氮肥用量和运筹对我国水稻产量及其构成因子影响的整合分析

doi:10.16819/j.1001-7216.2023.221111

中国水稻科学 ›› 2023, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (5): 529-542.DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2023.221111

氮肥用量和运筹对我国水稻产量及其构成因子影响的整合分析

肖大康¹, 胡仁¹, 韩天富², 张卫峰³, 侯俊¹^,^*(), 任科宇²^,^*()

¹长江大学农学院/湿地生态与农业利用教育部工程研究中心，湖北荆州 434025
²中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所/耕地培育技术国家工程实验室，北京 100081
³中国农业大学资源与环境学院, 北京 100193

收稿日期:2022-11-23 修回日期:2023-02-27 出版日期:2023-09-10 发布日期:2023-09-13
通讯作者: *email: houjungoodluck1@163.com；1173557108@qq.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金资助项目(32372821);湖北省重点研发计划资助项目(2022BBA002);衢州市农业农村局委托项目(衢农合2022-31)

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Consumption and Operation on Rice Yield and Its Components in China：A Meta-analysis

XIAO Dakang¹, HU Ren¹, HAN Tianfu², ZHANG Weifeng³, HOU Jun¹^,^*(), REN Keyu²^,^*()

¹College of Agriculture, Yangtze University/Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wet land of Ministry of Education, Jingzhou 434025, China
²Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Laboratory for Improving Quality of Arable Land, Beijing 100081, China
³College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China

Received:2022-11-23 Revised:2023-02-27 Online:2023-09-10 Published:2023-09-13
Contact: *email: houjungoodluck1@163.com; 1173557108@qq.com

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】 合理的氮肥用量和运筹能够有效提高水稻产量和氮肥利用率。明确氮肥用量和运筹对水稻产量及其构成因子的影响可为水稻高产高效生产提供理论指导。【方法】 基于119篇已发表的有关稻田氮肥管理的论文，采用整合分析(Meta-analysis)的方法量化了不同施氮量、基肥+分蘖肥、穗肥、种植区域和土壤性质等条件下氮肥管理对水稻产量及其构成因子的影响，并探究了我国各水稻主产区提高产量构成因子以获得高产的适宜措施。【结果】 与不施氮肥相比，施用氮肥能够显著提高水稻实际产量(+42.2%)和理论产量(+43.1%)，有效穗数和每穗粒数分别增加了33.2%和13.5%，而结实率和千粒重分别下降了4.2%和1.6%。在不同施氮量和氮肥运筹下，水稻产量及其构成因子存在显著差异。水稻实际和理论产量在施氮量为150~200 kg/hm²时增幅最大，有效穗数和每穗粒数在施氮量为250~300 kg/hm²时增幅最大。另外，随着施氮量的增加，水稻的结实率和千粒重显著下降。基肥+分蘖肥的氮比例(基肥+分蘖肥占总施氮量的比例)为30%~50%和穗肥氮比例为10%~30%时，水稻增产幅度最大；基肥+分蘖肥氮比例(≤70%)增加，水稻有效穗数的提升幅度呈上升趋势，而每穗粒数和结实率的提升幅度呈下降趋势；穗肥氮比例(穗肥占总施氮量的比例)增加(≤30%)，每穗粒数和结实率的提升幅度呈上升趋势。对于不同稻区而言，水稻产量及其构成因子的提升幅度存在显著差异，主要表现为东北单季稻区产量增幅最大，长江流域单双季稻区次之，南方单双季稻区和云贵川湘高原单季稻区最小。所有稻区均通过增加有效穗数和穗粒数以获得高产。水稻实际和理论产量的增幅受SOM(土壤有机质)影响较小，各SOM水平间的增幅差异不超过4.39%和2.26%，而受土壤TN(总氮)、AN(有效氮)、AP(有效磷)、AK(速效钾)的含量变化影响较大，但亚组间没有显著差异。【结论】 我国水稻的推荐施氮量不宜超过250 kg/hm²，推荐基肥+分蘖肥比例不要超过总施氮量的70%，穗肥比例10%~30%时更有利于水稻增产。在保证水稻有效穗数和穗粒数前提下，提高结实率是所有稻区未来增产的关键，需通过化学调控、适宜的栽培密度和优良品种等综合管理措施来实现。

关键词: 氮肥管理, 水稻, 产量, 产量构成因子, 整合分析

Abstract:

【Objective】 Moderate nitrogen (N) fertilizer rate and operation can effectively improve rice yield and N use efficiency. Clarifying the effects of N rate fertilizer rate and operation on rice yield and its components can provide theoretical guidance for high yield and high efficiency for rice. 【Methods】 Based on 119 published articles on N fertilizer management in rice fields, a meta-analysis was conducted to summarize the effects of N management on rice yield and its components under different total N rates, basal fertilizer+tillering fertilizer, topdressing for panicle initiation, planting areas and soil properties, and explored the appropriate measures to improve yield components to get high yield in major Chinese rice production areas. 【Results】 Compared with no N fertilizer application, N fertilizer application can significantly increase the actual yield (+42.2%) and theoretical yield (+43.1%), effective panicle number and grain number per panicle increased by 33.2% and 13.5%, respectively, while the seed setting rate and 1000-grain weight decreased by 4.2% and 1.6%, respectively. There were significant differences in rice yield and its components under different N rates and N operations. The actual and theoretical yield of rice increased significantly at the N rate of 150－200 kg/hm², while the effective panicle number and grain number per panicle increased most at the N rate of 250－300 kg/hm². In addition, with the increase of N rates, the seed setting rate and 1000-grain weight decreased significantly. When the ratio of basal fertilizer+tillering fertilizer to the total nitrogen application was 30%－50% and the N ratio of panicle fertilizer was 10%－30%, the rice yield peaked, while increasing the ratio of basal fertilizer+tillering fertilizer (≤70%) can significantly increase effective panicle number, but reduce grain number per panicle and seed setting rate. And, increasing the ratio of topdressing for panicle initiation (≤30%) can increase grain number per panicle and seed setting rate. For different rice growing regions, there were significant differences for rice yield and its components. The main performance is that the yield increase in the single-season rice from Northeast China is the largest, followed by the single-season and double-season rice in the Yangtze River basin, and the single-season and double-season rice region in South China and the single-season rice in the Yunnan-Guizhou and Sichuan-Hunan Plateau are the smallest. All rice regions achieved high yield by increasing the number of effective panicles and grain number per panicle. The increase of actual and theoretical yield of rice was less affected by SOM(soil organic matter), and the difference between the increase of each SOM level was not more than 4.39% and 2.26%, while the changes of soil TN(total nitrogen), AN(available nitrogen), AP(available phosphorus), AK(available potassium) contents had a greater impact, but there was no significant difference between subgroups. 【Conclusion】 The recommended N rate should not exceed 250 kg/hm², and the recommended ratio of base fertilizer +tillering fertilizer should not exceed 70% of the total N rate. When the ratio of panicle fertilizer is 10%－30%, it is more beneficial to increase rice yield. Under the condition of ensuring the effective panicles and grain number per panicle of rice, improving the seed setting rate is the key to increase yield in all the rice planting regions in China, which needs comprehensive management measures such as chemical regulation, cultivation density and excellent varieties.

Key words: nitrogen fertilizer management, rice, yield, yield components, meta-analysis

肖大康, 胡仁, 韩天富, 张卫峰, 侯俊, 任科宇. 氮肥用量和运筹对我国水稻产量及其构成因子影响的整合分析[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2023, 37(5): 529-542.

XIAO Dakang, HU Ren, HAN Tianfu, ZHANG Weifeng, HOU Jun, REN Keyu. Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Consumption and Operation on Rice Yield and Its Components in China：A Meta-analysis[J]. Chinese Journal OF Rice Science, 2023, 37(5): 529-542.

图/表 9

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解释变量 Explanatory variables	分组 Group
施氮量 N application level/(kg·hm⁻²)	≤50; (50-100]; (100-150]; (150-200]; (200-250]; (250-300]; (300-350];>350
基肥+分蘖肥比例 N ratio of basal+tillering fertilizer/total N/%	≤30; (30-50]; (50-70];>70
穗肥比例 Ratio of topdressing for panicle initiation/%	≤10; (10-30]; (30-50];>50
水稻种植区域 Rice planting area	长江流域单双季稻区、南方单双季稻区、云贵川湘山地高原单季稻区、东北单季稻区 Single and double cropping rice area in the Yangtze River basin; Single and double cropping rice area in South China; Single-season rice region in Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan and Hunan provinces; Single-season rice region in Northease China
有机质含量 SOM(soil organic matter)/(g·kg⁻¹)	≤10; 10-20; >20
全氮含量 TN(total nitrogen)/(g·kg⁻¹)	≤1; 1-1.5; >1.5
碱解氮含量 AN(available nitrogen)/(mg·kg⁻¹)	≤90; 90-150; >150
速效磷含量 AP(available phosphorus)/(mg·kg⁻¹)	≤10; 10-20; >20
速效钾含量 AK(available potassium)/(mg·kg⁻¹)	≤80; 80-160; >160

解释变量 Explanatory variables	分组 Group
施氮量 N application level/(kg·hm⁻²)	≤50; (50-100]; (100-150]; (150-200]; (200-250]; (250-300]; (300-350];>350
基肥+分蘖肥比例 N ratio of basal+tillering fertilizer/total N/%	≤30; (30-50]; (50-70];>70
穗肥比例 Ratio of topdressing for panicle initiation/%	≤10; (10-30]; (30-50];>50
水稻种植区域 Rice planting area	长江流域单双季稻区、南方单双季稻区、云贵川湘山地高原单季稻区、东北单季稻区 Single and double cropping rice area in the Yangtze River basin; Single and double cropping rice area in South China; Single-season rice region in Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan and Hunan provinces; Single-season rice region in Northease China
有机质含量 SOM(soil organic matter)/(g·kg⁻¹)	≤10; 10-20; >20
全氮含量 TN(total nitrogen)/(g·kg⁻¹)	≤1; 1-1.5; >1.5
碱解氮含量 AN(available nitrogen)/(mg·kg⁻¹)	≤90; 90-150; >150
速效磷含量 AP(available phosphorus)/(mg·kg⁻¹)	≤10; 10-20; >20
速效钾含量 AK(available potassium)/(mg·kg⁻¹)	≤80; 80-160; >160

项目 Item		有效穗数Number of effective panicles					每穗粒数Number of grains per panicle				结实率Seed setting rate
项目 Item		增幅Increase/%	Bootstrap CI/%		n		增幅Increase/%	Bootstrap CI/%		n	增幅Increase/%	Bootstrap CI/%		n
SOM (g·kg⁻¹)	≤10	35.43	31.78,	39.11	111		18.72	14.58,	23.01	111	−6.19	−7.55,	−4.86	111
	10-20	26.19	22.09,	29.65	226		20.83	17.93,	24.00	211	−3.11	−6.00,	−0.88	208
	>20	35.05	33.78,	36.33	986		11.76	10.68,	12.77	986	−4.07	−5.13,	−3.38	986
TN (g·kg⁻¹)	≤1	41.72	36.45,	47.18	106		14.64	11.58,	17.74	88	−3.05	−4.70,	−1.46	88
	1-1.5	31.59	29.18,	33.75	435		8.59	7.50,	9.74	434	−5.20	−6.58,	−4.27	435
	>1.5	33.96	32.46,	35.46	594		14.04	12.52,	15.43	584	−4.16	−5.87,	−3.13	594
AN (mg·kg⁻¹)	≤90	38.00	36.10,	39.99	309		9.97	8.56,	11.34	309	−3.90	−4.66,	−3.19	309
	90-150	32.46	30.50,	34.25	485		19.34	17.59,	21.17	488	−4.35	−4.97,	−3.69	485
	>150	33.22	31.05,	35.35	235		6.62	3.94,	8.74	235	−6.42	−10.27,	−3.99	235
AP (mg·kg⁻¹)	≤10	29.03	23.08,	33.60	148		10.62	6.52,	14.00	148	−8.95	−15.60,	−4.24	148
	10-20	35.09	33.08,	37.05	388		14.20	12.61,	15.84	388	−3.56	−4.15,	−2.98	388
	>20	33.58	32.27,	34.96	922		15.02	13.91,	16.21	907	−4.07	−4.52,	−3.59	904
AK (mg·kg⁻¹)	≤80	35.84	33.90,	37.82	357		11.39	10.31,	12.55	357	−3.20	−3.74,	−2.65	357
	80-160	33.58	32.05,	35.08	920		16.77	15.49,	18.13	905	−4.69	−5.95,	−3.76	902
	>160	29.12	26.63,	31.59	194		7.51	5.18,	9.77	194	−5.51	−6.76,	−4.30	194
项目 Item		千粒重Thousand grain weight					实际产量Actual yield				理论产量Theoretical yield
项目 Item		增幅Increase/%	Bootstrap CI/%		n		增幅Increase/%	Bootstrap CI/%		n	增幅Increase/%	Bootstrap CI/%		n
SOM (g·kg⁻¹)	≤10	−3.94	−9.95,	0.75	111		43.40	38.39,	48.60	111	44.89	33.55,	55.35	111
	10-20	−1.53	−3.20,	−0.19	229		39.49	33.26,	44.56	223	45.15	33.38,	55.01	208
	>20	−1.30	−2.11,	−0.42	986		43.88	41.99,	45.83	956	42.89	40.45,	45.31	986
TN (g·kg⁻¹)	≤1	−5.12	−11.28,	−0.35	106		55.02	48.78,	61.91	106	51.33	37.20,	64.54	88
	1-1.5	−0.58	−2.98,	2.45	435		35.66	33.43,	38.15	417	33.51	28.21,	37.77	423
	>1.5	−1.93	−2.78,	−0.91	594		41.03	38.22,	43.52	576	43.96	40.33,	47.14	594
AN (mg·kg⁻¹)	≤90	−2.50	−4.34,	−0.93	309		47.92	44.54,	51.69	309	42.19	38.56,	45.56	309
	90-150	−0.79	−2.00,	1.34	488		41.72	38.21,	44.67	458	49.17	45.73,	52.79	473
	>150	0.53	−0.78,	2.83	235		39.67	37.08,	42.40	229	33.62	26.30,	40.02	235
AP (mg·kg⁻¹)	≤10	−1.18	−5.20,	3.28	148		31.00	21.99,	38.24	148	28.42	13.03,	42.28	148
	10-20	−3.12	−4.86,	−1.74	388		42.49	40.27,	44.82	379	44.14	40.17,	47.73	388
	>20	−1.25	−2.22,	0.02	925		44.83	42.56,	47.08	898	45.62	42.92,	48.48	904
AK (mg·kg⁻¹)	≤80	−1.51	−3.85,	0.70	357	44.86		40.72,	49.32	336	44.27	40.02,	48.16	357
	80-160	−1.68	−2.79,	−0.29	923	42.72		40.62,	44.67	908	46.24	42.36,	50.10	902
	>160	−1.66	−2.34,	−0.97	194	35.77		29.12,	40.97	194	28.99	25.29,	32.66	194

项目 Item		有效穗数Number of effective panicles					每穗粒数Number of grains per panicle				结实率Seed setting rate
项目 Item		增幅Increase/%	Bootstrap CI/%		n		增幅Increase/%	Bootstrap CI/%		n	增幅Increase/%	Bootstrap CI/%		n
SOM (g·kg⁻¹)	≤10	35.43	31.78,	39.11	111		18.72	14.58,	23.01	111	−6.19	−7.55,	−4.86	111
	10-20	26.19	22.09,	29.65	226		20.83	17.93,	24.00	211	−3.11	−6.00,	−0.88	208
	>20	35.05	33.78,	36.33	986		11.76	10.68,	12.77	986	−4.07	−5.13,	−3.38	986
TN (g·kg⁻¹)	≤1	41.72	36.45,	47.18	106		14.64	11.58,	17.74	88	−3.05	−4.70,	−1.46	88
	1-1.5	31.59	29.18,	33.75	435		8.59	7.50,	9.74	434	−5.20	−6.58,	−4.27	435
	>1.5	33.96	32.46,	35.46	594		14.04	12.52,	15.43	584	−4.16	−5.87,	−3.13	594
AN (mg·kg⁻¹)	≤90	38.00	36.10,	39.99	309		9.97	8.56,	11.34	309	−3.90	−4.66,	−3.19	309
	90-150	32.46	30.50,	34.25	485		19.34	17.59,	21.17	488	−4.35	−4.97,	−3.69	485
	>150	33.22	31.05,	35.35	235		6.62	3.94,	8.74	235	−6.42	−10.27,	−3.99	235
AP (mg·kg⁻¹)	≤10	29.03	23.08,	33.60	148		10.62	6.52,	14.00	148	−8.95	−15.60,	−4.24	148
	10-20	35.09	33.08,	37.05	388		14.20	12.61,	15.84	388	−3.56	−4.15,	−2.98	388
	>20	33.58	32.27,	34.96	922		15.02	13.91,	16.21	907	−4.07	−4.52,	−3.59	904
AK (mg·kg⁻¹)	≤80	35.84	33.90,	37.82	357		11.39	10.31,	12.55	357	−3.20	−3.74,	−2.65	357
	80-160	33.58	32.05,	35.08	920		16.77	15.49,	18.13	905	−4.69	−5.95,	−3.76	902
	>160	29.12	26.63,	31.59	194		7.51	5.18,	9.77	194	−5.51	−6.76,	−4.30	194
项目 Item		千粒重Thousand grain weight					实际产量Actual yield				理论产量Theoretical yield
项目 Item		增幅Increase/%	Bootstrap CI/%		n		增幅Increase/%	Bootstrap CI/%		n	增幅Increase/%	Bootstrap CI/%		n
SOM (g·kg⁻¹)	≤10	−3.94	−9.95,	0.75	111		43.40	38.39,	48.60	111	44.89	33.55,	55.35	111
	10-20	−1.53	−3.20,	−0.19	229		39.49	33.26,	44.56	223	45.15	33.38,	55.01	208
	>20	−1.30	−2.11,	−0.42	986		43.88	41.99,	45.83	956	42.89	40.45,	45.31	986
TN (g·kg⁻¹)	≤1	−5.12	−11.28,	−0.35	106		55.02	48.78,	61.91	106	51.33	37.20,	64.54	88
	1-1.5	−0.58	−2.98,	2.45	435		35.66	33.43,	38.15	417	33.51	28.21,	37.77	423
	>1.5	−1.93	−2.78,	−0.91	594		41.03	38.22,	43.52	576	43.96	40.33,	47.14	594
AN (mg·kg⁻¹)	≤90	−2.50	−4.34,	−0.93	309		47.92	44.54,	51.69	309	42.19	38.56,	45.56	309
	90-150	−0.79	−2.00,	1.34	488		41.72	38.21,	44.67	458	49.17	45.73,	52.79	473
	>150	0.53	−0.78,	2.83	235		39.67	37.08,	42.40	229	33.62	26.30,	40.02	235
AP (mg·kg⁻¹)	≤10	−1.18	−5.20,	3.28	148		31.00	21.99,	38.24	148	28.42	13.03,	42.28	148
	10-20	−3.12	−4.86,	−1.74	388		42.49	40.27,	44.82	379	44.14	40.17,	47.73	388
	>20	−1.25	−2.22,	0.02	925		44.83	42.56,	47.08	898	45.62	42.92,	48.48	904
AK (mg·kg⁻¹)	≤80	−1.51	−3.85,	0.70	357	44.86		40.72,	49.32	336	44.27	40.02,	48.16	357
	80-160	−1.68	−2.79,	−0.29	923	42.72		40.62,	44.67	908	46.24	42.36,	50.10	902
	>160	−1.66	−2.34,	−0.97	194	35.77		29.12,	40.97	194	28.99	25.29,	32.66	194

氮肥用量和运筹对我国水稻产量及其构成因子影响的整合分析

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Consumption and Operation on Rice Yield and Its Components in China：A Meta-analysis

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