氮肥施用对米粉专用稻产量、米质及加工特性的影响

doi:10.16819/j.1001-7216.2020.0504

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 目的为了探明氮肥施用量对不同米粉稻品种的产量、稻米品质和加工特性的影响,【方法】2018-2019连续两年以筛选出的适宜作米粉专用稻的3个品种(R0734, R2149, 嘉早66)、生产上常用作米粉加工的品种（珍贵矮）以及加工米粉未能成型的品种（R0711）作为供试材料,设置90、140、190kg/hm²三个纯氮水平。结果 1）各品种产量随着施氮量的增加而增大,但2019年R0734和R2149品种在中氮条件140 kg/hm²下产量达最高;其中米粉专用稻R2149和嘉早66极具产量优势,两者分别在140和190 kg/hm²施氮水平下达到最高。氮肥施用使有效穗数增大,而千粒重减小。2）随着施氮量的增加,米粉稻直链淀粉含量显著降低,在21.4%~26.5%波动,胶稠度增长,蛋白质含量增大;最高黏度、热浆黏度和最低黏度有减小趋势,崩解值显著减小,消减值显著增大。3）随着施氮量的增加,米粉稻断条率和蒸煮损失率显著增大,但均在10%以下;品种R2149和嘉早66较R0734来说,虽然对氮肥更敏感,但加工特性较佳。结论米粉专用稻应选择直链淀粉含量在21%~27%范围的品种,24%左右则最佳,这样在实际生产中直链淀粉含量受氮肥影响不至于严重偏离适宜加工的范围;又由于施氮量的增加使米粉稻加工特性变差,因此,米粉专用稻栽培过程中,需在保证丰产同时,结合生产实际施用相对较低的氮肥;在米粉专用稻选育上,应选择直链淀粉含量适中、加工特性更佳的骨干亲本作为中间材料,培育高产米粉专用稻。

关键词: 专用稻, 米粉, 氮肥施用, 产量, 稻米品质, 加工特性

Abstract:

【Objective】We aimed to investigate the influence of nitrogen application on yield, rice quality and processing characteristics in noodle-specific rice.【Method】The experiments were conducted with threerice varieties suitable for making rice noodles(R0734, R2149, Jiazao 66), one variety commonly used for making rice noodles(Zhenguiai)and one variety unable to be processed into rice noodles(R0711)atthree nitrogen levels with 90, 140, 190 kg/hm²in 2018 and 2019.【Result】1) With the increasing nitrogen application levels, the yield of each varieties increased, but for R0734 and R2149 the grain yield maximized under the medium nitrogen level of 140 kg/hm² in 2019; noodle-specific rice varieties, R2149 and Jiazao 66, had extremely high yield advantages, achievingthe highest yield at thenitrogen levels of140 kg/hm² and 190 kg/hm².Nitrogen application increased the effective panicle number, while the 1000-grain weight decreased.2) As more nitrogen was gradually applied, gel consistency and protein contentincreased whileamylose content decreased, fluctuating between 21.4% and 26.5%, which also brought about a downward trend in peak viscosity, trough viscosity and final viscosity. Breakdown reduced significantly and setback increased significantly.3)With the increase of nitrogen application, the broken rate and cooked loss rate of rice noodle increased significantly, but both were below 10%. R2149 and Jiazao 66 were more sensitive to nitrogen levels than R0734, but had better processing properties.【Conclusion】The amylose contents ranging from 21% to 27%(about 24% is the best) are favorable, so that the amylose content will notseriously exceeded the suitable range for processing at different nitrogen application levels in field cultivation. Moreover, due to the increase in the amount of nitrogen application, the processing characteristics of noodle-specific rice are deteriorated. Thusit is necessary to apply relatively low nitrogen in condition of its high yield level. In the breeding, the major parentswith moderate amylose contents and better processing characteristics should be selected for high-yieldingnoodle-specific rice variety.

Key words: special rice, rice noodles, nitrogen application, yield, rice quality, processing characteristics

中图分类号:

S511.4

文春燕, 熊运华, 姚晓云, 陈春莲, 胡标林, 黄永萍, 吴延寿. 氮肥施用对米粉专用稻产量、米质及加工特性的影响[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2020, 34(6): 574-585.

Chunyan WEN, XIONGYunhua, Xiaoyun YAO, Chunlian CHEN, Biaolin HU, Yongping HUANG, Yanshou WU. Effect of Nitrogen Application on Yield, Rice Quality and ProcessingCharacteristics inRice Noodle-specific Varieties[J]. Chinese Journal OF Rice Science, 2020, 34(6): 574-585.

图/表 7

参考文献 36

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年份 Year	品种 Variety	处理 Treatment	有效穗数 Effective panicles /(×10⁴·hm^-2)	每穗粒数 Spikelets per panicle	结实率 Seed setting rate /%	千粒重 1000-grain weight /g	实割产量 Harvest yield /(kg·hm^-2)
2018	CK1	N1	196±17 a	172±20 b	87.2±2.1 a	24.6±0.1 a	6461±111 c
		N2	232±11 a	228±13 a	77.6±4.8 b	23.0±0.5 b	8483±400 a
		N3	225±26 a	175±13 b	86.7±2.3 a	23.0±0.1 b	7464±202 b
		均值Mean	217±16 C	192±26 A	83.8±4.5 A	23.5±0.7 C	7469±826 A
	MF1	N1	185±5 a	143±16 a	80.2±2.7 c	25.1±0.5 a	4735±235 b
		N2	162±18 a	176±12a	90.0±1.0 a	24.7±0.2 ab	4959±92 b
		N3	180±24 a	173±14a	87.2±1.5b	24.2±0.4 b	5776±232 a
		均值Mean	176±10 D	164±15 B	85.8±4.1 A	24.6±0.4 B	5157±447 C
	MF2	N1	190±19ab	171±33 b	56.3±3.9 b	28.2±0.7 a	4547±92 c
		N2	221±3 a	166±11 b	79.9±3.0 a	28.0±0.1 ab	6025±199 b
		N3	172±15 b	241±16 a	86.8±0.4 a	27.0±0.4 b	6654±206 a
		均值Mean	194±20 CD	193±34 A	74.4±13.1 B	27.7±0.5 A	5742±883 BC
	MF3	N1	260±16 a	148±4 a	88.5±3.9 a	26.0±1.1 b	5925±189 a
		N2	245±20 a	145±10 ab	80.3±4.4 ab	27.6±0.6 ab	6102±183 a
		N3	274±12 a	132±1 b	72.6±4.4 b	29.0±0.9 a	6314±145 a
		均值Mean	260±12 B	142±7 B	80.5±6.5 AB	27.5±1.2 A	6114±159 B
	CK2	N1	295±30 b	133±15 a	79.2±0.9 a	23.7±0.6 a	6511±231 a
		N2	406±26 a	137±10 a	68.5±4.1 b	22.0±0.7 b	7159±507 a
		N3	340±18 b	148±4 a	78.5±1.8 a	21.5±0.5 b	7216±271 a
		均值Mean	347±46 A	139±6 B	75.4±4.9 B	22.4±1.0 D	6962±320 A
2019	CK1	N1	220±22 b	198±10 a	72.9±1.9 a	22.2±1.1 a	6723±457 a
		N2	283±31 a	194±6 a	64.5±4.7b	21.9±0.6 a	7359±612 a
		N3	267±15 ab	205±11 a	64.9±3.2 b	21.7±0.4 a	7379±76 a
		均值Mean	257±36 B	199±10 A	67.4±5.2 C	21.9±0.8 D	7153±538 BC
	MF1	N1	179±13 b	159±7 a	88.5±2.2 a	23.6±0.3 a	5738±169 b
		N2	235±15 a	149±14 a	88.5±1.1 a	23.5±0.1 a	7071±304 a
		N3	233±15 a	136±8 a	84.3±3.8 a	22.3±0.4 b	6468±366 a
		均值Mean	216±29 C	148±14 C	87.1±3.2 A	23.1±0.6 C	6426±618 D
	MF2	N1	243±25 a	178±9 a	78.0±4.2 a	24.4±0.8 ab	7695±300 b
		N2	235±11 a	184±7 a	81.5±4.4 a	25.7±0.5 a	9087±588 a
		N3	257±22 a	175±16 a	76.9±1.6 a	23.8±0.5 b	8063±308 ab
		均值Mean	245±22 BC	179±12 B	78.8±4.1 B	24.6±1.0 B	8282±724 A
	MF3	N1	236±11 b	142±15 a	80.3±2.1 a	26.4±0.2 a	6136±431 b
		N2	269±5 a	138±5 a	79.6±2.6 a	25.9±0.3 a	7210±521 a
		N3	264±4 a	148±13 a	80.3±2.6 a	25.4±1.1 a	7359±345 a
		均值Mean	256±16 B	143±13 C	80.1±2.5 B	25.9±0.8 A	6902±699 CD
	CK2	N1	311±26 b	128±6 a	74.0±4.8 a	23.6±0.3 a	6867±511 b
		N2	325±27 ab	135±12 a	78.9±3.7 a	23.9±0.4 a	7536±482 ab
		N3	386±28 a	117±11 a	75.9±2.1 a	23.3±0.5 a	8366±483 a
		均值Mean	341±43 A	127±12 D	76.3±4.2 B	23.6±0.5 C	7590±787 B

年份 Year	品种 Variety	处理 Treatment	有效穗数 Effective panicles /(×10⁴·hm^-2)	每穗粒数 Spikelets per panicle	结实率 Seed setting rate /%	千粒重 1000-grain weight /g	实割产量 Harvest yield /(kg·hm^-2)
2018	CK1	N1	196±17 a	172±20 b	87.2±2.1 a	24.6±0.1 a	6461±111 c
		N2	232±11 a	228±13 a	77.6±4.8 b	23.0±0.5 b	8483±400 a
		N3	225±26 a	175±13 b	86.7±2.3 a	23.0±0.1 b	7464±202 b
		均值Mean	217±16 C	192±26 A	83.8±4.5 A	23.5±0.7 C	7469±826 A
	MF1	N1	185±5 a	143±16 a	80.2±2.7 c	25.1±0.5 a	4735±235 b
		N2	162±18 a	176±12a	90.0±1.0 a	24.7±0.2 ab	4959±92 b
		N3	180±24 a	173±14a	87.2±1.5b	24.2±0.4 b	5776±232 a
		均值Mean	176±10 D	164±15 B	85.8±4.1 A	24.6±0.4 B	5157±447 C
	MF2	N1	190±19ab	171±33 b	56.3±3.9 b	28.2±0.7 a	4547±92 c
		N2	221±3 a	166±11 b	79.9±3.0 a	28.0±0.1 ab	6025±199 b
		N3	172±15 b	241±16 a	86.8±0.4 a	27.0±0.4 b	6654±206 a
		均值Mean	194±20 CD	193±34 A	74.4±13.1 B	27.7±0.5 A	5742±883 BC
	MF3	N1	260±16 a	148±4 a	88.5±3.9 a	26.0±1.1 b	5925±189 a
		N2	245±20 a	145±10 ab	80.3±4.4 ab	27.6±0.6 ab	6102±183 a
		N3	274±12 a	132±1 b	72.6±4.4 b	29.0±0.9 a	6314±145 a
		均值Mean	260±12 B	142±7 B	80.5±6.5 AB	27.5±1.2 A	6114±159 B
	CK2	N1	295±30 b	133±15 a	79.2±0.9 a	23.7±0.6 a	6511±231 a
		N2	406±26 a	137±10 a	68.5±4.1 b	22.0±0.7 b	7159±507 a
		N3	340±18 b	148±4 a	78.5±1.8 a	21.5±0.5 b	7216±271 a
		均值Mean	347±46 A	139±6 B	75.4±4.9 B	22.4±1.0 D	6962±320 A
2019	CK1	N1	220±22 b	198±10 a	72.9±1.9 a	22.2±1.1 a	6723±457 a
		N2	283±31 a	194±6 a	64.5±4.7b	21.9±0.6 a	7359±612 a
		N3	267±15 ab	205±11 a	64.9±3.2 b	21.7±0.4 a	7379±76 a
		均值Mean	257±36 B	199±10 A	67.4±5.2 C	21.9±0.8 D	7153±538 BC
	MF1	N1	179±13 b	159±7 a	88.5±2.2 a	23.6±0.3 a	5738±169 b
		N2	235±15 a	149±14 a	88.5±1.1 a	23.5±0.1 a	7071±304 a
		N3	233±15 a	136±8 a	84.3±3.8 a	22.3±0.4 b	6468±366 a
		均值Mean	216±29 C	148±14 C	87.1±3.2 A	23.1±0.6 C	6426±618 D
	MF2	N1	243±25 a	178±9 a	78.0±4.2 a	24.4±0.8 ab	7695±300 b
		N2	235±11 a	184±7 a	81.5±4.4 a	25.7±0.5 a	9087±588 a
		N3	257±22 a	175±16 a	76.9±1.6 a	23.8±0.5 b	8063±308 ab
		均值Mean	245±22 BC	179±12 B	78.8±4.1 B	24.6±1.0 B	8282±724 A
	MF3	N1	236±11 b	142±15 a	80.3±2.1 a	26.4±0.2 a	6136±431 b
		N2	269±5 a	138±5 a	79.6±2.6 a	25.9±0.3 a	7210±521 a
		N3	264±4 a	148±13 a	80.3±2.6 a	25.4±1.1 a	7359±345 a
		均值Mean	256±16 B	143±13 C	80.1±2.5 B	25.9±0.8 A	6902±699 CD
	CK2	N1	311±26 b	128±6 a	74.0±4.8 a	23.6±0.3 a	6867±511 b
		N2	325±27 ab	135±12 a	78.9±3.7 a	23.9±0.4 a	7536±482 ab
		N3	386±28 a	117±11 a	75.9±2.1 a	23.3±0.5 a	8366±483 a
		均值Mean	341±43 A	127±12 D	76.3±4.2 B	23.6±0.5 C	7590±787 B

变异源 Source of variation	有效穗数 Effective panicle number	每穗粒数 Spikelets per panicle	结实率 Seed-settingrate	千粒重 1000-grain weight	实割产量 Harvest yield
年份 Year (Y)	23.286^**	4.066^*	6.214^*	81.145^**	121.435^**
品种 Variety (V)	103.937^**	54.497^**	25.483^**	122.858^**	41.161^**
施氮量 N application rate(N)	15.074^**	2.653^ns	0.413^ns	6.796^**	52.526^**
年份×品种 Y×V	5.738^**	2.051^ns	20.474^**	21.851^**	27.443^**
年份×施氮量 Y×N	3.786^*	5.034^**	5.860^**	2.498^ns	0.743^ns
施氮量×品种 N×Y	2.271^*	3.062^**	11.312^**	4.030^**	1.777^ns
年份×品种×施氮量 Y×V×N	4.515^**	5.702^**	9.878^**	4.212^**	5.049^**

变异源 Source of variation	有效穗数 Effective panicle number	每穗粒数 Spikelets per panicle	结实率 Seed-settingrate	千粒重 1000-grain weight	实割产量 Harvest yield
年份 Year (Y)	23.286^**	4.066^*	6.214^*	81.145^**	121.435^**
品种 Variety (V)	103.937^**	54.497^**	25.483^**	122.858^**	41.161^**
施氮量 N application rate(N)	15.074^**	2.653^ns	0.413^ns	6.796^**	52.526^**
年份×品种 Y×V	5.738^**	2.051^ns	20.474^**	21.851^**	27.443^**
年份×施氮量 Y×N	3.786^*	5.034^**	5.860^**	2.498^ns	0.743^ns
施氮量×品种 N×Y	2.271^*	3.062^**	11.312^**	4.030^**	1.777^ns
年份×品种×施氮量 Y×V×N	4.515^**	5.702^**	9.878^**	4.212^**	5.049^**

变异源 Source of variation	胶稠度 Gel consistency	直链淀粉含量 Amylose content	蛋白质含量 Protein content
年份 Year (Y)	76.770^**	85.644^**	36.685^**
品种 Variety (V)	283.732^**	999.508^**	110.325^**
施氮量 N application rate(N)	16.451^**	164.462^**	60.325^**
年份×品种 Y×V	24.469^**	25.988^**	5.163^**
年份×施氮量 Y×N	0.785^ns	9.056^**	0.940^ns
施氮量×品种 N×Y	14.519^**	13.243^**	1.288^ns
年份×品种×施氮量 Y×V×N	2.556^*	3.750^**	1.054^ns