氮肥运筹对优质杂交中稻产量和品质的影响

doi:10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.240802

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】明确提高优质杂交中稻产量和品质的最佳氮肥运筹方式。【方法】 于2022—2023年在湖南省浏阳市永安镇坪头村开展大田试验，以优质杂交稻珠两优570和华浙优261为试验材料，比较了不同氮肥运筹（基肥:分蘖肥:穗肥分别为5:2:3，N1；4:2:4，N2；3:2:5，N3）下优质杂交中稻产量及产量构成、干物质生产和稻米品质的差异。【结果】 供试品种的产量在N1处理下显著高于N2和N3，增产的主要原因是有效穗数和群体颖花量显著高于N2和N3。从物质生产来看，N1处理下的总干物质积累量显著高于N2和N3，总干物质的增加主要来源于分蘖期和幼穗分化期干物质积累量的显著增加。N1处理下的整精米率显著低于N2和N3，但整精米产量无显著差异。不同氮肥运筹间垩白粒率和垩白度无显著差异。N1处理下的直链淀粉含量和蛋白质含量均显著低于N2和N3。【结论】 N1处理显著提高了优质杂交中稻的稻谷产量，同时保持了稳定的整精米产量，在维持较好外观品质的同时有利于食味品质的改善，是优质杂交中稻的最佳氮肥运筹方式。

关键词: 优质杂交中稻, 氮肥运筹, 产量, 稻米品质

Abstract:

【Objective】 The objective of this study was to identify the most suitable nitrogen (N) management strategy for improving the quality of premium hybrid mid-season rice. 【Methods】 A field experiment was conducted to compare the differences in yield and its components, biomass production, and grain quality of high-quality hybrid mid-season rice among three N split-application regimes at basal, early tillering, and panicle initiation stages (5:2:3, N1; 4:2:4, N2; and 3:2:5, N3). 【Results】The yield of N1 was significantly higher than that of N2 and N3 for the tested varieties, primarily due to a significant increase in the number of panicles and spikelets per square meter. In terms of biomass production, the total biomass accumulation for N1 was significantly greater than that for N2 and N3. This increase in total biomass mainly occurred during the tillering and panicle initiation stages. The head rice rate, amylose content, and protein content were significantly lower in N1 compared to N2 and N3; However, there was no significant difference in head rice yield. Additionally, no significant difference was observed in the chalky grain rate and chalkiness among different N management strategies. 【Conclusion】These results suggest that for high-quality hybrid mid-season rice varieties, the N1 treatment significantly increases grain yield while maintaining a stable head rice yield. N1 also preserves superior appearance quality and is beneficial for improving eating quality. Therefore, N1 is identified as the optimal N management strategy for high-quality hybrid mid-season rice.

Key words: high-quality hybrid mid-season rice, nitrogen management strategy, yield, grain quality

舒傲, 解嘉鑫, 曹威, 周传名, 李蓓蕾, 陈嘉馨, 李莉, 曹放波, 陈佳娜, 黄敏. 氮肥运筹对优质杂交中稻产量和品质的影响[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2025, 39(2): 255-263.

SHU Ao, XIE Jiaxin, CAO Wei, ZHOU Chuanming, LI Beilei, CHEN Jiaxin, LI Li, CAO Fangbo, CHEN Jiana, HUANG Min. Effect of Nitrogen Management Strategies on Yield and Grain Quality of High-quality Hybrid Mid-season Rice[J]. Chinese Journal OF Rice Science, 2025, 39(2): 255-263.

图/表 9

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品种 Variety	处理 Treatment	有效穗数 Effective panicle number(×10⁴/hm²)	每穗粒数 Grains per panicle	群体颖花量 Total spikelets (×10⁸/hm²)	结实率 Grain filling rate(%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	产量 Yield (t/hm²)
珠两优570	N1	298 a	200 ab	5.98 ab	77.2 cd	24.6 a	9.94 a
Zhuliangyou 570	N2	283 ab	197 ab	5.57 bc	80.6 b	25.0 a	9.72 ab
	N3	272 ab	191 b	5.21 c	83.9 a	24.8 a	9.45 bc
华浙优261	N1	288 a	219 a	6.27 a	76.9 d	21.8 b	9.74 ab
Huazheyou 261	N2	279 ab	217 ab	5.81 ab	79.7 bc	21.7 b	9.38 bc
	N3	261 b	209 ab	5.65 bc	83.3 a	21.5 b	9.14 ac
方差分析ANOVA（(F-value)）
品种Variety(V)		1.42^NS	7.65^*	6.83*	0.82^NS	257.86^**	5.24*
氮肥运筹N management strategy(N)		4.93^*	0.37^NS	10.46^**	32.13^**	0.42^NS	6.57^*
品种×氮肥运筹V×N		0.13^NS	0.34^NS	0.22^NS	0.09^NS	0.90^NS	0.11^NS

品种 Variety	处理 Treatment	有效穗数 Effective panicle number(×10⁴/hm²)	每穗粒数 Grains per panicle	群体颖花量 Total spikelets (×10⁸/hm²)	结实率 Grain filling rate(%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	产量 Yield (t/hm²)
珠两优570	N1	298 a	200 ab	5.98 ab	77.2 cd	24.6 a	9.94 a
Zhuliangyou 570	N2	283 ab	197 ab	5.57 bc	80.6 b	25.0 a	9.72 ab
	N3	272 ab	191 b	5.21 c	83.9 a	24.8 a	9.45 bc
华浙优261	N1	288 a	219 a	6.27 a	76.9 d	21.8 b	9.74 ab
Huazheyou 261	N2	279 ab	217 ab	5.81 ab	79.7 bc	21.7 b	9.38 bc
	N3	261 b	209 ab	5.65 bc	83.3 a	21.5 b	9.14 ac
方差分析ANOVA（(F-value)）
品种Variety(V)		1.42^NS	7.65^*	6.83*	0.82^NS	257.86^**	5.24*
氮肥运筹N management strategy(N)		4.93^*	0.37^NS	10.46^**	32.13^**	0.42^NS	6.57^*
品种×氮肥运筹V×N		0.13^NS	0.34^NS	0.22^NS	0.09^NS	0.90^NS	0.11^NS

品种 Variety	处理 Treatment	有效穗数 Effective panicle number(×10⁴/hm²)	每穗粒数 Grains per panicle	群体颖花量 Total spikelets (×10⁸/hm²)	结实率 Grain filling rate(%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	产量 Yield (t/hm²)
珠两优570	N1	297 a	188 b	5.56 b	78.1 c	25.5 b	9.73 a
Zhuliangyou 570	N2	266 b	188 b	5.03 d	83.6 b	25.7 ab	9.44 ab
	N3	251 bc	187 bc	4.73 e	85.2 ab	25.8 a	9.22 bc
华浙优261	N1	290 a	210 a	5.96 a	79.4 c	21.9 c	9.3 bc
Huazheyou 261	N2	264 bc	206 ab	5.38 c	85.2 ab	21.8 c	9.02 cd
	N3	248 c	203 a	5.23 c	86.2 a	21.8 c	8.69 d
方差分析ANOVA(F-value)
品种Variety(V)		0.80^NS	20.25^**	78.66^**	3.86^NS	3323.42^**	29.66^**
氮肥运筹N management strategy(N)		32.25^**	0.30^NS	100.56^**	48.91**	3.14^NS	14.50^**
品种×氮肥运筹V×N		0.11^NS	0.27^NS	0.91^NS	0.04^NS	2.06^NS	0.17^NS

品种 Variety	处理 Treatment	有效穗数 Effective panicle number(×10⁴/hm²)	每穗粒数 Grains per panicle	群体颖花量 Total spikelets (×10⁸/hm²)	结实率 Grain filling rate(%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	产量 Yield (t/hm²)
珠两优570	N1	297 a	188 b	5.56 b	78.1 c	25.5 b	9.73 a
Zhuliangyou 570	N2	266 b	188 b	5.03 d	83.6 b	25.7 ab	9.44 ab
	N3	251 bc	187 bc	4.73 e	85.2 ab	25.8 a	9.22 bc
华浙优261	N1	290 a	210 a	5.96 a	79.4 c	21.9 c	9.3 bc
Huazheyou 261	N2	264 bc	206 ab	5.38 c	85.2 ab	21.8 c	9.02 cd
	N3	248 c	203 a	5.23 c	86.2 a	21.8 c	8.69 d
方差分析ANOVA(F-value)
品种Variety(V)		0.80^NS	20.25^**	78.66^**	3.86^NS	3323.42^**	29.66^**
氮肥运筹N management strategy(N)		32.25^**	0.30^NS	100.56^**	48.91**	3.14^NS	14.50^**
品种×氮肥运筹V×N		0.11^NS	0.27^NS	0.91^NS	0.04^NS	2.06^NS	0.17^NS

品种 Variety	处理 Treatment	抽穗前干物质积累量 Pre-heading biomass production（t/hm²）	抽穗后干物质积累量 Post-heading biomass production（t/hm²）	总干物质积累量 Total biomass production（t/hm²）	收获指数 Harvest index
珠两优570	N1	13.4 a	6.31 a	19.8 a	0.49 ab
Zhuliangyou 570	N2	13.0 ab	6.55 a	19.5 ab	0.49 ab
	N3	12.7 b	5.49 a	18.2 c	0.51 a
华浙优261	N1	12.7 b	5.96 a	18.6 abc	0.48 ab
Huazheyou 261	N2	12.5 bc	6.03 a	18.6 bc	0.46 b
	N3	12.0 c	5.98 a	18.0 c	0.48 ab
方差分析ANOVA (F-value)
品种Variety(V)		17.3^**	0.15^NS	6.34^*	4.71^NS
氮肥运筹N management strategy(N)		6.59^*	1.07^NS	4.93^*	0.72^NS
品种×氮肥运筹V×N		0.40^NS	0.95^NS	0.82^NS	0.86^NS