控释尿素减施对双季稻田氨挥发损失和氮肥利用率的影响

doi:10.16819/j.1001-7216.2018.8004

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究连续控释尿素减施对双季稻籽粒产量、N肥利用率和NH₃挥发损失的影响,以期为水稻稳产条件下减少双季稻田氮素损失提供理论依据和技术方法。【方法】以中早39（早稻）和泰优390（晚稻）为材料,设置不同控释尿素N用量的等N量控释尿素(CRU₁)、控释尿素减N 10%(CRU₂)、控释尿素减N 20%(CRU₃)、控释尿素减N 30%(CRU₄)以及尿素(U)和不施肥对照(CK)的6个处理,采用密闭室间歇通气法监测双季稻田NH₃挥发特征,同时测定水稻产量和N含量。【结果】普通尿素(U)处理和控释尿素(CRU)处理施基肥和分蘖肥后早稻NH₃挥发发生在施肥后的8~9 d内,峰值分别于第1~2天和第2~4天出现;晚稻NH₃挥发发生在施肥后的6~7 d内,峰值分别于第2~3 天和第3~4 天出现。早、晚稻生长季U处理总计NH₃挥发损失量(率)最高,分别为47.2 kg/hm²(26.4%)和61.9 kg/hm²(28.7%),产量分别为5.5 t/hm²和6.2 t/hm²,N肥利用率分别为23.0%和20.0%;早、晚稻生长季CRU处理总计NH₃挥发损失量(率)分别为22.8~32.3 kg/hm²(14.6%~16.5%)和30.4~42.1 kg/hm²(15.9%~17.6%),产量分别为5.8~6.3 t/hm²和6.6~7.5 t/hm²,N肥利用率分别为34.3%~40.5%和33.8%~39.2%;其中,CRU₂处理在早、晚稻生长季总计NH₃挥发损失量较U处理降低40.9%、38.3%,产量增加14.9%、20.9%,N肥利用率提高75.6%、96.0%。早、晚稻生长季及双季稻整个生长季CRU处理总计NH₃挥发损失量及籽粒产量与施N量呈显著线性关系。【结论】施用控释尿素显著减少双季稻田NH₃挥发损失,增加籽粒产量,提高N肥利用率,以减N 10%处理效果最明显。

关键词: 双季稻, 氨挥发, 控释尿素, 氮肥利用率, 氮素损失

Abstract:

【Objective】The research aims to reveal the effects of controlled-release urea(CRU) application in successive years on double-cropping rice yield, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and ammonia (NH₃) volatilization loss, and to lay a theoretical basis and develop a new method for reducing nitrogen losses in paddy field while stabilizing grain yield. 【Method】There were six treatments including zero-N (CK), urea (U) and four CRU levels (CRU₁, CRU₂, CRU₃, CRU₄, 0, 10%, 20% and 30% nitrogen reduction of CRU) in cultivars Zhongzao 39 for early rice and Taiyou 390 for late rice. Ammonia volatilization were measured by using continuous air flow enclosure method, as well as grain yield and N content.【Result】NH₃ volatilization after basal fertilization and fertilizer application for tillering (U, CRU) peaked within 1-2 d, 2-4 d, lasting 8-9 days in early-rice season; peaked within 2-3 d and 3-4 d, lasting for 6-7 days for late-rice season. U application generated the highest total NH₃ volatilization loss (rate) of 47.2 kg/hm² (26.4%), and 61.9 kg/hm² (28.7%), with grain yields of 5.5 t/hm² and 6.2 t/hm², and NUE of 23.0% and 20.0% for early- and late-rice season, respectively; Total NH₃ volatilization loss (rate) of CRU treatments in early and late rice seasons were 22.8-32.3 kg/hm² (14.6%-16.5%), and 30.4-42.1 kg/hm² (15.9%-17.6%), with grain yields 5.8-6.3 t/hm² and 6.6-7.5 t/hm², and NUE 34.3%-40.5% and 33.8%-39.2% for early- and late-rice seasons, respectively; And CRU₁ treatment reduced total NH₃ volatilization loss by 40.9% and 38.3%, increased grain yield by 14.9% and 20.9%, NUE by 75.6% and 96.0% for early- and late-season rice than those of U treatment. Total NH₃ volatilization loss and grain yield for early-, late-season and annual rice in CRU treatments had significant linear relationship with N application rate, namely increased with the rising N application rate. 【Conclusion】Application of CRU significantly reduced NH₃ volatilization loss, and increased grain yield and NUE in double-cropping rice system, especially in CRU₁ treatment.

Key words: double-cropping field, ammonia volatilization, controlled-release urea nitrogen utilization rate, nitrogen loss

中图分类号:

田昌, 周旋, 谢桂先, 刘强, 荣湘民, 张玉平, 谭力彰, 彭建伟. 控释尿素减施对双季稻田氨挥发损失和氮肥利用率的影响[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2018, 32(4): 387-397.

Chang TIAN, Xuan ZHOU, Guixian XIE, Qiang LIU, Xiangmin RONG, Yuping ZHANG, Lizhang TAN, Jianwei PENG. Ammonia Volatilization Loss and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Double-cropping Rice Field as Affected by Decreasing Controlled-release Urea Application Level[J]. Chinese Journal OF Rice Science, 2018, 32(4): 387-397.

图/表 9

参考文献 47

[1]	彭少兵, 黄见良, 钟旭华, 杨建昌, 王光火, 邹应斌, 张福锁, 朱庆森, Roland Buresh, Christian Witt.提高中国稻田氮肥利用率的研究策略. 中国农业科学, 2002, 35(9): 1095-1103.
	Peng S B, Huang J L, Zhong X H, Yang J C, Zou Y B, Zhang F S, Zhu Q S, Roland B, Christian W.Research strategy in improving fertilizer-nitrogen use efficiency of irrigated rice in China.Sci Agric Sin, 2002, 35(9): 1095-1103. (in Chinese with English abstract).
[2]	杨梢娜, 俞巧钢, 叶静, 姜丽娜, 马军伟, 王强, 汪建妹, 孙万春, 符建荣. 施氮水平对杂交晚粳“浙优12”产量及氮素利用效率的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2010, 16(5): 1120-1125.
	Yang S N, Yu Q G, Ye J, Jiang L N, Ma J W, Wang Q, Wang J M, Sun W C, Fu J R.Effects of nitrogen fertilization on yield and nitrogen use efficiency of hybrid rice.Plant Nutr & Fert Sci, 2010, 16(5): 1120-1125. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]	朱德峰, 陈惠哲, 徐一成, 张玉屏. 我国双季稻生产机械化制约因子与发展对策. 中国稻米, 2013, 19(4):1-4.
	Zhu D F, Chen H Z, Xu Y C, Zhang Y P.Constraints and countermeasures of the mechanization of double rice production in China.China Rice, 2013, 19(4): 1-4. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]	刘立军, 杨立年, 孙小淋, 王志琴, 杨建昌. 水稻实地氮肥管理的氮肥利用效率及其生理原因. 作物学报, 2009, 35(9): 1672-1680.
	Liu L J, Yang L N, Sun X L, Wang Z Q, Yang J C.Fertilizer-nitrogen use efficiency and its physiological mechanism under site-specific nitrogen management in rice.Acta Agron Sin, 2009, 35(9): 1672-1680. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]	蔡贵信. 稻田中化肥氮的气态损失. 土壤学报, 1995, 32(2): 128-135.
	Cai G X.Evaluation of gaseous nitrogen losses from fertilizers applied to flooded rice fields.Acta Pedol Sin, 1995, 32(2): 128-135. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]	Ghosh B C, Bhat R.Environmental hazards of nitrogen loading in wetland rice fields.Environ Poll, 1998, 102(1): 123-126.
[7]	Gao X J, Hu X F, Wang S P, He B G, Xu S Y.Nitrogen losses from flooded rice field.Pedosphere, 2002, 12(2): 151-156.
[8]	赵冬, 颜廷梅, 乔俊, 杨林章, 吕寒. 太湖地区稻田氮素损失特征及环境效应分析. 生态环境学报, 2012, 21(6): 1149-1154.
	Zhao D, Yan TM, Qiao J, Yang L Z, Lv H.Characteristics of N loss and environmental effect of paddy field in Taihu area.Ecol & Environ Sci, 2012, 21(6): 1149-1154. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]	邓美华, 尹斌, 张绍林, 朱兆良, 石孝均. 不同施氮量和施氮方式对稻田氨挥发损失的影响. 土壤, 2006, 38(3): 263-269.
	Deng M H, Yin B, Zhang S L, Zhu Z L, Shi X J.Effects of rate and method of N application on ammonia volatilization in paddy fields.Soils, 2006, 38(3): 263-269. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]	Yang F, Tan J, Zhao Q, Du Z, He K, Ma Y, Duan F, Chen G, Zhao Q,.Characteristics of PM2.5 speciation in representative megacities and across China.Atmos Chem & Physiol, 2011, 11(11): 1025-1051.
[11]	Feng L, Liao W.Legislation, plans, and policies for prevention and control of air pollution in China: Achievements, challenges, and improvements.J Clean Prod, 2016, 112: 1549-1558.
[12]	Ho K F, Ho S S H, Huang R J, Chuang H C, Cao J J, Han Y M, Lui K H, Ning Z, Chuang K J, Cheng T J, Lee S C, Hu D, Wang B, Zhang R J. Chemical composition and bioreactivity of PM 2.5, during 2013 haze events in China.Atmos Environ, 2016, 126: 162-170.
[13]	Vlek P L, Byrnes B H.The efficiency and loss of fertilizer N in lowland rice.Fert Res, 1986, 9(1-2): 131-147.
[14]	朱兆良, 孙波, 杨林章, 张林秀. 我国农业面源污染的控制政策和措施. 科技导报, 2005, 23(4): 47-51.
	Zhu Z L, Sun B, Yang L Z, Zhang L X.Policy and countermeasures to control non-point pollution of agriculture in China.Sci Technol Rev, 2005, 23(4): 47-51. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]	Lin DX, Fan XH, Hu F, Zhao H T, Luo J F.Ammonia volatilization and nitrogen utilization efficiency in response to urea application in rice fields of the Taihu Lake region, China.Pedosphere, 2007, 17(5): 639-645.
[16]	叶世超, 林忠成, 戴其根, 贾玉书, 顾海燕, 陈京都, 许露生, 吴福观, 张洪程, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕. 施氮量对稻季氨挥发特点与氮素利用的影响. 中国水稻科学, 2011, 25(1): 71-78.
	Ye S C, Lin Z C, Dai Q G, Jia Y S, Gu H Y, Chen J D, Xu L S, Wu F G, Zhang H C, He Z Y, Xu K, Wei H Y.Effects of nitrogen application rate on ammonia volatilization and nitrogen utilization in rice growing season.Chin J Rice Sci, 2011, 25(1): 71-78. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]	高翠民, 梅新兰, 商庆银, 杨秀霞, 沈其荣, 郭世伟. 长期不同施肥红壤性稻田水稻产量和氨挥发的变化. 南京农业大学学报, 2012, 35(1): 63-68.
	Gao C M, Mei X L, Shang Q Y, Yang X X, Shen Q R, Guo S W.Dynamic change of ammonia volatilization and rice yield during double-rice growing seasons in red paddy soil under different long-term fertilizing systems.J Nanjing Agric Univ, 2012, 35(1): 63-68. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]	曹金留, 田光明, 任立涛, 蔡祖聪, 何任红. 江苏南部地区稻麦两熟土壤中尿素的氨挥发损失. 南京农业大学学报, 2000, 23(4): 51-54.
	Cao J L, Tian G M, Ren LT Cai Z C, He R H. Ammonia volatilization from urea applied to the field of wheat and rice in southern Jiangsu Province T.Nanjing Agric Univ, 2000, 23(4): 51-54. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]	张惠, 杨正礼, 罗良国, 张晴雯, 易军, 王永生, 陈媛媛, 王明. 黄河上游灌区稻田氨挥发损失研究. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2011, 17(5): 1131-1139.
	Zhang H, Yang Z L, Luo L G, Zhang Q W, Yi J, Wang Y S, Chen Y Y, Wang M.Study on the ammonia volatilization from paddy field in irrigation area of the Yellow River.Plant Nutr & Fert Sci, 2011, 17(5): 1131-1139. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]	田光明, 蔡祖聪, 曹金留, 李小平. 镇江丘陵区稻田化肥氮的氨挥发及其影响因素. 土壤学报, 2001, 38(3): 324-332.
	Tian G M, Cai Z C, Cao J L, Li X P.Ammonia volatilization from paddy field and its affecting factors in Zhenjiang hilly region.Acta Pedol Sin, 2001, 38(3): 324-332. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]	郑圣先, 刘德林, 聂军, 戴平安, 肖剑. 控释氮肥在淹水稻田土壤上的去向及利用率. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2004, 10(2): 137-142.
	Zheng S X, Liu D L, Nie J, Dai P A, Xiao J.Fate and recovery efficiency of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer in flooding paddy soil.Plant Nutr & Fert Sci, 2004, 10(2): 137-142. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]	鲁艳红, 聂军, 廖育林, 周兴, 谢坚, 汤文光, 杨曾平. 不同控释氮肥减量施用对双季水稻产量和氮素利用的影响. 水土保持学报, 2016, 30(2): 155-161.
	Lu Y H, Nie J, Liao Y L, Zhou X, Xie J, Tang W G, Yang Z P.Effects of Application Reduction of Controlled Release Nitrogen Fertilizer on Yield of Double Cropping Rice and Nitrogen Nutrient Uptake.J Soil Water Con, 2016, 30(2): 155-161. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]	叶玉适, 梁新强, 金熠, 赵越, 傅朝栋. 节水灌溉与控释肥施用对稻田田面水氮素变化及径流流失的影响. 水土保持学报, 2014, 28(5): 105-112.
	Ye Y S, Liang X Q, Jin Y, Zhao Y, Fu C D.Dynamic Variation and runoff loss of nitrogen in surface water of paddy affected by saving irrigation and controlled-release fertilizer application.J Soil & Water Cons, 2014, 28(5): 105-112. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]	孙祥鑫, 李东坡, 武志杰, 崔亚兰, 韩梅, 李永华, 杨德福, 崔永坤. 持续施用缓/控释尿素条件下水田土壤NH3挥发与N2O排放特征. 应用生态学报, 2016, 27(6): 1901-1909.
	Sun X X, Li D P, Wu Z J, Cui Y L, Han M, Li Y H, Yang D F, Cui Y K.Characteristics of ammonia volatilization and nitrous oxide emission from a paddy soil under continuous application of different slow/controlled release urea.Chin J Appl Ecol, 2016, 27(6): 1901-1909. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]	郭晨, 徐正伟, 王斌, 任涛, 万运帆, 邹家龙, 鲁剑巍, 李小坤. 缓/控释尿素对稻田周年CH4和N2O排放的影响. 应用生态学报, 2016, 27(5): 1489-1495.
	Guo C, Xu Z W, Wang B, Ren T, Wan Y F, Zou J L, Lu J W, Li X K.Effects of slow/controlled release urea on annual CH4 and N2O emissions in paddy field.Chin J Appl Ecol, 2016, 27(5): 1489-1495. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]	朱坚, 石丽红, 田发祥, 霍莲杰, 纪雄辉. 湖南典型双季稻田氨挥发对施氮量的响应研究. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2013, 19(5): 1129-1138.
	Zhu J, Shi L H, Tian F X, He L J, Ji X H.Responses of ammonia volatilization to nitrogen application amount in typical double cropping paddy fields in Hunan Province.J Plant Nut & Fert, 2013, 19(5): 1129-1138. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]	田玉华, 贺发云, 尹斌, 朱兆良. 太湖地区氮磷肥施用对稻田氨挥发的影响. 土壤学报, 2007, 44(5): 893-900.
	Tian Y H, He F Y, Yin B, Zhu Z L.Ammonia Volatilization from Paddy Fields in the Taihu Lake Region as Affected by N and P Combination in Fertilization.Acta Pedol Sin, 2007, 44(5): 893-900. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[28]	周亮, 荣湘民, 谢桂先, 王心星, 谢勇, 宁琪. 不同氮肥施用对双季稻稻田氨挥发及其动力学特性的影响. 水土保持学报, 2014, 28(4): 143-147.
	Zhou L, Rong X M, Xie G X, Wang X X, Xie Y, Ning Q.Effects of different nitrogen fertilizers on ammonia volatilization and its dynamic characteristics of double cropping rice.J Soil & Water Cons, 2014, 28(4): 143-147. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[29]	李菊梅, 李冬初, 徐明岗, 申华平, 秦道珠. 红壤双季稻田不同施肥下的氨挥发损失及其影响因素. 生态环境学报, 2008, 17(4): 1610-1613.
	Li J M, Li D C, Xu M G, Shen H P, Qin D Z.Ammonia volatilization and its influence factors under different fertilization in red paddy soil with double rice cropping system.Ecol & Environ, 2008, 17(4): 1610-1613. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[30]	吴萍萍, 刘金剑, 杨秀霞, 商庆银, 周毅, 谢小立, 沈其荣, 郭世伟. 不同施肥制度对红壤地区双季稻田氨挥发的影响. 中国水稻科学, 2009, 23(1): 85-93.
	Wu P P, Liu J J, Yang X X, Shang Q Y, Zhou Y, Xie X L, Shen Q R, Guo S W.Effects of different fertilization systems on ammonia volatilization from double-rice cropping field in red soil region.Chin J Rice Sci, 2009, 23(1): 85-93. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[31]	王淳, 周卫, 李祖章, 刘秀梅, 孙刚, 夏文建, 王秀斌, 刘光荣. 不同施氮量下双季稻连作体系土壤氨挥发损失研究. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2012, 18(2): 349-358.
	Wang C, Zhou W, Li Z Z, Liu X M, Sun G, Xia W J, Wang X B, Liu G R.Effects of different nitrogen application rates on ammonia volatilization from paddy fields under double-harvest rice system.Plant Nut & Fert Sci, 2012, 18(2): 349-358. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[32]	胡小凤, 王正银, 孙倩倩, 游媛. 缓释复合肥料在不同pH值紫色土中氨挥发特性. 农业工程学报, 2009, 25(6): 100-103.
	Hu X F, Wang Z Y, Sun Q Q, You Y.Characteristics of ammonia volatilization of slow release compound fertilizer in different pH values of purple soils.Trans CSAE, 2009, 25(6):100-103. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[33]	邹洪涛, 高艺伟, 韩艳玉, 曹敏建, 汪景宽, 张玉龙. 包膜尿素对水田土壤排放NH3、NOx、CO2影响的研究. 生态环境学报, 2011, 20(12): 1940-1944.
	Zou H T, Gao Y W, Han Y Y, Cao M J, Wang J K, Zhang Y L.Effect of coated urea on NH3, NO x and CO2 emissions from paddy soil. Ecol & Environ Sci, 2011, 20(12): 1940-1944. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[34]	王霞, 崔键, 周静. 典型红壤区稻田树脂包膜控释氮肥氨挥发研究. 土壤, 2011, 43(1): 56-59.
	Wang X, Cui J, Zhou J.Ammonia volatilization of controlled-release urea enveloped with colophony from paddy field in typical red soil.Soils, 2011, 43(1): 56-59. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[35]	黄晶晶, 朱波, 林超文, 庞良玉, 张建华, 罗付香, 朱永群, 易丽霞. 施氮量和田面水含氮量对紫色土丘陵区稻田氨挥发的影响. 土壤, 2014(4): 623-629.
	Huang J J, Zhu B, Lin C W, Pang L Y, Zhang J H, Luo F X, Zhu Y Q, Yi L X.Effects of nitrogen rate and field water nitrogen content on ammonia volatilization from paddy field in a purple soil hilly district.Soils, 2014(4): 623-629. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[36]	Li J, Li D, Xu M, Shen H.Ammonia volatilization and its influence factors under different fertilization in red paddy soil with double rice cropping system.Ecol & Environ, 2008, 17(4): 1610-1613.
[37]	宋勇生, 范晓晖, 林德喜, 杨林章, 周健民. 太湖地区稻田氨挥发及影响因素的研究. 土壤学报, 2004, 41(2): 265-269.
	Song Y S, Fan X H, Lin D X, Yang L Z, Zhou J M.Ammonia volatilization from paddy fields in the Taihu Lake region and its influencing factors.Acta Pedol Sin, 2004, 41(2): 265-269. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[38]	Zhang Y M, Hu C S, Dong W X.Ammonia volatilization from wheat-maize rotation field in the piedmont of Taihang.Plant Nut & Fert Sci, 2005, 11(3): 417-419.
[39]	Toufiqiqbal M, Tian G M, Liang X Q, FatimaRukshana. Measurement of ammonia emission following surface application of urea fertilizer from irrigated paddy rice fields.J Integ Agric, 2005, 4(4): 288-293.
[40]	纪雄辉, 郑圣先, 鲁艳红, 廖育林. 施用尿素和控释氮肥的双季稻田表层水氮素动态及其径流损失规律. 中国农业科学, 2006, 39(12): 2521-2530.
	Ji X H, Zheng S X, L, Lu Y H, Liao Y L. Effects of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer on surface water N dynamics and its losses from runoff.Sci Agric Sc, 2006, 39(12): 2521-2530. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[41]	杜建军, 毋永龙, 田吉林, 王益权, 崔英德. 控/缓释肥料减少氨挥发和氮淋溶的效果研究. 水土保持学报, 2007, 21(2): 49-52.
	Du J J,Wu Y L,Tian J L, Wang Y Q, Cui Y D.Effect of several controlled/slow-release fertilizers on decreasing ammonia volatilization and N leaching.J Soil Water Cons, 2007, 21(2): 49-52. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[42]	杨越超, 耿毓清, 张民, 陈剑秋, 陈海宁. 膜特性对包膜控释肥养分控释性能的影响. 农业工程学报, 2007, 23(11): 23-30.
	Yang Y C, Geng Y Q, Zhang M, Chen J Q, Chen H N.Effects of coating properties of controlled-release fertilizers on nutrient release characteristics.Trans Chin Soc Agric Engin(Tran CSAE), 2007, 23(11): 23-30. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[43]	张静, 王德建. 太湖地区乌栅土稻田氨挥发损失的研究. 中国生态农业学报, 2007, 15(6): 84-87.
	Zhang J, Wang D J.Ammonia volatilization in gleyed paddy field soils of Taihu Lake region.Chin J Eco-Agric, 2007, 15(6): 84-87. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[44]	俞巧钢, 叶静, 杨梢娜, 符建荣, 马军伟, 孙万春, 姜丽娜, 王强, 汪建妹. 不同施氮量对单季稻养分吸收及氨挥发损失的影响. 中国水稻科学, 2012, 26(4): 487-494.
	Yu Q G, Ye J, Yang S N, Fu J R, Ma J W, Sun W C, Jiang L N, Wang Q, Wang J M.Effects of Nitrogen Application Level on Rice Nutrient Uptake and Ammonia Volatilization.Chin J Rice Sci, 2013, 20(2): 139-147. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[45]	Cai G X, Peng G H, Wang X Z, Zhu J W, Zhu Z L.Ammonia volatilization from urea applied to acid paddy soil in Southern China and its control.Pedosphere, 1992, (4): 345-354.
[46]	Pfluke P D, Jokela W E, Bosworth S C.Ammonia volatilization from surface-banded and broadcast application of liquid dairy manure on grass forage.J Environ Qual, 2011, 40(2): 374-382.
[47]	Xu J G, Heeraman D A, Wang Y.Fertilizer and temperature effects on urea hydrolysis in undisturbed soil.Biol & Fertil Soils, 1993, 16(1): 63-65.

稻季 Season	肥料类型 Fertilizer type	施肥时期 Application date	施肥量Fertilizer application rate / (kg·hm^-2)						施肥方式 Application method
稻季 Season	肥料类型 Fertilizer type	施肥时期 Application date	CK	U	CRU₁	CRU₂	CRU₃	CRU₄	施肥方式 Application method
早稻 Early rice	尿素 Urea	基肥 Basal fertilizer	0.0	90.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	土层混施 Incorporated
	尿素 Urea	追肥 Topdressing	0.0	60.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	表层撒施 Broadcated
	控释尿素 Controlled-release urea	基肥 Basal fertilizer	0.0	0.0	90.0	81.0	72.0	63.0	土层混施 Incorporated
	控释尿素 Controlled-release urea	追肥 Topdressing	0.0	0.0	60.0	54.0	48.0	42.0	表层撒施 Broadcated
	过磷酸钙 Calcium superphosphate	基肥 Basal fertilizer	72.0	72.0	72.0	72.0	72.0	72.0	土层混施 Incorporated
	氯化钾 Potassium chloride	基肥 Basal fertilizer	54.0	54.0	54.0	54.0	54.0	54.0	土层混施 Incorporated
	氯化钾 Potassium chloride	追肥 Topdressing	36.0	36.0	36.0	36.0	36.0	36.0	表层撒施 Broadcated
晚稻 Late rice	尿素 Urea	基肥 Basal fertilizer	0.0	108.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	土层混施 Incorporated
	尿素 Urea	追肥 Topdressing	0.0	72.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	表层撒施 Broadcated
	控释尿素 Controlled-release urea	基肥 Basal fertilizer	0.0	0.0	108.0	97.2	86.4	75.6	土层混施 Incorporated
	控释尿素 Controlled-release urea	追肥 Topdressing	0.0	0.0	72.0	64.8	57.6	50.4	表层撒施 Broadcated
	过磷酸钙 Calcium superphosphate	基肥 Basal fertilizer	60.0	60.0	60.0	60.0	60.0	60.0	土层混施 Incorporated
	氯化钾 Potassium chloride	基肥 Basal fertilizer	63.0	63.0	63.0	63.0	63.0	63.0	土层混施 Incorporated
	氯化钾 Potassium chloride	追肥 Topdressing	42.0	42.0	42.0	42.0	42.0	42.0	表层撒施 Broadcated

稻季 Season	肥料类型 Fertilizer type	施肥时期 Application date	施肥量Fertilizer application rate / (kg·hm^-2)						施肥方式 Application method
稻季 Season	肥料类型 Fertilizer type	施肥时期 Application date	CK	U	CRU₁	CRU₂	CRU₃	CRU₄	施肥方式 Application method
早稻 Early rice	尿素 Urea	基肥 Basal fertilizer	0.0	90.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	土层混施 Incorporated
	尿素 Urea	追肥 Topdressing	0.0	60.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	表层撒施 Broadcated
	控释尿素 Controlled-release urea	基肥 Basal fertilizer	0.0	0.0	90.0	81.0	72.0	63.0	土层混施 Incorporated
	控释尿素 Controlled-release urea	追肥 Topdressing	0.0	0.0	60.0	54.0	48.0	42.0	表层撒施 Broadcated
	过磷酸钙 Calcium superphosphate	基肥 Basal fertilizer	72.0	72.0	72.0	72.0	72.0	72.0	土层混施 Incorporated
	氯化钾 Potassium chloride	基肥 Basal fertilizer	54.0	54.0	54.0	54.0	54.0	54.0	土层混施 Incorporated
	氯化钾 Potassium chloride	追肥 Topdressing	36.0	36.0	36.0	36.0	36.0	36.0	表层撒施 Broadcated
晚稻 Late rice	尿素 Urea	基肥 Basal fertilizer	0.0	108.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	土层混施 Incorporated
	尿素 Urea	追肥 Topdressing	0.0	72.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	表层撒施 Broadcated
	控释尿素 Controlled-release urea	基肥 Basal fertilizer	0.0	0.0	108.0	97.2	86.4	75.6	土层混施 Incorporated
	控释尿素 Controlled-release urea	追肥 Topdressing	0.0	0.0	72.0	64.8	57.6	50.4	表层撒施 Broadcated
	过磷酸钙 Calcium superphosphate	基肥 Basal fertilizer	60.0	60.0	60.0	60.0	60.0	60.0	土层混施 Incorporated
	氯化钾 Potassium chloride	基肥 Basal fertilizer	63.0	63.0	63.0	63.0	63.0	63.0	土层混施 Incorporated
	氯化钾 Potassium chloride	追肥 Topdressing	42.0	42.0	42.0	42.0	42.0	42.0	表层撒施 Broadcated

处理 Treatment	基肥 Basal fertilizer		分蘖肥Topdressing for tillering		总计Total		N肥利用率 Nitrogen use efficiency/%
处理 Treatment	损失量 Cumulative loss /(kg·hm^-2)	损失率 Loss rate/%	损失量 Cumulative loss /(kg·hm^-2)	损失率 Loss rate/%	损失量 Cumulative loss /(kg·hm^-2)	损失率 Loss rate/%	N肥利用率 Nitrogen use efficiency/%
CK	3.3±1.3 d		4.2±0.5 e		7.6±1.2 e
U	22.9±0.4 a	21.7	24.3±2.0 a	33.5	47.2±2.2 a	26.4	23.0 b
CRU₁	14.5±0.1 b	12.4	17.7±0.8 b	22.5	32.3±0.9 b	16.5	34.3 a
CRU₂	12.8±0.7 bc	11.7	15.1±0.6 bc	20.1	27.9±0.8 c	15.1	40.5 a
CRU₃	12.2±1.1 bc	12.3	13.4±1.4 cd	19.1	25.6±0.6 cd	15.0	38.8 a
CRU₄	12.0±0.5 c	13.7	10.9±1.3 d	15.8	22.8±0.9 d	14.6	37.8 a
拟合方程Equation (y=ax+b)
a	0.1221	-	0.2110	0.1402	0.1577	0.0388	-
b	3.4778	-	3.6720	1.5286	7.1498	10.3300	-
R²	0.9872	-	0.9512	0.9626	0.9899	0.8210	-
r	0.994**	-	0.975**	0.981*	0.995**	0.904	-

处理 Treatment	基肥 Basal fertilizer		分蘖肥Topdressing for tillering		总计Total		N肥利用率 Nitrogen use efficiency/%
处理 Treatment	损失量 Cumulative loss /(kg·hm^-2)	损失率 Loss rate/%	损失量 Cumulative loss /(kg·hm^-2)	损失率 Loss rate/%	损失量 Cumulative loss /(kg·hm^-2)	损失率 Loss rate/%	N肥利用率 Nitrogen use efficiency/%
CK	3.3±1.3 d		4.2±0.5 e		7.6±1.2 e
U	22.9±0.4 a	21.7	24.3±2.0 a	33.5	47.2±2.2 a	26.4	23.0 b
CRU₁	14.5±0.1 b	12.4	17.7±0.8 b	22.5	32.3±0.9 b	16.5	34.3 a
CRU₂	12.8±0.7 bc	11.7	15.1±0.6 bc	20.1	27.9±0.8 c	15.1	40.5 a
CRU₃	12.2±1.1 bc	12.3	13.4±1.4 cd	19.1	25.6±0.6 cd	15.0	38.8 a
CRU₄	12.0±0.5 c	13.7	10.9±1.3 d	15.8	22.8±0.9 d	14.6	37.8 a
拟合方程Equation (y=ax+b)
a	0.1221	-	0.2110	0.1402	0.1577	0.0388	-
b	3.4778	-	3.6720	1.5286	7.1498	10.3300	-
R²	0.9872	-	0.9512	0.9626	0.9899	0.8210	-
r	0.994**	-	0.975**	0.981*	0.995**	0.904	-

处理 Treatment	基肥 Basal fertilizer		分蘖肥 Tillering topdressing		总计 Total		N肥利用率 Nitrogen use efficiency/%
处理 Treatment	损失量 Cumulative loss /(kg·hm^-2)	损失率 Loss rate/%	损失量 Cumulative loss /(kg·hm^-2)	损失率 Loss rate/%	损失量 Cumulative loss /(kg·hm^-2)	损失率 Loss rate/%	N肥利用率 Nitrogen use efficiency/%
CK	5.2±0.7 c		5.1±0.2 d		10.3±0.7 d
U	27.4±2.6 a	20.6	34.4±2.3 a	40.7	61.9±4.2 a	28.7	20.0 c
CRU1	19.9±2.1 b	13.7	22.1±1.8 b	23.6	42.1±1.3 b	17.6	33.8 b
CRU2	20.6±2.4 b	15.9	17.6±2.4 bc	19.2	38.2±4.6 bc	17.2	39.2 a
CRU3	17.5±1.8 b	14.3	17.2±1.5 bc	21.0	34.8±3.3 bc	17.0	38.1 a
CRU4	15.7±1.8 b	14.0	14.6±0.4 c	18.8	30.4±2.2 c	15.9	38.0 a
拟合方程Equation (y=ax+b)
a	0.1447	-	0.2172	0.1736	0.1737	0.0300	-
b	5.1775	-	4.7117	10.0430	9.8891	12.3450	-
R²	0.9823	-	0.9637	0.5538	0.9951	0.9021	-
r	0.991^**	-	0.982^**	0.744	0.998^**	0.941	-