头季稻氮肥运筹对再生稻根际机能及产量的影响

doi:10.16819/j.1001-7216.2021.200603

中国水稻科学 ›› 2021, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (4): 383-395.DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2021.200603

头季稻氮肥运筹对再生稻根际机能及产量的影响

黄锦文¹^,^#, 吴珈谊¹^,^#, 陈鸿飞¹, 张志兴¹, 方长旬¹, 邵彩虹², 林伟伟¹, 翁佩莹¹, 林文雄^1,^*()

¹作物遗传育种与综合利用教育部重点实验室/福建农林大学农学院/作物生态与分子生理学福建省高校重点实验室, 福州 350002
²江西省农业科学院土壤肥料与资源环境研究所, 南昌 330200

收稿日期:2020-06-04 修回日期:2020-08-30 出版日期:2021-07-10 发布日期:2021-07-10
通讯作者: 林文雄
作者简介:
^#共同第一作者
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划资助项目(2016YFD0300508, 2017YFD0301602, 2018YFD0301105)

Nitrogen Fertilizer Management for Main Crop Rice and Its Carrying-over Effect on Rhizosphere Function and Yield of Ratoon Rice

Jinwen HUANG¹^,^#, Jiayi WU¹^,^#, Hongfei CHEN¹, Zhixing ZHANG¹, Changxun FANG¹, Caihong SHAO², Weiwei LIN¹, Peiying WENG¹, Wenxiong LIN^1,^*()

¹Key Laboratory for Genetics Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education/ College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology, Fuzhou 350002, China
²Institute of Soil Fertilizer and Resources Environment, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China

Received:2020-06-04 Revised:2020-08-30 Online:2021-07-10 Published:2021-07-10
Contact: Wenxiong LIN
About author:
^#These authors contributed equally to this work

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】再生稻是头季稻生长的延续。本研究尝试从根际微生态系统的变化来阐明机械化栽培下头季稻氮肥管理对头季-再生季水稻产量形成的影响,为再生稻高产高效栽培提供参考。【方法】以“甬优1540”为材料,通过2年的田间试验,在头季总施氮量(225.00 kg/hm²)不变的前提下,设置头季不同氮肥运筹处理,分析了机械化栽培下再生稻产量、根系伤流强度、根际土壤酶活性及其微生物多样性的变化特点。【结果】头季前氮后移施肥处理(N1、N2)有助于根系保持较高活力,尤其在头季生长中后期N1处理(基肥∶一次分蘖肥∶二次分蘖肥∶孕穗肥=3∶1∶2∶4)根系伤流强度比对照(N0)和当地常规施肥处理(N4)显著提高;N1处理两季总产量最高,2年平均达17 351.23 kg/hm²,比当地常规施肥处理(N4)提高了23.00%。土壤酶活性分析表明,蔗糖酶活性在头季齐穗期表现为N2>N1>N3>N4>N0,之后则表现为N1>N2>N3>N4>N0;过氧化氢酶与硝酸还原酶活性在头季生长期均表现为N1>N2>N3>N4>N0;脲酶活性从头季齐穗期至再生季齐穗始终表现为N1>N2>N3>N4>N0;各生育时期土壤酶活性与根系伤流强度间均呈显著或极显著正相关。细菌 16S rDNA 测序表明,施肥与不施肥处理细菌群落结构多样性差异显著,N1处理细菌 Chao1 指数和香农指数显著高于其他处理。菌群结构分析表明,施肥处理增加了与土壤碳氮循环、有机质含量及抗逆性密切相关的细菌数量,尤其是N1、N2处理硝化螺旋菌属相对丰度较高,有利土壤氮素循环。【结论】机械化栽培下,头季氮肥适当后移有利于再生稻根际微生态系统的改善,从而提高根系活力,促进水稻生长,获得两季水稻的高产。

关键词: 再生稻, 氮肥运筹, 根系活力, 根际土壤, 群落多样性

Abstract:

【Objective】 Ratoon rice is the continuation of the main crop. We attempt to elucidate the effect of mechanical transplanting of main crop together with nitrogen fertilizer management on the yield of the main crop and ratoon rice from the perspective of rhizosphere microecosystem, which may provide a reference for the high-yielding and efficient cultivation of ratoon rice. 【Method】 The rice genotype of Yongyou 1540 was used as the material. At a total nitrogen application level of 225.00 kg/hm² in the main crop, different nitrogen fertilizer treatments were designed to analyze the effects of mechanical cultivation on the yield, root bleeding intensity, enzyme activities and microbial diversity in rhizosphere soil in two consecutive years in paddy field. 【Result】 In N1 and N2 treatments, the root system maintained higher vigor, especially in the late growing period of the main season in the N1 treatment (basal fertilizer : primary fertilizer for tillering : secondary fertilizer for tillering : fertilizer for panicle initiation= 3 : 1 : 2 : 4) showed a significant increase in root bleeding intensity as compared with the control N0 and the local conventional treatment of N4. The total yield of the N1 treatment was the highest in the two growing seasons, reaching an average of 17 351.23 kg/hm², 23.00% higher than that of N4. Soil enzyme activity analysis showed that the activities of sucrase followed the trend of N2>N1>N3>N4>N0 in the full heading stage during the main season, but N1>N2> N3>N3>N4>N0 for ratoon rice; the activities of catalase and nitrate reductase both followed a trend of N1>N2> N3>N4>N0 in the full heading stage during the main season; the activities of urease, N1>N2> N3>N4>N0 from the heading stage of the main crop to the heading stage of ratoon rice. Highly significant positive correlations were observed between soil enzyme activities and root bleeding intensity at all growing stages. Bacterial 16S rDNA sequencing showed that the structural diversity of bacterial communities differed significantly between the fertilized and non-fertilized treatments, and the Chao1 index and Shannon index of N1 treatment were significantly higher than those of other treatments. Function analysis of rhizospheric bacterial community showed that fertilization increased the number of bacteria closely related to soil carbon and nitrogen cycle, soil organic matter content and soil stress resistance, especially the N1 and N2 treatment with higher relative abundance of nitrospira, which were favorable to soil nitrogen cycle. 【Conclusion】 Under mechanical cultivation, the treatment with properly postponed nitrogen fertilizer application in the main crop is beneficial to the improvement of the rhizosphere microecosystem of ratoon rice, thus improving root vigor, promoting rice growth, and obtaining high yield of rice in both growing seasons.

Key words: ratoon rice, nitrogen management, root activity, rhizosphere, community diversity

黄锦文, 吴珈谊, 陈鸿飞, 张志兴, 方长旬, 邵彩虹, 林伟伟, 翁佩莹, 林文雄. 头季稻氮肥运筹对再生稻根际机能及产量的影响[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2021, 35(4): 383-395.

Jinwen HUANG, Jiayi WU, Hongfei CHEN, Zhixing ZHANG, Changxun FANG, Caihong SHAO, Weiwei LIN, Peiying WENG, Wenxiong LIN. Nitrogen Fertilizer Management for Main Crop Rice and Its Carrying-over Effect on Rhizosphere Function and Yield of Ratoon Rice[J]. Chinese Journal OF Rice Science, 2021, 35(4): 383-395.

图/表 13

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处理 Treatment	B∶T1∶T2∶RB	头季稻 Main crop rice				再生稻 Ratoon rice
处理 Treatment	B∶T1∶T2∶RB	B	T1	T2	RB	BP	SP
N0	0:0:0:0	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
N1	3:1:2:4	67.50	22.50	45.00	90.00	86.25	86.25
N2	3:2:1:4	67.50	45.00	22.50	90.00	86.25	86.25
N3	3:3:0:4	67.50	67.50	0.00	90.00	86.25	86.25
N4	4:3:0:3	90.00	67.50	0.00	67.50	86.25	86.25

处理 Treatment	B∶T1∶T2∶RB	头季稻 Main crop rice				再生稻 Ratoon rice
处理 Treatment	B∶T1∶T2∶RB	B	T1	T2	RB	BP	SP
N0	0:0:0:0	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
N1	3:1:2:4	67.50	22.50	45.00	90.00	86.25	86.25
N2	3:2:1:4	67.50	45.00	22.50	90.00	86.25	86.25
N3	3:3:0:4	67.50	67.50	0.00	90.00	86.25	86.25
N4	4:3:0:3	90.00	67.50	0.00	67.50	86.25	86.25

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	头季稻产量 Yield of main crop rice	再生季产量 Yield of ratoon rice	两季总产量 Total yield
2017	N0	6352.65 c	3968.36 c	10321.01 c
	N1	10576.36 a	6563.98 a	17140.34 a
	N2	9812.34 ab	6158.74 a	15971.08 ab
	N3	9236.65 b	5963.01 ab	15199.66 ab
	N4	8516.35 b	5528.24 b	14044.59 b
2018	N0	7098.58 c	2836.32 d	9934.90 d
	N1	10458.65 a	7103.47 a	17562.12 a
	N2	9583.21 ab	6700.40 ab	16283.61 ab
	N3	9178.23 b	5919.18 bc	15097.41 bc
	N4	8845.52 b	5324.15 c	14169.67 c
F值	Y	NS	NS	NS
F value	N	**	**	**
	N×Y	NS	NS	NS

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	头季稻产量 Yield of main crop rice	再生季产量 Yield of ratoon rice	两季总产量 Total yield
2017	N0	6352.65 c	3968.36 c	10321.01 c
	N1	10576.36 a	6563.98 a	17140.34 a
	N2	9812.34 ab	6158.74 a	15971.08 ab
	N3	9236.65 b	5963.01 ab	15199.66 ab
	N4	8516.35 b	5528.24 b	14044.59 b
2018	N0	7098.58 c	2836.32 d	9934.90 d
	N1	10458.65 a	7103.47 a	17562.12 a
	N2	9583.21 ab	6700.40 ab	16283.61 ab
	N3	9178.23 b	5919.18 bc	15097.41 bc
	N4	8845.52 b	5324.15 c	14169.67 c
F值	Y	NS	NS	NS
F value	N	**	**	**
	N×Y	NS	NS	NS

稻作类型 Cropping system	处理 Treatment	有效穗数 Effective panicle number /(×10⁴·hm^-2)	每穗粒数 No. of grains per panicle	千粒重 1000-grain weight/g	结实率 Seed setting rate/%	理论产量 Theoretical yield /(kg·hm^-2)
头季稻 Main cropping	N0	194.46 c	183.72 c	21.33 a	93.29 a	7104.38 c
	N1	273.17 a	207.07 a	20.81 a	92.84 a	10925.65 a
	N2	252.02 ab	212.99 a	21.05 a	92.96 a	10504.02 a
	N3	223.57 bc	196.71 b	21.35 a	94.50 a	8864.32 b
	N4	226.23 bc	189.20 c	21.47 a	93.68 a	8593.92 b
再生稻 Ratoon cropping	N0	234.66 c	95.96 b	21.34 a	74.94 c	3675.70 d
	N1	346.98 a	111.43 a	21.23 a	80.71 ab	6565.22 a
	N2	325.16 ab	113.26 a	21.17 a	83.20 a	6423.46 ab
	N3	310.44 b	108.66 ab	21.44 a	79.63 bc	5699.54 bc
	N4	297.58 b	103.32 ab	21.28 a	82.69 a	5350.69 c

头季稻氮肥运筹对再生稻根际机能及产量的影响

Nitrogen Fertilizer Management for Main Crop Rice and Its Carrying-over Effect on Rhizosphere Function and Yield of Ratoon Rice

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Metrics

相关因素 Correlative factor	根系伤流强度 Root bleeding intensity
相关因素 Correlative factor	头季齐穗期 Full heading stage of main crop	头季成熟期 Ripening stage of main crop	再生季齐穗期 Full heading stage of ratoon rice	再生季成熟期 Ripening stage of ratoon rice
有效穗数Number of productive panicles	0.8705**	0.8789**	0.6712**	0.6977**
每穗粒数Number of spikelet per panicle	0.3786	0.4912	0.1752	0.5793*
结实率Seed setting rate	0.2888	0.3533	0.3841	0.4579
千粒重1000-grain weight	0.3668	0.3049	0.2369	0.0464
产量Grain yield	0.8669**	0.9651**	0.6682**	0.8395**

测定指标 Item	处理 Treatment	生育时期Stage of growth
测定指标 Item	处理 Treatment	头季齐穗期 Full heading stage of main crop	头季成熟期 Ripening stage of main crop	再生季齐穗期 Full heading stage of ratoon rice	再生季成熟期 Ripening stage of ratoon rice
蔗糖酶活性 Sucrase activity /(mg·kg^-1d^-1)	N0	12.95 e	1.04 d	5.87 d	3.23 c
	N1	32.61 b	7.15 a	11.61 a	7.48 a
	N2	35.11 a	3.37 b	10.84 ab	4.29 b
	N3	18.92 c	2.22 c	9.95 b	4.93 b
	N4	14.83 d	1.82 c	7.46 c	5.10 b
过氧化氢酶活性 Hydrogen peroxidase activity /(mL·g^-1)	N0	1.29 d	1.19 c	1.33 b	1.16 b
	N1	1.78 a	1.57 a	1.60 a	1.40 a
	N2	1.72 ab	1.54 a	1.60 a	1.37 a
	N3	1.64 bc	1.41 b	1.57 a	1.35 a
	N4	1.55 c	1.32 bc	1.52 a	1.34 a
脲酶 Urease activity /(μg·g^-1d^-1)	N0	209.24 d	168.87 c	152.27 d	125.11 b
	N1	393.72 a	235.20 a	263.19 a	179.82 a
	N2	375.15 a	227.52 a	249.72 ab	170.45 a
	N3	343.38 b	198.88 b	220.24 b	168.44 a
	N4	311.29 c	188.56 b	219.70 c	160.45 a
硝酸还原酶 Nitrate reductase activity /(μg·g^-1d^-1)	N0	6.40 d	3.51 d	3.84 b	1.59 b
	N1	10.37 a	7.50 a	8.27 a	4.36 a
	N2	9.85 ab	6.91 ab	7.84 a	4.41 a
	N3	8.60 bc	6.07 b	7.37 a	4.31 a
	N4	7.19 cd	5.65 c	7.33 a	4.17 a

相关因素 Correlative factors	根系伤流强度Root bleeding intensity
相关因素 Correlative factors	头季齐穗期 Full heading stage of main crop	头季成熟期 Ripening stage of main crop	再生季齐穗期 Full heading stage of ratoon rice	再生季成熟期 Ripening stage of ratoon rice
蔗糖酶活性Sucrase activity	0.8263**	0.7572**	0.8096**	0.6776**
过氧化氢酶活性Hydrogen peroxidase activity	0.9077**	0.9012**	0.8023**	0.7778**
脲酶Urease activity	0.8817**	0.8999**	0.8299**	0.8073**
硝酸还原酶Nitrate reductase activity	0.8843**	0.9272**	0.6319*	0.7565**

处理 Treatment	丰富度指数 Chao1	测序深度指数 Coverage/%	多样性指数 Observed_species	谱系多样性指数PD_whole_tree	多样性指数 Shannon index
N0	2360.54 c	95.99 a	1806.17 a	153.99 c	8.9740 b
N1	2573.01 a	95.79 a	1831.97 a	158.68 a	9.1347 a
N2	2485.21 ab	95.93 a	1787.54 a	157.97 ab	9.0994 ab
N3	2387.45 bc	96.15 a	1780.33 a	155.56 bc	9.0424 ab
N4	2412.10 bc	96.06 a	1783.77 a	155.03 c	9.0004 b

属编号 Genus number	微生物相对丰度Microbial relative abundance/%					属名 Generic name	功能 Function
属编号 Genus number	N0	N1	N2	N3	N4	属名 Generic name	功能 Function
OTU_12	0.6884	0.8200	0.8715	1.0069	0.9402	红假单胞菌属Rhodopseudomonas	固氮作用Nitrogen fixation
OTU_20	0.2081	0.3250	0.3108	0.2937	0.2822	硝化螺旋菌属Nitrospira	硝化作用Nitrification
OTU_192	0.0458	0.0744	0.0591	0.0915	0.1163	罗氏菌属Rothia	还原硝酸盐Reduced nitrate
OTU_40	0.3013	0.3432	0.3341	0.3757	0.3700	土壤杆菌属Agrobacterium	改善土壤质地Improve soil texture
OTU_143	0.1812	0.3375	0.3299	0.2918	0.2212	酸杆菌菌属Acidobacteria	有机质Organic matter
OTU_199	0.0782	0.2002	0.1850	0.2498	0.3833	黏细菌属Myxobacteria	抗逆性Resistance
OTU_472	0.0667	0.0362	0.0114	0.0191	0.0286	厌氧绳菌属Anaerolineae	降解碳水化合物Degraded carbohydrates
OTU_106	0.2155	0.1602	0.1621	0.1316	0.1744	假双头斧形菌属Pseudolabrys	耐药性Drug resistance
OTU_298	0.1564	0.0629	0.0191	0.0420	0.0515	嘉利翁氏铁柄杆菌Gallionella	浓缩和积累铁素Concentrate and accumulate iron

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