, Qi L, Tan S Y, Chen X S, Tan Y X,Liang Z W, Sun G D, Huang Y Q.Comparison and evaluation of different rice mechanized transplanting methods in double cropping area of South China[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2015, 31(3): 40-47. (in Chinese)
[11]	毛爱强. 水稻钵体毯状苗机插秧技术推广与应用[J]. 农民致富之友, 2012(17): 105.
	Mao A Q. Popularization and application of rice seedling transplanting technology with bowl-shaped seedling machine[J] Friends of the Farmer, 2012(17): 105. (in Chinese)
[12]	宋云生, 张洪程, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕, 朱聪聪, 孙圳, 杨大柳, 王惟清, 刘俊, 吴爱国. 水稻钵苗机插秧苗素质的调控[J]. 农业工程学报, 2013, 29(22): 11-22.
	Song Y S, Zhang H C, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y, Xu G, Wei H Y, Sun Z, Yang D L, Wang W Q, Liu J, Wu A G.Seedling quality regulation of rice potted-seedling in mechanical transplanting[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2013, 29(22): 11-22. (in Chinese)
[13]	Sarwar N, Maqsood M, Aftab Wajid S, Anwar-Ul-Haq M. Impact of nursery seeding density, nitrogen, and seedling age on yield and yield attributes of fine rice[J]. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research, 2011, 71(3): 343-349.
[14]	Adhikari B B, Mehera B, Haefele S.Impact of rice nursery nutrient management, seeding density and seedling age on yield and yield attributes[J]. Plant Science, 2013, 4(12): 146-155.
[15]	王海月, 张桥, 武云霞, 严奉君, 郭长春, 孙永健, 徐徽, 杨志远, 马均. 不同株距下氮肥减量配施运筹对机插杂交稻的产量及光合特性的影响[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2019, 33(5): 447-456.
	Wang H Y, Zhang Q, Wu Y X, Yan F J, Guo C C, Sun Y J, Xu H, Yang Z Y, Ma J.Effects of reduced urea application on yield and photosynthetic characteristics of mechanically-transplanted rice under different planting spaces[J]. Chinese Journal of Rice Science, 2019, 33(5): 447-456. (in Chinese)
[16]	钟雪梅, 黄铁平, 彭建伟, 卢文璐, 康兴蓉, 孙梦飞, 宋思明, 唐启源, 陈裕新, 湛冬至, 周旋. 机插同步一次性精量施肥对双季稻养分累积及利用率的影响[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2019, 33(5): 436-446.
	Zhong X M, Huang T P, Peng J W, Lu W L, Kang X R, Sun M F, Song S M, Tang Q Y, Chen Y X, Zhan D Z, Zhou X.Effects of machine-transplanting synchronized with one-time precision fertilization on nutrient uptake and use efficiency of double cropping rice[J]. Chinese Journal of Rice Science, 2019, 33(5): 436-446. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]	顾骏飞, 周振翔, 李志康, 戴琪星, 孔祥胜, 王志琴, 杨建昌. 水稻低叶绿素含量突变对光合作用及产量的影响. 作物学报, 2016, 42(4): 551-560.
	Gu J F, Zhou Z X, Li Z K, Dai Q X, Kong X S, Wang Z Q, Yang J C.Effects of the mutant with low chlorophyll content on photosynthesis and yield in rice[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2016, 42(4): 551-560. (in Chinese)
[18]	张洪程, 吴桂成, 李德剑, 龚金龙, 李杰, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 高辉, 魏海燕, 沙安勤, 周有炎, 王宝金, 吴爱国. 杂交粳稻13.5 t·hm-2超高产群体动态特征及形成机制的探讨[J]. 作物学报, 2010, 36(9): 1547-1558.
	Zhang H C, Wu G C, Li D J, Gong J L, Li J, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y, Xu G, Gao H, Wei H Y, Sha A Q, Zhou Y Y, Wang B J, Wu A G.Population characteristics and formation mechanism for super-high-yielding hybrid japonica rice (13.5 t·ha-1)[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2010, 36(9): 1547-1558. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]	He H, You C, Wu H, Zhu D, Yang R, He Q, Wu L.Effects of nursery tray and transplanting methods on rice yield[J]. Agronomy Journal, 2018, 110(1): 104.
[20]	史鸿志, 朱德峰, 张玉屏, 向镜, 张义凯, 朱从桦, 武辉, 陈惠哲. 生物降解秧盘及播种量对机插水稻秧苗素质及产量的影响[J]. 农业工程学报, 2017, 33(24): 27-34.
	Shi H Z, Zhu D F, Zhang Y P, Xiang J, Zhang Y K, Zhu C Y, Wu H, Chen H Z.Effects of boodegradable seedling tray and sowing rate on seedling quality and yield of mechanical transplanting rice[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2017, 33(24): 27-34. (in Chinese)
[21]	郭长春, 孙知白, 孙永健, 殷尧翥, 武云霞, 唐源, 杨志远, 向开宏, 马均. 优质丰产杂交籼稻品种机直播产量构成及其群体质量研究[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2018, 32(5): 462-474.
	Guo C C, Sun Z B, Sun Y J, Y Y Z, Wu Y X, Tang Y, Yang Z Y, Xiang K H, Ma J. Study on yield formation and population quality of indica hybrid rice with good quality and high yield under mechanical direct seeding[J]. Chinese Journal of Rice Science, 2018, 32(5): 462-474. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]	沈建辉, 曹卫星, 朱庆森, 薛艳凤, 景启坚. 不同育秧方式对水稻机插秧苗素质的影响[J]. 南京农业大学学报, 2003, 26(3): 7-9.
	Shen J H, Cao W X, Zhu Q S, Xue Y F, Jing Q J.Effects of different seedling raising methods on rice seedling quality by mechanical transplanting[J]. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 2003, 26(3): 7-9. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]	商庆银, 吕伟生, 曾勇军, 黄山, 杨秀霞, 谭雪明, 石庆华, 潘晓华. 分蘖肥不同施用时期对机插双季稻产量和群体发育的影响[J]. 江西农业大学学报, 2015, 37(1): 42-47.
	Shang Q Y, Lv W S, Zeng Y J, Huang S, Yang X X, Tan X M, Shi Q H, Pan X H. Effect of application of tillering fertilizer at different times on grain yield and population development of double-cropping rice under transplanting by machine[J]. Acta Agriculturae Universitis Jiangxiensis, 2015, 37(1): 42-47. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]	裴鹏刚, 张均华, 朱练峰, 胡志华, 金千瑜. 秸秆还田耦合施氮水平对水稻光合特性、氮素吸收及产量形成的影响[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2015, 29(3): 282-290.
	Pei P G, Zhang J H, Zhu L F,Hu Z H, Jin Q Y.Effects of straw returning coupled with N application on rice photosynthetic characteristics, nitrogen uptake and grain yield formation[J]. Chinese Journal of Rice Science, 2015, 29(3): 282-290. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]	张冬玲. 小麦穗粒数和千粒重的关联分析及冠层温度和叶绿素含量对产量的影响[D]. 北京: 中国农业科学院, 2014.
	Zhang D L.Study on association maooing of grain number and 1000-kernals weights and affection of canopy temperature/chlorophyll content on yield of wheat[D]. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2014. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]	李江鹏, 刘海俊, 黄志午, 刘晓英, 尤杰, 徐志刚. 光谱对水稻灌浆期剑叶光合及叶绿素荧光特性的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(16): 2768-2775.
	Li J P, Liu H J, Huang Z W, Liu X Y, You J, Xu Z G.Effects of spectral distribution on photosynthetic and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of flag leaves at grain filling stage in rice[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(16): 2768-2775. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]	于林惠, 李刚华, 徐晶晶, 凌启鸿, 丁艳锋. 基于高产示范方的机插水稻群体特征研究[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2011, 26(4): 451-456.
	Yu L H, Li G H, Xu J J, Ling Q H, Ding Y F.Population characteristics of machine-transplanted japonica rice based on high-yield demonstration fields[J]. Chinese Journal of Rice Science, 2011, 26(4): 451-456. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[28]	Chen J, Cao F, Yin X, Huang M, Zou Y.Yield performance of early-season rice cultivars grown in the late season of double-season crop production under machine-transplanted conditions[J/OL].PloS ONE, 2019, 14(3): e0213075.
[29]	杨玲. 寒地超高产水稻生育特性及产量构成因素分析[D]. 哈尔滨: 东北农业大学, 2019.
	Yang L.Analysis on the growth characteristics and yield components of super high yielding rice in cold region [D]. Haerbin: Northeast Agricultural University, 2019. (in Chinese with English abstract)

类型 Type		出苗率 Seedling emergence rate/%	均匀度合格率Uniformity qualification rate/%	株高 Plant height/cm	根长 Root length/cm	根数 Root number	茎基宽 Stem base width/cm
早稻 Early rice	C1CK	95.0 b	92.0 c	15.1 a	7.8 a	8.7 a	1.8 a
	C1D1	96.0 a	93.8 a	11.9 c	5.4 c	7.4 b	1.5 b
	C1D2	96.0 a	92.6 b	12.6 b	5.5 b	6.7 c	1.4 c
	C2CK	100.0 a	93.0 c	18.7 a	4.7 c	9.2 a	1.7 b
	C2D1	98.0 b	98.0 a	15.6 b	5.4 a	8.6 c	1.8 a
	C2D2	97.0 c	96.0 b	10.1 c	5.2 b	8.6 b	1.5 b
晚稻 Late rice	C3CK	98.0 a	91.0 c	14.5 a	10.2 a	8.6 a	2.1 a
	C3D1	97.0 b	95.0 b	12.6 c	8.2 b	7.2 c	1.9 b
	C3D2	96.0 c	96.0 a	13.9 b	7.3 c	7.7 b	1.7 c
	C4CK	99.0 a	94.0 c	15.6 a	9.8 a	8.8 a	2.3 a
	C4D1	97.0 b	97.0 b	13.2 c	8.3 b	7.3 c	2.0 b
	C4D2	96.0 c	98.0 a	13.9 b	7.5 c	8.0 b	1.9 c

类型 Type		出苗率 Seedling emergence rate/%	均匀度合格率Uniformity qualification rate/%	株高 Plant height/cm	根长 Root length/cm	根数 Root number	茎基宽 Stem base width/cm
早稻 Early rice	C1CK	95.0 b	92.0 c	15.1 a	7.8 a	8.7 a	1.8 a
	C1D1	96.0 a	93.8 a	11.9 c	5.4 c	7.4 b	1.5 b
	C1D2	96.0 a	92.6 b	12.6 b	5.5 b	6.7 c	1.4 c
	C2CK	100.0 a	93.0 c	18.7 a	4.7 c	9.2 a	1.7 b
	C2D1	98.0 b	98.0 a	15.6 b	5.4 a	8.6 c	1.8 a
	C2D2	97.0 c	96.0 b	10.1 c	5.2 b	8.6 b	1.5 b
晚稻 Late rice	C3CK	98.0 a	91.0 c	14.5 a	10.2 a	8.6 a	2.1 a
	C3D1	97.0 b	95.0 b	12.6 c	8.2 b	7.2 c	1.9 b
	C3D2	96.0 c	96.0 a	13.9 b	7.3 c	7.7 b	1.7 c
	C4CK	99.0 a	94.0 c	15.6 a	9.8 a	8.8 a	2.3 a
	C4D1	97.0 b	97.0 b	13.2 c	8.3 b	7.3 c	2.0 b
	C4D2	96.0 c	98.0 a	13.9 b	7.5 c	8.0 b	1.9 c

类型 Type		栽插深度 Planting depth /mm	每穴株数 Plant number per hill	漂秧率 Rate of floating seedlings/%	伤秧率 Rate of injury seedlings/%	漏插率 Rate of missed seedlings/%	相对均匀度合格率 Qualified rate of relative uniformity/%
早稻 Early rice	CK	18.9 a	3.1 c	1.7 a	3.4 a	2.5 a	89.5 c
	D1	17.0 b	3.4 a	1.4 b	2.5 b	1.9 b	90.3 b
	D2	16.2 c	3.2 b	1.2 c	2.4 c	1.3 c	90.5 a
晚稻 Late rice	CK	18.0 a	3.1 b	1.7 a	2.7 a	2.1 a	87.8 c
	D1	17.8 b	3.2 a	1.6 b	2.5 c	1.9 b	89.5 b
	D2	16.9 c	3.2 a	1.6 c	2.4 b	1.8 c	90.2 a

类型 Type		栽插深度 Planting depth /mm	每穴株数 Plant number per hill	漂秧率 Rate of floating seedlings/%	伤秧率 Rate of injury seedlings/%	漏插率 Rate of missed seedlings/%	相对均匀度合格率 Qualified rate of relative uniformity/%
早稻 Early rice	CK	18.9 a	3.1 c	1.7 a	3.4 a	2.5 a	89.5 c
	D1	17.0 b	3.4 a	1.4 b	2.5 b	1.9 b	90.3 b
	D2	16.2 c	3.2 b	1.2 c	2.4 c	1.3 c	90.5 a
晚稻 Late rice	CK	18.0 a	3.1 b	1.7 a	2.7 a	2.1 a	87.8 c
	D1	17.8 b	3.2 a	1.6 b	2.5 c	1.9 b	89.5 b
	D2	16.9 c	3.2 a	1.6 c	2.4 b	1.8 c	90.2 a

处理 Treatment	有效穗数 Number of effective panicles/(×10⁴·hm^-2)	每穗粒数 Grain number per panicle/(×10⁴·hm^-2)	结实率 Seed-setting rate/%	千粒重 1000-grain weight/g	理论产量 Theoretic yield/(kg·hm^-2)	实际产量 Actual yield /(kg·hm^-2)
C1CK	245.31 b	164 c	91.82 b	23.32 c	8608.33 c	7307.07 c
C1D1	266.95 a	170 b	92.89 a	24.18 b	10188.56 b	8648.43 b
C1D2	218.09 c	199 a	91.47 c	26.14 a	10400.20 a	8828.08 a
C2CK	201.52 c	201 b	91.08 b	24.93 b	9196.32 c	7806.18 c
C2D1	211.31 a	205 Aa	90.21 c	24.47 c	9563.09 b	8117.51 b
C2D2	207.53 b	196 c	92.26 a	25.69 a	9680.70 a	8217.34 a
C3CK	248.92 c	189 b	92.85 a	24.51 c	10695.87 c	9452.17 c
C3D1	259.74 b	184 c	91.35 c	25.08 b	10973.11 b	9697.16 b
C3D2	303.03 a	191 a	92.05 b	25.99 a	13819.05 a	12212.19 a
C4CK	303.03 c	169 c	89.88 c	22.42 c	10368.83 c	9163.16 c
C4D1	324.67 b	170 b	91.29 b	23.94 b	12122.32 b	10712.75 b
C4D2	335.49 a	181 a	91.91 a	24.39 a	13600.82 a	12019.33 a
平均值Average(CK)	249.69	180.85	91.41	23.79	9717.34	8432.14
D1平均值Average(D1)	265.67	182.56	91.44	24.41	10711.77	9293.96
D2平均值Average(D2)	266.04	191.90	91.92	25.55	11875.2	10319.24