耕作方式对双季稻田土壤剖面CH4和N2O分布特征的影响

doi:10.16819/j.1001-7216.2021.0509

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 目的探明双季稻稻田土壤剖面CH₄和N₂O的时空分布特征,有利于揭示农艺措施对稻田土壤温室气体产生和排放过程的作用机制。方法通过小区试验,研究了旋耕（RT）和免耕（NT）在不同培肥措施[不施肥（CK）、仅施化肥（F）、化肥+秸秆还田（FS）]下对双季稻主要生育期田面水和土壤剖面CH₄和N₂O分布特征的影响。结果早晚稻季田面水CH₄浓度显著低于土壤剖面CH₄浓度;而田面水N₂O浓度高于土壤剖面N₂O浓度。土壤剖面CH₄浓度随深度增加而下降;而N₂O浓度在土壤剖面中无显著变化。耕作方式对土壤剖面CH₄和N₂O浓度存在显著效应。与NT相比,RT显著增加了土壤剖面CH₄浓度,尤其是0-5 cm和5-10 cm土层;而在部分生育期显著降低土壤剖面N₂O浓度。早晚稻季CH₄净排放通量与上层土壤CH₄浓度相关性高于下层土壤和田面水。表层土壤是影响早稻季N₂O排放的主要因素,而中下层土壤是影响晚稻季N₂O排放的主要因素。结论双季稻田土壤剖面CH₄和N₂O具有明显的时空变化特征,而耕作方式对其浓度具有显著影响。

关键词: 双季稻, 土壤剖面, 时空分布, 温室气体, 田面水

Abstract:

【Objective】Exploring the spatial and temporal variation of the concentrations of CH₄ and N₂O in soil profile is beneficial to understanding the mechanism behind the effects of agronomic measures on the production and diffusion of greenhouse gas from paddy fields.【Method】A field experiment with different tillage treatments [rotary tillage (RT) and no tillage (NT)] and fertilization measures, including no fertilization (CK), only chemical fertilizer (F), and fertilizer + straw returning (FS), was conducted to reveal the distribution characteristics of CH₄ and N₂O in the surface water and soil profile.【Result】The concentration of CH₄ in the surface water in the early and late rice growing seasons was significantly lower than that in the soil profile. On the contrary, the concentration of N₂O in the surface water was higher than that in the soil profile. The concentration of CH₄ in the soil profile decreased with the increase of soil depth. Whereas no obvious trend was observed for N₂O in the soil profile. Tillage methods significantly affected the concentrations of CH₄ and N₂O in the soil profile. RT significantly increased the concentration of CH₄, especially in 0-5 cm and 5-10 cm soil layers, while significantly reduced the concentration of N₂O in the soil profile at some growth periods, as compared with NT. The correlation indexes between net CH₄ flux rate and CH₄concentration in upper soil layers was higher than that in the deep soil layers and field surface water. The net flux rate of N₂O in the early rice growing season was primarily affected by the concentration of N₂O in the surface soil layer; while the net flux rate of N₂O in the late rice growing season was mainly affected by the concentration of N₂O in the middle and deep soil layers.【Conclusion】The concentrations of CH₄ and N₂O in soil profile presented great spatial-temporal variation during the early and late rice growing seasons. Tillage method significantly affected the concentrations of CH₄and N₂O in soil profile.

Key words: double cropping rice, soil profile, temporal and spatial distribution, greenhouse gas, soil surface water

杨通, 吴俊男, 鲍婷, 李凤博, 冯金飞, 周锡跃, 方福平. 耕作方式对双季稻田土壤剖面CH₄和N₂O分布特征的影响[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2021, 35(1): 78-88.

Tong YANG, Junnan WU, Ting BAO, Fengbo LI, Jinfei FENG, Xiyue ZHOU, Fuping FANG. Effects of Tillage Methods on Distribution Characteristics of CH₄ and N₂O in Soil Profile ofDouble-cropping PaddyField[J]. Chinese Journal OF Rice Science, 2021, 35(1): 78-88.

图/表 8

图1 早稻季各处理不同生育期土壤剖面CH4浓度. A、B和C一苗期; D、E和F一分蘖期: G、H和I-抽穗期: J、K和L-灌浆期。RT-旋耕: NT-免耕。纵坐标中0代表田面水层。

Fig.1. CH concentration in soil profile at different growth stages in the early rice growing season. A, B and C indicate seedling stage; D, E and F indicate fling stage; G, H and I indicate heading stage; J, K and L indicate flling stage. RT, Rotary tillage; NT, No tllge.0 represents surface water.

图2 晚稻季各处理不同生育期土壤剖面CH4含量 A、B和C—苗期;D、E和F—分蘖期;G、H和I—抽穗期;J、K和L—灌浆期。RT—旋耕;NT—免耕。纵坐标中0代表田面水层。

Fig. 2. CH4concentration in soil profile at different growth stages in the late rice growing season. A, B and C indicate seedling stage; D, E and F indicate filling stage; G, H and I indicate heading stage; J, K and L indicate filling stage. RT, Rotary tillage; NT, No tillage.0 represents surface water.

表1 早晚稻季田面水和土壤剖面CH4浓度的耕作方式（T）、培肥措施（F）和生育期（S）多因素方差分析

Table 1 Multivariate analysis of variance for tillage (T), fertilization (F) and growth stage (S) on CH4 concentration in the surface water and soil profile in the early and late rice growing seasons.

生长季Season	影响因子Factor	自由度df	田面水 Surface water		0-5cm土层 0-5 cm soil layer		5-10cm土层 5-10 cm soil layer		10-15cm土层10-15 cm soil layer		15-20cm土层15-20 cm soil layer
生长季Season	影响因子Factor	自由度df	F	P	F	P	F	P	F	P	F	P
早稻Early rice	T	1	4	>0.05	17.2	<0.001	29.7	<0.001	27.8	<0.001	37.2	<0.001
	F	2	9	<0.001	9.9	<0.001	8.8	<0.001	9.3	<0.001	6.7	<0.01
	S	3	16	<0.001	36.7	<0.001	20.1	<0.001	2.3	>0.05	4.9	>0.05
	T×F	2	1.6	>0.05	1.9	>0.05	5.5	<0.01	4.8	<0.05	4.7	<0.05
	T×S	3	2.9	<0.05	7.7	<0.001	9.4	<0.001	1	>0.05	1.2	>0.05
	F×S	6	10.2	<0.001	5.4	<0.001	3	<0.05	2	>0.05	3	>0.05
	T×F×S	6	3.2	<0.05	1.4	>0.05	1.8	>0.05	1.6	>0.05	1.5	>0.05
晚稻Late rice	T	1	0.1	>0.05	58.8	<0.001	69.1	<0.001	0.2	>0.05	0.3	>0.05
	F	2	10.1	<0.001	20.9	<0.001	7.5	<0.01	6.8	<0.01	3.2	<0.05
	S	3	3.4	<0.05	2.5	>0.05	1.7	>0.05	2	>0.05	2.1	>0.05
	T×F	2	6.9	<0.01	7.6	<0.01	2.7	>0.05	0.2	>0.05	2.1	>0.05
	T×S	3	0.9	>0.05	0.2	>0.05	0.4	>0.05	1.4	>0.05	0.6	>0.05
	F×S	6	3.5	<0.01	0.6	>0.05	1.5	>0.05	4.5	<0.01	0.7	>0.05
	T×F×S	6	1.1	>0.05	1.1	>0.05	0.9	>0.05	1.9	>0.05	0.9	>0.05

图3 早稻季各处理不同生育期土壤剖面N2O含量 A、B和C—苗期;D、E和F—分蘖期;G、H和I—抽穗期;J、K和L—灌浆期。RT—旋耕;NT—免耕。纵坐标中0代表田面水层。

Fig. 3. N2O concentration in soil profile at different growth stages in the early rice growing season. A, B and C indicate seedling stage; D, E and F indicate filling stage; G, H and I indicate heading stage; J, K and L indicate filling stage. RT, Rotary tillage; NT, No tillage.0 represents surface water.

图4 晚稻季各处理不同生育期土壤剖面N2O含量 A、B和C—苗期;D、E和F—分蘖期;G、H和I—抽穗期;J、K和L—灌浆期。RT—旋耕;NT—免耕。纵坐标中0代表田面水层。

Fig. 4. N2O concentration in soil profile at different growth stages in the late rice growing season. A, B and C indicate seedling stage; D, E and F indicate filling stage; G, H and I indicate heading stage; J, K and L indicate filling stage. RT, Rotary tillage; NT, No tillage.0 represents surface water.

表2 早晚稻季田面水和土壤剖面N2O浓度的耕作方式（T）、培肥措施（F）和生育期（S）多因素方差分析

Table 2 Multivariate analysis for tillage practice (T), fertilization method (F) and growth stage (S) on N2O concentration in the surface water and soil profile in the early and late rice growing seasons.

生长季Season	影响因子Factor	自由度df	田面水 Surface water		0-5cm土层 0-5cm soil layer		5-10cm土层 5-10cm soil layer		10-15cm土层10-15cm soil layer		15-20cm土层15-20cm soil layer
生长季Season	影响因子Factor	自由度df	F	P	F	P	F	P	F	P	F	P
早稻Early rice	T	1	2.8	>0.05	0.5	>0.05	1.9	>0.05	9.1	<0.01	12.6	<0.001
	F	2	1.2	>0.05	1	>0.05	8	<0.001	5.1	<0.01	1.2	>0.05
	S	3	26.5	<0.001	8.5	<0.001	10	<0.001	2	>0.05	5.6	<0.05
	T×F	2	0.6	>0.05	2.2	>0.05	1.4	>0.05	2.3	>0.05	1.8	>0.05
	T×S	3	4.3	<0.01	4.9	<0.01	3.2	<0.05	1.6	>0.05	3.4	<0.05
	F×S	6	1.8	>0.05	3.1	<0.05	2.9	<0.05	1.6	>0.05	1.4	>0.05
	T×F×S	6	1.8	>0.05	5.4	<0.001	3.6	<0.01	0.6	>0.05	2.6	<0.05
晚稻 Late rice	T	1	0.5	>0.05	0.3	>0.05	0	>0.05	0.7	>0.05	0.3	>0.05
	F	2	1.5	>0.05	4.7	<0.05	3.1	<0.05	0.3	>0.05	1.2	>0.05
	S	3	10.2	<0.001	1.5	>0.05	2.5	>0.05	8.9	<0.001	4.7	<0.01
	T×F	2	2.4	>0.05	12.7	<0.001	2.5	>0.05	0.2	>0.05	0.7	>0.05
	T×S	3	3.3	<0.05	2.2	>0.05	3.6	<0.05	10	<0.001	2.7	>0.05
	F×S	6	1	>0.05	1.3	>0.05	2.9	<0.05	0.6	>0.05	2	>0.05
	T×F×S	6	1.8	>0.05	1.7	>0.05	1.4	>0.05	1.4	>0.05	1	>0.05

图5 双季稻田CH4和N2O排放通量季节变化特征

Fig. 5. Seasonal changes of CH4 and N2O fluxes from the double-cropping rice field.

表3 双季稻CH4和N2O净排放通量与田面水和土壤剖面浓度的相关性

Table 3 Correlation between the net flux rates of CH4 and N2O and the concentrations of CH4 and N2O in the surface water and soil profile of early and late rice.

土壤层次 Soil profile	早稻Early rice season		晚稻Late rice season
土壤层次 Soil profile	CH₄	N₂O	CH₄	N₂O
田面水 Surface water	0.281^*	-0.024	0.277^*	0.413^**
0-5cm	0.647^**	0.329^**	0.357^**	0.201
5-10cm	0.698^**	0.202	0.436^**	0.255^*
10-15cm	0.424^**	0.176	0.479^**	0.324^**
15-20cm	0.443^**	0.017	-0.089	0.460^**

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耕作方式对双季稻田土壤剖面CH₄和N₂O分布特征的影响

Effects of Tillage Methods on Distribution Characteristics of CH₄ and N₂O in Soil Profile ofDouble-cropping PaddyField

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