育秧基质和喷水间隔处理对机插秧苗素质及产量的影响

doi:10.16819/j.1001-7216.2021.0714

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 目的探明适合水稻机械化播种+旱育秧模式下培育符合机插标准健壮秧苗的水分管理方式。方法以辽粳401为供试材料,选用2种育苗载体(有机质型育苗基质和营养土),于秧苗1叶1心期设置3种喷水间隔处理(24h、48h、72h),研究不同喷水间隔下水稻秧苗素质、移栽质量及产量的变化规律。结果喷水时间间隔由24h延长至72h,秧苗SPAD值升高,株高降低,根数增加,根冠比升高,秧苗的综合素质提高。间隔72h喷水处理秧苗机插伤株率和漏插率低,移栽后缓苗活棵迅速,新根数量多。移栽后间隔72h喷水处理秧苗对环境的适应性更强,其最大光化学量子产量(F_v/F_m)和实际光化学量子产量(Yield)、光化学猝灭(q_P)和非光化学猝灭(NPQ)均处于较高水平。72h处理成熟期有效穗数最多,结实率最高,实际产量最高。结论采用间隔72 h的水分管理方式,能够提高水稻机械化育苗的秧苗素质,提高机插质量,利于机插后缓苗,促进茎蘖成穗,从而提高水稻产量。

关键词: 育苗基质, 水分管理, 秧苗素质, 叶绿素荧光, 产量

Abstract:

【Objective】To explore suitable water management method formechanicallytransplantedrice seedlingsunder the mode of mechanized sowing and dry seedbed nursing.【Method】Two substrates(organic substrate andnutrient soil) were used and three water treatments(with water spraying intervalsof 24 h,48 h,72 h) were set at 1.5-leaf age to reveal the changes of the seedling quality, mechanical transplanting quality and rice yield, with Liaojing 401 as test material.【Result】Compared with the water treatments with a water spraying interval of 24 h, the 72 h-interval water spraying treatment could increase SPAD of seedlings, decrease the height of the seedlings, increase the number of the roots, the ratio of root to shoot, improve the quality of the seedlings. The injured seedling percentageand unplantedhillrate in the72 h-interval water spraying treatment was low and it took less time for seedlings to recover after transplanting, and the seedlings produced many new roots. The seedlings under the72 h-interval water treatment were more adaptable to the field environment, the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of the seedlings in the72 h-interval water treatment were at a high level. The performance of productive panicle number, seed setting rate and actual yield of the 72 h-interval water treatment was the best.【Conclusion】The method of the 72 h-interval water treatment could improve the quality of the seedlings and machine-transplanted quality. The seedlings recover fast after mechanical transplanting, and the tillers transform into more productive panicles, thusthe actual yield of the 72 h-interval water treatment was increased.

Key words: substrate, water treatment, seedling quality, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, yield

李睿, 董立强, 商文奇, 马亮, 王先俱, 王铮, 李跃东. 育秧基质和喷水间隔处理对机插秧苗素质及产量的影响[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2021, 35(1): 59-68.

LIRui, DONGLiqiang, SHANGWenqi, MALiang, Xianju WANG, WANGZheng, LIYuedong. Effects of Seedling-raising Substrate and Water Spraying Interval on Seedling Quality and Grain Yield of MechanicallyTransplantedRice[J]. Chinese Journal OF Rice Science, 2021, 35(1): 59-68.

图/表 8

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年份 Year	处理 Treatment	叶龄 Leaf age	SPAD值 SPAD value	株高 Plant height/cm	茎基宽 Basal stem width/mm	百株地上部干质量 Dry shoot weight per 100 plants/g
2018	J24	3.2±0.0a	28.1±1.0 b	14.0±0.5 a	2.2±0.0a	2.25±0.16a
	J48	3.2±0.0a	30.6±1.0ab	13.5±0.5a	2.3±0.1 a	1.89±0.15ab
	J72	3.1±0.1 a	32.8±1.3 a	12.2±0.3b	2.2±0.0a	1.74±0.11b
	平均Mean	3.15	30.5	13.24	2.23	1.96
	Y24	3.1±0.1 a	27.8±1.4 b	14.6±0.3 a	2.2±0.0a	2.21±0.14a
	Y48	3.1±0.1a	29.1±1.5b	13.5±0.5ab	2.2±0.0a	1.94±0.07ab
	Y72	3.1±0.0a	34.1±0.5a	12.4±0.6b	2.2±0.2 a	1.78±0.06b
	平均Mean	3.13	30.33	13.53	2.19	1.98
2019	J24	3.2±0.1 a	31.5±0.6b	18.7±0.7 a	2.5±0.1 a	2.31±0.07a
	J48	3.2±0.1 a	34.7±1.9a	17.5±1.0a	2.5±0.0a	2.18±0.11a
	J72	3.2±0.0a	35.4±0.7a	14.0±0.6 b	2.5±0.1 a	1.86±0.06b
	平均Mean	3.18	33.88	16.74	2.51	2.12
	Y24	3.2±0.1 a	31.0±2.4b	19.2±0.1 a	2.6±0.1 a	2.34±0.17a
	Y48	3.2±0.1 a	33.1±1.7 ab	18.1±0.4b	2.5±0.0a	2.24±0.12ab
	Y72	3.1±0.0a	35.4±0.7a	15.3±0.3c	2.5±0.1 a	1.92±0.09b
	平均Mean	3.17	33.15	17.54	2.50	2.17

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	叶龄 Leaf age	SPAD值 SPAD value	株高 Plant height/cm	茎基宽 Basal stem width/mm	百株地上部干质量 Dry shoot weight per 100 plants/g
2018	J24	3.2±0.0a	28.1±1.0 b	14.0±0.5 a	2.2±0.0a	2.25±0.16a
	J48	3.2±0.0a	30.6±1.0ab	13.5±0.5a	2.3±0.1 a	1.89±0.15ab
	J72	3.1±0.1 a	32.8±1.3 a	12.2±0.3b	2.2±0.0a	1.74±0.11b
	平均Mean	3.15	30.5	13.24	2.23	1.96
	Y24	3.1±0.1 a	27.8±1.4 b	14.6±0.3 a	2.2±0.0a	2.21±0.14a
	Y48	3.1±0.1a	29.1±1.5b	13.5±0.5ab	2.2±0.0a	1.94±0.07ab
	Y72	3.1±0.0a	34.1±0.5a	12.4±0.6b	2.2±0.2 a	1.78±0.06b
	平均Mean	3.13	30.33	13.53	2.19	1.98
2019	J24	3.2±0.1 a	31.5±0.6b	18.7±0.7 a	2.5±0.1 a	2.31±0.07a
	J48	3.2±0.1 a	34.7±1.9a	17.5±1.0a	2.5±0.0a	2.18±0.11a
	J72	3.2±0.0a	35.4±0.7a	14.0±0.6 b	2.5±0.1 a	1.86±0.06b
	平均Mean	3.18	33.88	16.74	2.51	2.12
	Y24	3.2±0.1 a	31.0±2.4b	19.2±0.1 a	2.6±0.1 a	2.34±0.17a
	Y48	3.2±0.1 a	33.1±1.7 ab	18.1±0.4b	2.5±0.0a	2.24±0.12ab
	Y72	3.1±0.0a	35.4±0.7a	15.3±0.3c	2.5±0.1 a	1.92±0.09b
	平均Mean	3.17	33.15	17.54	2.50	2.17

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	根数 Root number	根长 Root length/cm	百株根干质量 Dry root weight per 100 plants/g	根冠比 Ratio of root to shoot/%
2018	J24	9.7±0.5 b	9.0±1.1 a	0.81±0.05b	35.92±0.60c
	J48	9.7±0.6b	7.7±0.5a	0.92±0.03ab	48.62±3.05b
	J72	11.0±0.4a	8.7±0.6 a	1.00±0.06a	57.68±3.34a
	平均Mean	10.12	8.46	0.91	47.41
	Y24	8.5±0.6 b	8.7±1.3a	0.73±0.05b	32.99±2.57c
	Y48	9.1±0.4 ab	8.1±0.5a	0.81±0.04b	41.89±1.93b
	Y72	9.7±0.6a	7.9±0.5 a	0.99±0.07a	55.68±3.26a
	平均Mean	9.03	8.25	0.84	43.52
2019	J24	9.4±0.8b	10.2±0.7 a	0.84±0.1b	36.21±3.21c
	J48	10.3±0.5b	8.1±0.5b	0.86±0.09b	39.52±3.36b
	J72	12.6±0.8 a	8.7±0.6 ab	0.94±0.07a	50.61±3.01a
	平均Mean	10.77	8.97	0.88	42.11
	Y24	9.4±0.5 b	9.8±0.5a	0.76±0.05c	32.63±0.20b
	Y48	9.8±0.4b	9.9±0.9a	0.79±0.04b	35.44±1.14b
	Y72	11.7±1.0 a	8.4±0.4 a	0.88±0.04a	46.03±3.59a
	平均Mean	10.27	9.38	0.81	38.03

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	根数 Root number	根长 Root length/cm	百株根干质量 Dry root weight per 100 plants/g	根冠比 Ratio of root to shoot/%
2018	J24	9.7±0.5 b	9.0±1.1 a	0.81±0.05b	35.92±0.60c
	J48	9.7±0.6b	7.7±0.5a	0.92±0.03ab	48.62±3.05b
	J72	11.0±0.4a	8.7±0.6 a	1.00±0.06a	57.68±3.34a
	平均Mean	10.12	8.46	0.91	47.41
	Y24	8.5±0.6 b	8.7±1.3a	0.73±0.05b	32.99±2.57c
	Y48	9.1±0.4 ab	8.1±0.5a	0.81±0.04b	41.89±1.93b
	Y72	9.7±0.6a	7.9±0.5 a	0.99±0.07a	55.68±3.26a
	平均Mean	9.03	8.25	0.84	43.52
2019	J24	9.4±0.8b	10.2±0.7 a	0.84±0.1b	36.21±3.21c
	J48	10.3±0.5b	8.1±0.5b	0.86±0.09b	39.52±3.36b
	J72	12.6±0.8 a	8.7±0.6 ab	0.94±0.07a	50.61±3.01a
	平均Mean	10.77	8.97	0.88	42.11
	Y24	9.4±0.5 b	9.8±0.5a	0.76±0.05c	32.63±0.20b
	Y48	9.8±0.4b	9.9±0.9a	0.79±0.04b	35.44±1.14b
	Y72	11.7±1.0 a	8.4±0.4 a	0.88±0.04a	46.03±3.59a
	平均Mean	10.27	9.38	0.81	38.03

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	漏插率 Unplanted hill percentage/%	伤株率 Injured seedling rate/%	基本苗 Basic population/(×10⁴·hm^-2)
2018	J24	4.0±0.5a	4.1±0.6a	87.33±5.77b
	J48	3.4±0.5ab	3.8±0.5 a	90.67±5.03ab
	J72	2.5±0.5b	2.8±0.6 b	91.33±5.77a
	平均Mean	3.296	3.56	89.78
	Y24	4.3±0.5a	4.4±0.8a	85.33±3.06b
	Y48	3.7±0.9a	3.9±0.6b	89.33±4.16a
	Y72	2.8±0.9b	3.1±0.6 c	90.00±2.00a
	平均Mean	3.60	3.80	88.22
2019	J24	4.9±0.5a	4.4±0.1a	80.67±4.62b
	J48	3.7±0.9b	3.9±0.3 b	81.33±4.16b
	J72	3.1±0.5b	3.2±0.1c	84.67±5.03a
	平均Mean	3.91	3.83	82.22
	Y24	5.3±0.5a	4.6±0.1 a	80.00±6.00b
	Y48	4.0±0.5ab	3.8±0.2ab	80.67±4.16ab
	Y72	3.4±0.5b	3.5±0.4b	84.00±5.29a
	平均Mean	4.22	3.94	81.56