机插密度与氮肥运筹对中嘉早17产量形成及氮肥利用率的影响

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001G7216.2015.06.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

针对长江流域双季稻机插秧发展缓慢的问题,以常规早稻品种中嘉早17为材料,在大田条件下研究了栽插密度与氮肥用量对机插双季稻产量的影响。结果表明,机插双季稻产量并未随栽插密度增加而显著增加。以高密(36.4万穴/hm²)+高氮(施纯氮量早稻175.5 kg/hm²,晚稻189 kg/hm²)处理产量最高,其中,早稻为7.80 t/hm²,晚稻为9.05 t/hm²,但与高密+中氮(施纯氮量早稻110 kg/hm²,晚稻140 kg/hm²)处理产量差异不显著,且栽插密度和施氮量间互作效应不显著。氮肥利用率随氮肥用量增加而下降,随栽插密度增加而提高。其中,氮肥吸收利用率中氮比高氮平均增加13.26%,高密度比低密度平均增加17.53%。由此可见,提高栽插密度,减少氮肥用量,既可通过大幅增加有效穗以实现高产,又能显著提高氮肥利用率。少氮密植可作为长江流域机插双季稻高产高效栽培的关键技术。

关键词: 双季稻, 机插秧, 栽插密度, 氮肥

Abstract: Aim

ing at the slow development of rice mechanical transplanting in the Yangtze River Valley, we explored the effects of mechanical transplanting densities and nitrogen application on yield formation and nitrogen use efficiency (NRE) in a field experiment with the conventional variety Zhongjiazao17 as material. The results showed that the grain yield didn’t significantly increase with the increasing levels of transplanting density. At the high density (36.4 hill /m²) and high nitrogen rates (175.5 kg/hm² in early season, 189 kg/hm² in late season) the grain yield maximized, being 7.84 t/hm² in early season and 9.10 t/hm²in late season, while the difference was not significant comparied with high transplanting density plus medium nitrogen rate (110 kg/hm² in early season, 140 kg/hm² in late season). Meanwhile, the interaction between the density and N application was not significant. NRE declined as the N application level increased, while it improved as the density increased. N recovery efficiency at the medium N level was 13.26% higher on the average compared with the high N level. And N recovery efficiency at the high density increased by 17.53% compared with the low density. As a result, at high transplanting density and low nitrogen application level, high yield was achieved by increasing effective panicle number per unit area, and N recovery efficienly was improved. It is a key technology for the high-efficiency and high-yielding cultivation of mechanical-transplanted rice in the Yangtze River Valley.

Key words: double cropping rice, mechanial transplanting, planting density, nitrogen fertilizer.

中图分类号:

S143.1

陈佳娜, 谢小兵, 伍丹丹, 曹放波, 单双吕, 高伟, 李志斌, 邹应斌. 机插密度与氮肥运筹对中嘉早17产量形成及氮肥利用率的影响[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2015, 29(6): 628-636.

Jia-na CHEN, Xiao-bing XIE, Dan-dan WU, Fang-bo CAO, Shuang-lv SHAN, Wei GAO, Zhi-bin LI, Ying-bin ZOU. Effects of Nitrogen Application and Mechanical Transplanting Density on Yield Formation and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Conventional Rice Zhongjiazao 17[J]. Chinese Journal OF Rice Science, 2015, 29(6): 628-636.

图/表 6

参考文献 35

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年份、季节与处理 Year, season and treatment	最高苗数 Maximum tiller number /(×10⁴·hm^-2)			成穗率 Productive panicle rate /%			有效穗数 No. of effective panicles /(×10⁴·hm^-2)			每穗总粒数 Spikelet number per panicle			结实率 Seed setting rate/%			千粒重 1000-grain weight /g			产量 Yield /(t·hm^-2)
2013
早季 Early season
D1	511.11	±	13.77 a	67.65	±	8.06 a	346.15	±	50.87 a	153.61	±	11.53 a	70.90	±	1.50 a	27.63	±	0.23 a	9.53	±	0.22 a
D2	451.67	±	39.00 a	67.01	±	7.72 a	301.60	±	33.57 ab	153.52	±	7.11 a	68.38	±	2.81 ab	27.36	±	0.16 a	8.57	±	0.47 a
D3	387.94	±	9.59 b	72.82	±	7.32 a	282.05	±	21.58 b	182.58	±	11.70 a	66.85	±	2.42 b	27.35	±	0.68 a	8.40	±	0.66 a
晚季Later season
D1	767.27	±	47.27 a	46.08	±	0.89 a	353.82	±	28.25 a	107.91	±	8.44 b	78.19	±	1.16 a	28.98	±	0.38 a	7.83	±	0.13 a
D2	623.81	±	40.44 b	50.84	±	2.26 a	316.55	±	7.65 ab	111.68	±	4.39 ab	78.03	±	0.50 a	28.97	±	0.53 a	7.81	±	0.40 a
D3	582.96	±	35.72 c	49.19	±	3.84 a	285.71	±	7.71 b	124.44	±	2.49 a	73.63	±	2.14 b	28.97	±	0.22 a	7.44	±	0.29 a
2014
早季Early season
N1D1	281.21	±	18.48 ef	88.48	±	13.06 a	246.93	±	17.92 bcd	86.36	±	13.23 c	81.08	±	2.38 a	30.25	±	0.12 a	5.09	±	1.00 b
N1D2	227.14	±	16.84 fg	90.27	±	7.65 a	204.76	±	14.97 de	97.86	±	13.62bc	82.73	±	0.33 a	30.08	±	0.28 a	4.28	±	0.31 b
N1D3	187.09	±	6.00 g	85.54	±	1.93 ab	160.24	±	5.16 e	106.87	±	12.05 abc	82.72	±	1.54 a	30.03	±	0.43 a	4.07	±	0.57 b
N2D1	438.30	±	56.38 cd	68.33	±	9.89 abc	295.76	±	16.11 ab	120.29	±	10.48 ab	79.00	±	3.18 a	30.75	±	0.02 a	7.08	±	0.54 a
N2D2	423.33	±	3.30 cd	68.52	±	2.57 abc	286.35	±	5.74 abc	125.68	±	7.35 ab	78.70	±	4.86 a	30.29	±	0.40 a	7.27	±	0.46 a
N2D3	355.56	±	11.07de	66.70	±	10.05 abc	233.71	±	21.85 cd	132.12	±	15.56 a	76.23	±	2.67 a	29.90	±	0.12 a	6.71	±	0.16 a
N3D1	586.67	±	57.57 a	55.99	±	14.86 c	321.73	±	40.80 a	114.47	±	6.06 abc	76.67	±	4.75 a	30.22	±	0.24 a	7.80	±	0.15 a
N3D2	541.43	±	27.26 ab	53.31	±	8.29 c	289.21	±	20.19 abc	123.75	±	7.02 ab	81.03	±	1.74 a	30.32	±	0.37 a	7.75	±	0.42 a
N3D3	457.57	±	21.41 bc	62.33	±	3.89 bc	282.69	±	25.74 abc	125.24	±	4.42 ab	77.58	±	5.48 a	29.89	±	0.50 a	7.52	±	0.36 a
N		**			**			**			**			*			ns			**
D		**			ns			**			*			ns			*			ns
N×D		ns			ns			ns			ns			ns			ns			ns
晚季Later season
N1D1	279.39	±	34.80 def	78.08	±	2.52 ab	229.49	±	14.36 e	100.33	±	7.37 a	78.59	±	1.51 abc	29.06	±	0.36 bcd	5.62	±	0.28 de
N1D2	272.38	±	45.74 ef	81.61	±	4.55 ab	213.33	±	23.87 ef	103.26	±	3.43 a	80.91	±	0.70 a	28.87	±	0.26 cd	5.30	±	0.44 e
N1D3	203.17	±	8.10 f	90.21	±	2.61 a	185.35	±	4.08 f	108.95	±	8.01 a	80.01	±	2.69 ab	28.81	±	0.26 d	5.08	±	0.28 e
N2D1	450.30	±	90.04 abc	78.65	±	13.74 ab	347.07	±	12.44 bc	98.07	±	4.48 a	77.00	±	1.64 abc	30.04	±	0.22 abc	7.99	±	0.46 ab
N2D2	389.52	±	45.90 bcd	81.12	±	4.18 ab	304.76	±	19.54 d	112.97	±	8.25 a	75.22	±	1.92 abcd	30.13	±	0.40 ab	7.52	±	0.44 bc
N2D3	297.14	±	9.09 def	82.32	±	2.67 ab	247.62	±	1.94 e	114.89	±	12.10 a	74.29	±	3.31 bcd	30.26	±	0.24 a	6.75	±	0.64 cd
N3D1	510.91	±	4.81 a	83.53	±	2.76 ab	407.68	±	10.59 a	109.01	±	9.44 a	73.14	±	1.11 cd	29.69	±	0.54 abcd	9.05	±	0.41 a
N3D2	493.81	±	24.43 ab	73.44	±	1.89 b	359.37	±	5.74 b	115.35	±	11.83 a	65.76	±	1.74 e	29.45	±	0.70 abcd	8.53	±	0.36 ab
N3D3	354.92	±	10.49 cde	88.57	±	1.48 ab	319.41	±	3.36 cd	111.35	±	2.04 a	70.78	±	3.17 de	29.27	±	0.47 abcd	7.90	±	0.16 abc
N		**			ns			**			ns			**			**			**
D		**			*			**			ns			ns			ns			**
N×D		ns			ns			*			ns			*			ns			ns

年份、季节与处理 Year, season and treatment	最高苗数 Maximum tiller number /(×10⁴·hm^-2)			成穗率 Productive panicle rate /%			有效穗数 No. of effective panicles /(×10⁴·hm^-2)			每穗总粒数 Spikelet number per panicle			结实率 Seed setting rate/%			千粒重 1000-grain weight /g			产量 Yield /(t·hm^-2)
2013
早季 Early season
D1	511.11	±	13.77 a	67.65	±	8.06 a	346.15	±	50.87 a	153.61	±	11.53 a	70.90	±	1.50 a	27.63	±	0.23 a	9.53	±	0.22 a
D2	451.67	±	39.00 a	67.01	±	7.72 a	301.60	±	33.57 ab	153.52	±	7.11 a	68.38	±	2.81 ab	27.36	±	0.16 a	8.57	±	0.47 a
D3	387.94	±	9.59 b	72.82	±	7.32 a	282.05	±	21.58 b	182.58	±	11.70 a	66.85	±	2.42 b	27.35	±	0.68 a	8.40	±	0.66 a
晚季Later season
D1	767.27	±	47.27 a	46.08	±	0.89 a	353.82	±	28.25 a	107.91	±	8.44 b	78.19	±	1.16 a	28.98	±	0.38 a	7.83	±	0.13 a
D2	623.81	±	40.44 b	50.84	±	2.26 a	316.55	±	7.65 ab	111.68	±	4.39 ab	78.03	±	0.50 a	28.97	±	0.53 a	7.81	±	0.40 a
D3	582.96	±	35.72 c	49.19	±	3.84 a	285.71	±	7.71 b	124.44	±	2.49 a	73.63	±	2.14 b	28.97	±	0.22 a	7.44	±	0.29 a
2014
早季Early season
N1D1	281.21	±	18.48 ef	88.48	±	13.06 a	246.93	±	17.92 bcd	86.36	±	13.23 c	81.08	±	2.38 a	30.25	±	0.12 a	5.09	±	1.00 b
N1D2	227.14	±	16.84 fg	90.27	±	7.65 a	204.76	±	14.97 de	97.86	±	13.62bc	82.73	±	0.33 a	30.08	±	0.28 a	4.28	±	0.31 b
N1D3	187.09	±	6.00 g	85.54	±	1.93 ab	160.24	±	5.16 e	106.87	±	12.05 abc	82.72	±	1.54 a	30.03	±	0.43 a	4.07	±	0.57 b
N2D1	438.30	±	56.38 cd	68.33	±	9.89 abc	295.76	±	16.11 ab	120.29	±	10.48 ab	79.00	±	3.18 a	30.75	±	0.02 a	7.08	±	0.54 a
N2D2	423.33	±	3.30 cd	68.52	±	2.57 abc	286.35	±	5.74 abc	125.68	±	7.35 ab	78.70	±	4.86 a	30.29	±	0.40 a	7.27	±	0.46 a
N2D3	355.56	±	11.07de	66.70	±	10.05 abc	233.71	±	21.85 cd	132.12	±	15.56 a	76.23	±	2.67 a	29.90	±	0.12 a	6.71	±	0.16 a
N3D1	586.67	±	57.57 a	55.99	±	14.86 c	321.73	±	40.80 a	114.47	±	6.06 abc	76.67	±	4.75 a	30.22	±	0.24 a	7.80	±	0.15 a
N3D2	541.43	±	27.26 ab	53.31	±	8.29 c	289.21	±	20.19 abc	123.75	±	7.02 ab	81.03	±	1.74 a	30.32	±	0.37 a	7.75	±	0.42 a
N3D3	457.57	±	21.41 bc	62.33	±	3.89 bc	282.69	±	25.74 abc	125.24	±	4.42 ab	77.58	±	5.48 a	29.89	±	0.50 a	7.52	±	0.36 a
N		**			**			**			**			*			ns			**
D		**			ns			**			*			ns			*			ns
N×D		ns			ns			ns			ns			ns			ns			ns
晚季Later season
N1D1	279.39	±	34.80 def	78.08	±	2.52 ab	229.49	±	14.36 e	100.33	±	7.37 a	78.59	±	1.51 abc	29.06	±	0.36 bcd	5.62	±	0.28 de
N1D2	272.38	±	45.74 ef	81.61	±	4.55 ab	213.33	±	23.87 ef	103.26	±	3.43 a	80.91	±	0.70 a	28.87	±	0.26 cd	5.30	±	0.44 e
N1D3	203.17	±	8.10 f	90.21	±	2.61 a	185.35	±	4.08 f	108.95	±	8.01 a	80.01	±	2.69 ab	28.81	±	0.26 d	5.08	±	0.28 e
N2D1	450.30	±	90.04 abc	78.65	±	13.74 ab	347.07	±	12.44 bc	98.07	±	4.48 a	77.00	±	1.64 abc	30.04	±	0.22 abc	7.99	±	0.46 ab
N2D2	389.52	±	45.90 bcd	81.12	±	4.18 ab	304.76	±	19.54 d	112.97	±	8.25 a	75.22	±	1.92 abcd	30.13	±	0.40 ab	7.52	±	0.44 bc
N2D3	297.14	±	9.09 def	82.32	±	2.67 ab	247.62	±	1.94 e	114.89	±	12.10 a	74.29	±	3.31 bcd	30.26	±	0.24 a	6.75	±	0.64 cd
N3D1	510.91	±	4.81 a	83.53	±	2.76 ab	407.68	±	10.59 a	109.01	±	9.44 a	73.14	±	1.11 cd	29.69	±	0.54 abcd	9.05	±	0.41 a
N3D2	493.81	±	24.43 ab	73.44	±	1.89 b	359.37	±	5.74 b	115.35	±	11.83 a	65.76	±	1.74 e	29.45	±	0.70 abcd	8.53	±	0.36 ab
N3D3	354.92	±	10.49 cde	88.57	±	1.48 ab	319.41	±	3.36 cd	111.35	±	2.04 a	70.78	±	3.17 de	29.27	±	0.47 abcd	7.90	±	0.16 abc
N		**			ns			**			ns			**			**			**
D		**			*			**			ns			ns			ns			**
N×D		ns			ns			*			ns			*			ns			ns

季节 Season	作用因子 Factors	直接作用 Direct contribution	间接作用 Indirect contribution
季节 Season	作用因子 Factors	直接作用 Direct contribution	通过X₁ Via X₁	通过X₂ Via X₂	通过X₃ Via X₃	通过X₄ Via X₄
早季 Early season	有效穗数 Effective panicle number (X₁)	0.6351		0.1553	0.0172	0.0042
	每穗粒数Spikelet number per panicle(X₂)	0.4798	0.2055		0.0133	-0.0021
	结实率Seed-setting rate (X₃)	-0.0388	-0.2818	-0.1644		0.0009
	千粒重1000-grain weight (X₄)	0.0154	0.1740	-0.0646	-0.0024
晚季 Late season	有效穗数 Effective panicle number (X₁)	0.8142		0.0203	0.0685	0.0384
	每穗粒数Spikelet number per panicle (X₂)	0.1762	0.0939		0.0345	0.0229
	结实率Seed-setting rate (X₃)	-0.1055	-0.5288	-0.0576		-0.0306
	千粒重1000-grain weight(X₄)	0.0979	0.3198	0.0412	0.0330

季节 Season	作用因子 Factors	直接作用 Direct contribution	间接作用 Indirect contribution
季节 Season	作用因子 Factors	直接作用 Direct contribution	通过X₁ Via X₁	通过X₂ Via X₂	通过X₃ Via X₃	通过X₄ Via X₄
早季 Early season	有效穗数 Effective panicle number (X₁)	0.6351		0.1553	0.0172	0.0042
	每穗粒数Spikelet number per panicle(X₂)	0.4798	0.2055		0.0133	-0.0021
	结实率Seed-setting rate (X₃)	-0.0388	-0.2818	-0.1644		0.0009
	千粒重1000-grain weight (X₄)	0.0154	0.1740	-0.0646	-0.0024
晚季 Late season	有效穗数 Effective panicle number (X₁)	0.8142		0.0203	0.0685	0.0384
	每穗粒数Spikelet number per panicle (X₂)	0.1762	0.0939		0.0345	0.0229
	结实率Seed-setting rate (X₃)	-0.1055	-0.5288	-0.0576		-0.0306
	千粒重1000-grain weight(X₄)	0.0979	0.3198	0.0412	0.0330

年份 Year	季节 Season	处理 Treatment	播种日期 Sowing date (Month-Day)	移栽日期 Transplanting date (Month-Day)	齐穗期 Full heading stage (Month-Day)	成熟期 Maturity stage (Month-Day)	全生育期 Growth duration/d
2013	早季 Early season	D1	3-27	4-13	6-18	7-14	109
		D2	3-27	4-13	6-18	7-14	109
		D3	3-27	4-13	6-18	7-14	109
	晚季 Late season	D1	7-6	7-18	9-7	10-19	105
		D2	7-6	7-18	9-7	10-19	105
		D3	7-6	7-18	9-7	10-19	105
2014	早季 Early season	N1D1	3-26	4-10	6-15	7-10	106
		N1D2	3-26	4-10	6-15	7-10	106
		N1D3	3-26	4-10	6-15	7-10	106
		N2D1	3-26	4-10	6-17	7-14	110
		N2D2	3-26	4-10	6-17	7-14	110
		N2D3	3-26	4-10	6-17	7-14	110
		N3D1	3-26	4-10	6-17	7-14	110
		N3D2	3-26	4-10	6-17	7-14	110
		N3D3	3-26	4-10	6-17	7-14	110
	晚季 Late season	N1D1	7-7	7-24	9-8	10-10	95
		N1D2	7-7	7-24	9-8	10-10	95
		N1D3	7-7	7-24	9-8	10-10	95
		N2D1	7-7	7-24	9-10	10-17	102
		N2D2	7-7	7-24	9-10	10-17	102
		N2D3	7-7	7-24	9-10	10-17	102
		N3D1	7-7	7-24	9-10	10-17	102
		N3D2	7-7	7-24	9-10	10-17	102
		N3D3	7-7	7-24	9-10	10-17	102