生物可降解膜覆盖对机插水稻生长和稻米品质的影响

doi:10.16819/j.1001-7216.2020.9081

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究并明确不同生态区生物可降解膜覆盖对机插水稻生长和稻米品质的影响,为实现水稻生态种植提供方法。【方法】以生产上大面积应用的五优稻4号、鄂早18及甬优538为试验材料,在北方单季稻、南方早稻及单季稻三种种植类型中设置生物可降解膜覆盖处理及不覆膜处理,研究不同生态区水稻生物可降解膜覆盖机插对土壤温度、水稻生长和稻米品质的影响。【结果】1)增温效果：北方覆膜水稻增温效果更好,增温效应主要集中在生育前期,特别是在移栽到穗分化期这段时间。与对照相比,土壤日平均增温2.76℃;2)生育期变化：南北方覆膜水稻均缩短了水稻生育期,北方覆膜水稻提前7 d成熟,南方两种种植方式覆膜处理均提前3 d;3)叶龄：无论南北方覆膜均能促进水稻叶片生长,增加出叶速率,在生育前期北方覆膜水稻的出叶数比对照多0.6~0.9叶;4)株高：南北方覆膜水稻均降低水稻株高,北方覆膜水稻显著降低了5.7cm;5)茎蘖数:北方单季稻覆膜处理促进了水稻分蘖的早发快长,与对照相比,显著提高有效茎蘖数35.7万个/hm²;6)干物质积累量：北方覆膜水稻在穗分化期、齐穗期及成熟期干物质积累量均显著大于对照,南方覆膜早稻在成熟期的干物质积累显著大于对照;南方单季稻在齐穗期的干物质积累显著小于对照;7)增产效果：南北方覆膜水稻都有显著增产效果,北方增产效果更好,增产达到了8.7%,南方早稻增产7.9%,南方单季稻增产4.1%;8)稻米品质：北方覆膜水稻显著提高了糙米率、精米率及蛋白质含量;南方单季稻覆膜处理显著提高了整精米率,南方早稻也得到相同结果,但未达到显著水平。【结论】生物可降解膜覆盖机插种植模式在两个生态区均能促进水稻的生长发育,提高水稻产量;对于稻米品质,北方覆膜水稻提高了稻米加工品质,而食味品质下降,南方覆膜水稻提高了加工品质,而外观品质变劣;将南北覆膜水稻进行比较发现,生物可降解膜覆盖机插种植模式对北方水稻有更好的促进生长作用及增产效果,并且降低了水稻覆膜生产中塑料薄膜对环境的污染,为水稻绿色优质生产提供新的途径。

关键词: 生物可降解膜, 机插, 水稻生长, 稻米品质

Abstract:

【Objective】Our aim is to reveal the effects of biodegradable film mulching on the growth and quality of mechanically transplanted rice in different ecological areas, and provid a method for the rice ecological planting.【Method】The biodegradable film mulching treatment was designed in early-season rice in southern area, single-season rice in northern area and single-season rice in southern area under mechanical transplanting with widely used Wuyoudao 4, Ezao 18 and Yongyou 538 as materials. We investigated the effects of biodegradable film mulching on soil temperature, mechanically transplanted rice growth and quality in different ecological areas.【Result】1) The effect of temperature increase: The film mulching had a better temperature increasing effect on mulched rice in northern area, which was mainly concentrated in the early period of growth, especially in the period from transplanting to panicle initiation; the average daily increase in soil temperature was 2.76℃. 2) Change of growth period: the growth period of rice was shortened in both northern and southern areas. The maturing stage of film-mulched rice was 7 days earlier in the norther area and 3 days earlier in the southern area. 3) Leaf age: biodegradable-film mulching promoted the growth of leaves and increased the rate of leaf emergence of rice in the northern and southern areas. In the early growth stage, the number of emerged leaves of the northern film mulched rice was 0.6~0.9 more than that of the control. 4) Plant height: the plant height of rice decreased in both northern and southern areas, while that of northern rice was significantly decreased by 5.7 cm. 5) Number of stems and tillers: the mulching treatment promoted the growth of rice tillers, and significantly increased the effective tillers number per hm² of northern single-season rice by 357,000 compared with the control. 6) Shoot dry weight: the dry matter accumulation of single-season rice with biodegradable film mulched in northern area at panicle initiation stage, full heading stage and maturing stage was significantly higher than that of control, while that of early-season biodegradable film-mulched rice in southern area at maturing stage was significantly higher than that of control, that of single-season biodegradable film-mulched rice in southern area at full heading stage was significantly less than that of control. 7) Yield increasing effect: the yield of film-mulched rice in the northern and southern areas increased significantly. The yield of film-mulched single-season rice in northern area increased by 8.7%, early-season rice in southern area by 7.9%, and single-season rice in southern by only 4.1%. 8) Quality comparison: the brown rice, milled rice and protein contents were significantly improved by biodegradable film mulching in single-season rice in northern area, while the head rice was significantly increased in single-season biodegradable film-mulched rice in southern area, and the same results were obtained in southern early rice, but not significantly.【Conclusion】The planting mode of biodegradable film mulching and mechanical transplanting can promote the growth and development of rice and increase the yield of rice in both ecological regions. For rice quality, the northern film-mulched rice had improved milling quality of rice, but the eating quality decreased, and the southern film-mulched rice had improved milling quality, but the appearance quality became worse. The comparison between the northern and southern film-mulched rice showed that planting mode of biodegradable film mulching and mechanical transplanting had better promotion and yield-increasing effect on the northern rice, and reduced the environmental pollution caused by plastic film in the production of rice, and provide a new way for the green and high-quality production of rice.

Key words: biodegradable film, mechanical transplanting, rice growth, rice quality

中图分类号:

S511.48

胡国辉, 宋顺奇, 向镜, 朱德峰, 陈惠哲, 张义凯, 王亚梁, 徐一成, 易子豪, 王军可, 张玉屏. 生物可降解膜覆盖对机插水稻生长和稻米品质的影响[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2020, 34(2): 159-170.

Guohui HU, Shunqi SONG, Jing XIANG, Defeng ZHU, Huizhe CHEN, Yikai ZHANG, Yaliang WANG, Yicheng XU, Zihao YI, Junke WANG, Yuping ZHANG. Effect of Biodegradable Film Mulching on Growth and Quality of Mechanically Transplanted Rice (Oryza sativa L.)[J]. Chinese Journal OF Rice Science, 2020, 34(2): 159-170.

图/表 9

图1 不同生态区覆膜栽培对稻田土壤5 cm处温度的影响 EF–覆膜处理;CK–不覆膜对照;A–南方早稻;B–北方单季稻;C–南方单季稻。

Fig. 1. Effects of film mulching cultivation in different ecological areas on soil temperature at 5 cm depth. EF, Biodegradable film mulching; CK, No film mulching; A, Early-season rice in southern area; B, Single-season rice in northern area; C, Single-season rice in southern area.

表1 不同生态区覆膜栽培对水稻生育期的影响

Table 1 Effects of film mulching cultivation in different ecological areas on growth period of rice.

生态区 Ecoregion	处理 Treatment	播种期 Seeding stage	移栽期 transplanting stage	穗分化期 Panicle initiation stage	齐穗期 Full heading stage	成熟期 Maturing stage	生育期 Growth stage/d
南方早稻Early-season rice in southern area	CK	03-26	04-21	06-08	06-25	07-18	114
南方早稻Early-season rice in southern area	EF	03-26	04-21	06-04	06-21	07-15	111
北方单季稻Single-season rice in southern area	CK	04-15	05-18	07-10	08-09	09-20	158
北方单季稻Single-season rice in southern area	EF	04-15	05-18	07-06	08-04	09-13	151
南方单季稻Single-season rice in southern area	CK	05-15	06-11	08-05	09-03	11-06	175
南方单季稻Single-season rice in southern area	EF	05-15	06-11	08-02	08-31	11-03	172

图2 不同生态区覆膜栽培对水稻叶龄进程影响 EF–覆膜处理;CK–不覆膜对照;A–南方早稻;B–北方单季稻;C–南方单季稻。

Fig. 2. Effects of film mulching cultivation in different ecological areas on leaf aging process of rice. EF, Biodegradable film mulching; CK, No film mulching; A, Early-season rice in southern area; B, Single-season rice in southern area; C, Single-season rice in southern area.

图3 不同生态区覆膜栽培对水稻株高影响 EF–覆膜处理;CK–不覆膜对照;A–北方单季稻;B–南方单季稻。

Fig. 3. Effects of film mulching cultivation in different ecological areas on plant height of rice. EF, Biodegradable film mulching; CK, No film mulching; A, Single-season rice in southern area; B, Single-season rice in southern area.

图4 不同生态区覆膜栽培对水稻茎蘖动态的影响 EF–覆膜处理;CK–不覆膜对照;A–南方早稻;B–北方单季稻;C–南方单季稻。

Fig. 4. Effects of film mulching cultivation in different ecological areas on tillering dynamics of rice. EF, Biodegradable film mulching; CK, No film mulching; A, Early-season rice in southern area; B, Single-season rice in southern area; C, Single-season rice in southern area.

图5 不同生态区覆膜栽培对水稻地上部干物质积累影响 EF–覆膜处理;CK–不覆膜对照;A–南方早稻;B–北方单季稻;C–南方单季稻;PIS–穗分化期;FHS–齐穗期;MS–成熟期;柱上不同小写字母表示同一生态区不同处理间差异达到显著水平(P<0.05, n=3, 最小显著差数法)。

Fig. 5. Effects of film mulching cultivation on shoot dry weight of rice in different ecological areas. EF, Biodegradable film mulching; CK, No film mulching; A, Early-season rice in southern area; B, Single-season rice in southern area; C, Single-season rice in southern area; PIS, Panicle initiation stage; FHS, Full heading stage; MS, Maturing stage. Different lowercase letters above the bars mean significant difference between treatments for a given ecological area(P<0.05, n=3, LSD).

表2 不同生态区覆膜栽培对水稻产量及其结构的影响

Table 2 Effects of film mulching cultivation on grain yield and its components of rice in different ecological areas.

生态区 Ecoregion	处理 Treatment	有效穗数 Effective panicle number/(×10⁴·hm^-2)	每穗粒数 Spikelet number per panicle	结实率 Seed setting rate/%	千粒重 1000-grain weight/g	产量 Yield/(t·hm^-2）
南方早稻 Early-season rice in southern area	CK	284.2±5.4 b	120.8±1.2 a	86.4±1.2 a	25.6±0.2 b	7.5±0.2 b
南方早稻 Early-season rice in southern area	EF	306.8±5.3 a	123.3±1.1 a	87.9±0.8 a	26.5±0.2 a	8.1±0.1 a
北方单季稻 Single-season rice in southern area	CK	341.1±5.0 b	86.3±2.2 a	82.4±1.6 a	25.6±0.3 b	5.1±0.1 b
北方单季稻 Single-season rice in southern area	EF	376.0±4.6 a	85.2±4.2 a	82.3±0.6 a	26.6±0.1 a	5.6±0.1 a
南方单季稻 Single-season rice in southern area	CK	239.5±2.7 a	297.3±3.0 b	78.8±4.2 a	21.2±0.3 b	10.6±0.1 b
南方单季稻 Single-season rice in southern area	EF	241.1±2.5 a	307.8±0.8 a	78.6±2.8 a	22.1±0.4 a	11.0±0.1 a

表3 覆膜栽培对水稻加工品质及外观品质的影响

Table 3 Effects of film mulching cultivation on milling quality and appearance quality of rice in different ecological areas. %

生态区 Ecoregion	处理 Treatment	糙米率 Brown rice rate	精米率 Milled rice rate	整精米率 Head rice rate	垩白粒率 Chalky grain rate	垩白度 Chalkiness rate
南方早稻 Early-season rice in southern area	CK	79.8±0.4 a	70.8±0.2 a	59.1±0.9 a	9.5±3.5 a	1.0±0.3 a
南方早稻 Early-season rice in southern area	EF	78.8±1.4 a	69.8±1.2 a	59.4±0.1 a	16.5±3.5 a	1.9±0.3 a
北方单季稻 Single-season rice in southern area	CK	81.4±0.2 b	68.9±0.2 b	58.9±0.8 a	4.0±1.0 a	0.4±0.2 a
北方单季稻 Single-season rice in southern area	EF	82.1±0.1 a	69.6±0.2 a	58.5±1.8 a	5.0±2.8 a	0.4±0.2 a
南方单季稻 Single-season rice in southern area	CK	83.7±0.2 a	75.5±0.5 a	65.9±0.1 b	12.0±2.8 b	1.8±0.4 b
南方单季稻 Single-season rice in southern area	EF	83.8±0.2 a	76.0±0.5 a	66.7±0.2 a	18.5±0.7 a	3.3±0.2 a

表4 覆膜栽培对稻米理化性状的影响

Table 4 Effects of film mulching cultivation on physicochemical properties of rice in different ecological areas.

生态区 Ecoregion	处理 Treatment	胶稠度 Gel consistency/mm		直链淀粉含量 Amylose content/%	蛋白质含量 Protein content/%
南方早稻 Early-season rice in southern area	CK	79.5±2.1 a	6.0±0.0 a	15.6±0.1 a	9.9±0.9 a
南方早稻 Early-season rice in southern area	EF	78.5±2.1 a	6.0±0.0 a	16.1±0.6 a	8.7±0.2 a
北方单季稻 Single-season rice in southern area	CK	79.0±1.4 a	7.0±0.0 a	18.9±0.1 a	6.3±0.1 b
北方单季稻 Single-season rice in southern area	EF	77.5±0.7 a	7.0±0.0 a	18.6±0.4 a	6.9±0.2 a
南方单季稻 Single-season rice in southern area	CK	66.0±0.0 a	6.9±0.1 a	15.9±0.2 a	7.5±0.0 a
南方单季稻 Single-season rice in southern area	EF	66.0±2.8 a	6.9±0.1 a	15.9±0.07 a	7.5±0.1 a

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