杂交稻低播量精量播种育秧及机插取秧特性

doi:10.16819/j.1001-7216.2020.9113

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】明确杂交稻70 g以下低播量精量穴播和条播对育秧效果及机插特性的影响,突破生产中杂交稻机插的技术瓶颈。【方法】以中浙优1号和甬优1540两个杂交稻品种为材料,利用机插标准9寸盘,设置机械穴播和条播两个精量播种方式,并以机械流水线撒播为对照,穴播规格为16(纵向)×34(横向)穴,条播为纵向16条,以穴播5粒、3粒及2粒的播种量进行播种试验。考查了低播量下不同播种方式对秧苗生长影响及配套取秧效果【结果】1)低播量下不同播种方式对秧苗成苗率的影响不大。2)降低播种量提高秧苗生长一致性,且穴播和条播秧苗生长一致性好于撒播。3)与撒播相比,精量穴播和条播能够在低播量下提高秧苗根系盘结力和成毯性,中浙优1号和甬优1540根系盘结力比撒播平均高75.4%和81.0%,播量每穴3粒时即能有效成毯,穴播和条播差异不大。4)精量穴播和条播能够显著降低低播量下机插漏秧率,中浙优1号和甬优1540机插漏秧率平均分别比撒播低76.3%和74.6%,穴播和条播下,两个品种每穴播量3粒的漏秧率均在1%以下,与撒播相比降幅在10个百分点以上。5)精量穴播和条播机插取秧苗数均匀度比撒播要好,两个品种预期取秧2~5苗(5粒)、1~3苗(3粒)和1~2苗(2粒)比例均达80%以上,中浙优1号和甬优1540机插苗数均匀度平均比撒播高121.2%和67.0%,其中,穴播机插取秧苗数均匀度及预期取秧苗数比例高于条播。【结论】精量穴播和条播可以解决目前杂交稻机插用种量大、漏秧率高和机插取秧苗数均匀度差的问题。

关键词: 杂交稻, 播种量, 精量播种, 机插

Abstract:

【Objective】 The purpose of the study is to ascertain the effect of precise hill-sowing and drill-sowing methods on seedling raising and the characteristics of mechanized transplanting of hybrid rice with a low seed sowing rate below 70 g, and to further break the current technical bottleneck in mechanized transplanting process of hybrid rice. 【Method】 In this study, Zhongzheyou 1 and Yongyou 1540 were mechanically hill-sowed and drill-sowed in standard seedling raising trays with mechanized broadcasting as the control. The hill-sowing specification was 16×34 hill, and 16 drills were set in longitudinal direction for drill sowing. The seed sowing rates were 5 seeds, 3 seeds, and 2 seeds per hill for hill sowing, and the same seed rates were set in drill sowing. The effects of different sowing methods on the growth of seedlings and their mechanical transplanting characteristics were investigated. 【Results】 1) Sowing methods presented no significant effect on seedling percentage with a reduction in seeding rate. 2) A reduction in seeding rate improved rice seedling consistency, especially in hill sowing and drill sowing as compared with broadcasting. 3) In comparison with seed broadcasting, under hill seeding and drill seeding, seedling roots were more entwined as seedling mats. Under hill-sowing and drill sowing, Zhongzheyou 1 and Yongyou 1540 had 75.4% and 81.0% higher intertwining force than that of broadcasting, respectively. Precise hill- and drill-sowing generated effective seedling blanket without significant difference between the two treatments, while broadcast sowing did not. 4) Hill sowing and drill sowing significantly reduced the missed hill percent of machine transplanting. The missed hill percent of Zhongzheyou 1 and Yongyou 1540 under hill sowing and drill sowing were 76.3% and 74.6% lower than that of broadcast sowing in average, respectively. The missed hill percent for hill-seeding and drill-seeding with 3 seeds per hill was below 1%, 10% lower than that of broadcast sowing. 5) The uniformity of machine-transplanted seedling under hill sowing and drill sowing were better than that of broadcast sowing. And the proportion of the treatments with expected seedling-catching number in mechanized transplanting (2 to 5 seedlings with 5 seeds per hill, 1 to 3 seedlings with 3 seeds per hill and 1 to 2 seedlings with 2 seeds per hill) for the two cultivars were all above 80% in hill-sowing and drill-sowing in combination with machine transplanting, and the seedling uniformity of machine-transplanted Zhongzheyou 1 and Yongyou 1540 was 121.2% and 67.0% higher than that under broadcast sowing. Meanwhile hill sowing had a better result than drill sowing. 【Conclusion】 Precision hill seeding and drill seeding provide an alternative measure to current problems such as large amount of seeds, high missed hill percent and uneven seedling taking in the process of machine transplanting of rice.

Key words: hybrid rice, seed sowing rate, precise seeding method, machine transplanting

中图分类号:

王亚梁, 朱德峰, 向镜, 陈惠哲, 张玉屏, 徐一成, 张义凯. 杂交稻低播量精量播种育秧及机插取秧特性[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2020, 34(4): 332-338.

Yaliang WANG, Defeng ZHU, Jing XIANG, Huizhe CHEN, Yuping ZHANG, Yicheng XU, Yikai ZHANG. Characteristics of Seedling Raising and Mechanized Transplanting of Hybrid Rice with a Low Seeding Rate by Precise Seeding Method[J]. Chinese Journal OF Rice Science, 2020, 34(4): 332-338.

图/表 6

参考文献 21

[1]	李刚华, 刘正辉, 唐设, 丁承强, 王绍华, 凌启鸿, 丁艳锋. 南方水稻机插现状及发展分析[J]. 中国稻米, 2015, 21(5): 7-12.
	Li G H, Liu Z H, Tang S, Ding C Q, Wang S H, Lin Q H, Ding Y F.Present situation and development analysis of machine transplanting rice in southern China[J]. China Rice, 2015, 21(5): 7-12.
[2]	朱德峰, 张玉屏, 陈惠哲, 向镜, 张义凯. 中国水稻高产栽培技术创新与实践[J]. 中国农业科学, 2015, 48(17): 3404-3414.
	Zhu D F, Zhang Y P, Xiang J, Zhang Y K.Innovation and proactive of high-yield rice cultivation technology in China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2015, 48(17): 3404-3414. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]	夏冰, 蒋鹏, 谢小兵, 赵杨, 魏颖娟, 黄敏, 邹应斌. 超级杂交稻与常规稻产量形成及养分吸收利用的比较研究[J]. 中国稻米, 2015, 21(4): 38-43.
	Xia B, Jiang P, Xie X B, Zhao Y, Wei Y J, Huang M, Zou Y B.Comparative study on yield formation and nutrient uptake and utilization between super hybrid rice and conventional rice[J]. China Rice, 2015, 21(4): 38-43. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]	宋昕蔚, 林建荣, 吴明国. 水稻籼粳亚种间杂种优势利用研究进展与展望[J]. 科学通报, 2016, 61(35): 3778-3786.
	Song X W, Lin J R, Wu M G.Review and prospect on utilization of heterosis between indica-japonica rice subspecies[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2016, 61(35): 3778-3786. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]	曾勇军, 潘晓华, 石庆华, 胡启锋, 尹冬, 李木英, 吴建富, 吴自明, 黄山. 不同种植方式对陆两优996产量和品质的影响[J]. 江西农业大学学报, 2012, 34(5): 859-865.
	Zeng Y J, Pan X H, Shi Q H, Hu Q F, Yin D, Li M Y, Wu J F, Wu Z M, Huang S.Effect of planting methods on grain yield and quality of early rice cultivar Luliangyou 996[J]. Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Jiangxiensis, 2012, 34(5): 859-865. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]	姚雄. 杂交中稻大苗机插植株生长特性与育秧技术研究[D]. 成都: 四川农业大学, 2010.
	Yao X.Research on the plant growth characteristics and seedling-raising techniques for machine-transplanted mid-season hybrid rice[D]. Chengdu: Sichuan Agricultural University, 2010. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]	邹应斌, 黄敏. 转型期作物生产发展的机遇与挑战[J]. 作物学报, 2018, 44(6): 791-795.
	Zou Y B, Huang M.Opportunities and challenges for crop production in China during the transition period[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2018, 44(6): 791-795. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]	何文洪, 陈惠哲, 朱德峰, 徐一成, 林贤青, 张玉屏. 不同播种量对水稻机插秧苗素质及产量的影响[J]. 中国稻米, 2008(3): 60-62.
	He W H, Chen H Z, Zhu D F, Xu Y C, Lin X Q, Zhang Y P.Effects of different sowing rates on the rice seedlings quality and rice yield[J]. China Rice, 2008(3): 60-62. (in Chinese)
[9]	周晚来, 王朝云, 易永健, 谭志坚, 汪洪鹰, 杨媛茹, 余旺, 易镇邪. 我国水稻机插育秧发展现状[J]. 中国稻米, 2018, 24(5): 11-15.
	Zhou W L, Wang C Y, Yi Y J, Tan Z J, Wang H Y, Yang Y R, Yu W, Yi Z X.Development status of rice seedling raising technology for mechanical transplanting in China[J]. China Rice, 2018, 24(5): 11-15. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]	王亚梁, 朱德峰, 徐一成, 陈惠哲, 张玉屏. 单季杂交水稻机插播种量对秧苗生长的影响[J]. 杂交水稻, 2019, 34(2): 32-35.
	Wang Y L, Zhu D F, Xu Y C, Chen H Z, Zhang Y P.Effects of seeding rate on seedling growth of machine-transplanted single-cropping hybrid rice[J]. Hybrid Rice, 2019, 34(2): 32-35. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]	瞿廷广,许鸿鸽,沈志坚. 水稻盘育带土小苗机插秧田播种量研究[J]. 安徽农业科学, 2003, 31(1): 93-94.
	Qu T G, Xu H G, Sheng Z J.Study on seeding rate of rice seedlings in rice seedlings.Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2003, 31(1): 93-94. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]	彭少兵. 转型时期杂交水稻的困境与出路[J]. 作物学报, 2016, 42(3): 313-319.
	Peng S B.Dilemma and way-out of hybrid rice during the transition period in China[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2016, 42(3): 313-319. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]	陈叶平, 陈惠哲, 许剑锋. 杂交稻不同播种量与株距的机插效果及产量表现[J]. 农业开发与装备, 2016(2): 72-73.
	Chen Y P, Chen H Z, Xu J F.Machine insertion effect and yield performance of different seeding rate and plant distance of hybrid rice[J]. Agricultural Development and Equipment, 2016(2): 72-73. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]	李泽华, 马旭, 李秀昊, 陈林涛, 李宏伟, 袁志成. 水稻栽植机械化技术研究进展[J]. 农业机械学报, 2018, 49(5): 1-20.
	Li Z H, Ma X, Li X H, Chen L T, Li H W, Yuan Z C.Research progress of rice transplanting mechanization[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery, 2011, 42(7): 186-190. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]	李泽华, 马旭, 谢俊锋, 陈国锐, 郑志雄, 谭永炘, 黄益强. 双季稻区杂交稻机插秧低播量精密育秧试验[J]. 农业工程学报, 2014, 30(6): 17-27.
	Li Z H, Ma X, Xie J F, Chen G R, Zheng Z X, Tan Y X, Huang Y Q.Experiment on precision seedling raising and mechanized transplanting of hybrid rice under low sowing rate in double cropping area[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2014, 30(6): 17-27. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]	徐一成, 朱德峰, 赵匀, 陈惠哲. 超级稻精量条播与撒播育秧对秧苗素质及机插效果的影响[J]. 农业工程学报, 2009, 25(1): 99-103.
	Xu Y C, Zhu D F, Zhao Y, Chen H Z.Effects of broadcast sowing and precision drilling of super rice seed on seedling quality and effectiveness of mechanized transplanting[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2009, 25(1): 99-103. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]	谭雪明, 彭龙龙, 李木英, 石庆华, 潘晓华. 播种量对机插双季稻分蘖及成穗特性的影响[J]. 江西农业大学学报, 2019, 41(2): 207-218.
	Tan X M,. Peng L L, Li M Y, Shi Q H, Pan X H.Effects of seeding quantity on tillering and panicle formation in mechanically transplanted double-cropping rice[J]. Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Jiangxiensis, 2019, 41(2): 207-218. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]	张洪程, 郭保卫, 陈厚存, 周兴涛, 张军, 朱聪聪, 陈京都, 李桂云, 吴中华, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕, 高辉, 杨雄. 水稻有序摆、抛栽的生理生态特征及超高产形成机制[J]. 中国农业科学, 2013, 46(3): 463-475.
	Zhang H C, Guo B W, Chen H C, Zhou X T, Zhang J, Zhu C C, Chen J D, Li G Y, Wu Z H, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y, Xu K, Wei H Y, Gao H, Yang X.Eco-physiological characteristics and super high yield formation mechanism of ordered transplanting and optimized broadcasting rice[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2013, 46(3): 463-475.
[19]	陈阳. 水稻机插秧苗营养及其生长特性研究[D]. 北京: 中国农业科学院, 2014.
	Chen Y.Study on nutrition and growth characteristics of rice seedlings for machine transplanting[D]. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2014.
[20]	刘晓娜. 杂交稻不同机插模式下生长与产量形成及秧苗调控研究[D]. 北京: 中国农业科学院, 2011.
	Liu X N.Study on the characteristics of hybrid rice growth and yield under different machine transplanting patterns and the regulation of seedling growth[D]. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2011.
[21]	朱德峰, 陈惠哲, 徐一成, 张玉屏. 我国双季稻生产机械化制约因子与发展对策[J]. 中国稻米, 2013, 19(4): 1-4.
	Zhu D F, Chen H Z, Xu Y C, Zhang Y P.Mechanization constraints and development countermeasures of double cropping rice production in China[J]. China Rice, 2013, 19(4): 1-4. (in Chinese with English abstract)

播种方式 Seed sowing method	中浙优1号 Zhongzheyou 1			甬优1540 Yongyou 1540
播种方式 Seed sowing method	5粒 5 seeds	3粒 3 seeds	2粒 2 seeds	5粒 5 seeds	3粒 3 seeds	2粒 2 seeds
撒播 BS	84.4±1.7 a	85.6±2.5 a	87.9±2.1 a	83.1±1.7 a	83.7±2.8 a	85.2±2.1 a
穴播 HS	84.7±2.8 a	85.7±2.8 a	85.5±3.1 a	83.4±1.5 a	83.3±2.8 a	83.9±1.1 a
条播 DS	82.2±3.9 a	85.6±1.8 a	87.0±2.8 a	81.4±2.1 a	82.4±1.6 a	85.0±1.5 a

播种方式 Seed sowing method	中浙优1号 Zhongzheyou 1			甬优1540 Yongyou 1540
播种方式 Seed sowing method	5粒 5 seeds	3粒 3 seeds	2粒 2 seeds	5粒 5 seeds	3粒 3 seeds	2粒 2 seeds
撒播 BS	84.4±1.7 a	85.6±2.5 a	87.9±2.1 a	83.1±1.7 a	83.7±2.8 a	85.2±2.1 a
穴播 HS	84.7±2.8 a	85.7±2.8 a	85.5±3.1 a	83.4±1.5 a	83.3±2.8 a	83.9±1.1 a
条播 DS	82.2±3.9 a	85.6±1.8 a	87.0±2.8 a	81.4±2.1 a	82.4±1.6 a	85.0±1.5 a

组合 Combination	秧苗性状 Seedling trait	播种方式 Seed sowing method	5 粒 5 seeds			3 粒 3 seeds			2 粒2 seeds
组合 Combination	秧苗性状 Seedling trait	播种方式 Seed sowing method	平均值 Mean	范围 Range	变异系数CV/%	平均值 Mean	范围 Range	变异系数 CV/%	平均值 Mean	范围 Range	变异系数 CV/%
中浙优1号 Zhongzheyou 1	叶龄 Leaf age	撒播BS	3.0±0.2 a	2.7~3.2	8.0±0.3	3.2±0.2 a	3.0~3.5	6.4±0.7	3.2±0.1 a	3.1~3.3	1.8±0.5
		穴播HS	3.0±0.0 a	2.9~3.0	1.5±0.2	3.1±0.1 a	3.1~3.1	1.8±0.4	3.3±0.0 a	3.3~3.3	1.4±0.1
		条播DS	3.0±0.0 a	3.0~3.0	1.3±0.2	3.1±0.0 a	3.1~3.2	1.6±0.3	3.2±0.0 a	3.2~3.3	1.5±0.1
	苗高 Seedling height / cm	撒播BS	23.2±1.0 a	22.1~24.3	4.1±0.7	23.3±0.6 a	22.6~23.7	2.5±0.5	23.6±0.5 a	23.1~24.2	2.3±0.6
		穴播HS	22.9±0.4 a	22.6~23.3	1.7±0.2	24.3±0.3 a	24.0~24.5	1.3±0.2	23.7±0.4 a	23.3~24.0	1.6±0.2
		条播DS	22.3±0.3 a	22.0~22.7	1.5±0.1	24.1±0.4 a	23.9~24.5	1.5±0.1	23.9±0.4 a	23.6~24.4	1.8±0.1
甬优1540 Yongyou 1540	叶龄 Leaf age	撒播BS	3.2±0.3 a	2.9~3.5	9.4±0.8	3.5±0.2 a	3.2~3.8	6.8±1.6	3.5±0.1 a	3.4~3.5	1.4±0.5
		穴播HS	3.2±0.0 a	3.1~3.2	1.0±0.3	3.3±0.0 a	3.2~3.3	1.5±0.2	3.4±0.0 a	3.4~3.5	1.2±0.2
		条播DS	3.2±0.0 a	3.1~3.2	1.4±0.3	3.3±0.1 a	3.3~3.3	1.8±0.1	3.4±0.0 a	3.3~3.4	1.2±0.3
	苗高 Seedling height / cm	撒播BS	21.6±1.4 a	20.3~23.1	6.4±0.9	22.5±0.8 a	21.7~23.2	3.6±0.4	22.1±0.5 a	21.3~22.5	2.1±0.8
		穴播HS	22.5±0.1 a	22.4~22.6	0.9±0.4	22.5±0.2 a	22.4~22.6	1.0±0.3	21.3±0.3 a	21.1~21.5	1.3±0.3
		条播DS	22.3±0.2 a	22.5~23.0	1.1±0.2	21.6±0.3 a	21.1~22.0	1.3±0.6	22.1±0.3 a	21.9~22.6	1.3±0.4

组合 Combination	秧苗性状 Seedling trait	播种方式 Seed sowing method	5 粒 5 seeds			3 粒 3 seeds			2 粒2 seeds
组合 Combination	秧苗性状 Seedling trait	播种方式 Seed sowing method	平均值 Mean	范围 Range	变异系数CV/%	平均值 Mean	范围 Range	变异系数 CV/%	平均值 Mean	范围 Range	变异系数 CV/%
中浙优1号 Zhongzheyou 1	叶龄 Leaf age	撒播BS	3.0±0.2 a	2.7~3.2	8.0±0.3	3.2±0.2 a	3.0~3.5	6.4±0.7	3.2±0.1 a	3.1~3.3	1.8±0.5
		穴播HS	3.0±0.0 a	2.9~3.0	1.5±0.2	3.1±0.1 a	3.1~3.1	1.8±0.4	3.3±0.0 a	3.3~3.3	1.4±0.1
		条播DS	3.0±0.0 a	3.0~3.0	1.3±0.2	3.1±0.0 a	3.1~3.2	1.6±0.3	3.2±0.0 a	3.2~3.3	1.5±0.1
	苗高 Seedling height / cm	撒播BS	23.2±1.0 a	22.1~24.3	4.1±0.7	23.3±0.6 a	22.6~23.7	2.5±0.5	23.6±0.5 a	23.1~24.2	2.3±0.6
		穴播HS	22.9±0.4 a	22.6~23.3	1.7±0.2	24.3±0.3 a	24.0~24.5	1.3±0.2	23.7±0.4 a	23.3~24.0	1.6±0.2
		条播DS	22.3±0.3 a	22.0~22.7	1.5±0.1	24.1±0.4 a	23.9~24.5	1.5±0.1	23.9±0.4 a	23.6~24.4	1.8±0.1
甬优1540 Yongyou 1540	叶龄 Leaf age	撒播BS	3.2±0.3 a	2.9~3.5	9.4±0.8	3.5±0.2 a	3.2~3.8	6.8±1.6	3.5±0.1 a	3.4~3.5	1.4±0.5
		穴播HS	3.2±0.0 a	3.1~3.2	1.0±0.3	3.3±0.0 a	3.2~3.3	1.5±0.2	3.4±0.0 a	3.4~3.5	1.2±0.2
		条播DS	3.2±0.0 a	3.1~3.2	1.4±0.3	3.3±0.1 a	3.3~3.3	1.8±0.1	3.4±0.0 a	3.3~3.4	1.2±0.3
	苗高 Seedling height / cm	撒播BS	21.6±1.4 a	20.3~23.1	6.4±0.9	22.5±0.8 a	21.7~23.2	3.6±0.4	22.1±0.5 a	21.3~22.5	2.1±0.8
		穴播HS	22.5±0.1 a	22.4~22.6	0.9±0.4	22.5±0.2 a	22.4~22.6	1.0±0.3	21.3±0.3 a	21.1~21.5	1.3±0.3
		条播DS	22.3±0.2 a	22.5~23.0	1.1±0.2	21.6±0.3 a	21.1~22.0	1.3±0.6	22.1±0.3 a	21.9~22.6	1.3±0.4

秧苗成毯特性 Seedling blanket characteristics	播种方式 Seed sowing method	中浙优1号 Zhongzheyou 1			甬优1540 Yongyou 1540
秧苗成毯特性 Seedling blanket characteristics	播种方式 Seed sowing method	5粒 5 seeds	3粒 3 seeds	2粒 2 seeds	5粒 5 seeds	3粒 3 seeds	2粒 2 seeds
根系盘结力 Root intertwining force /kg	撒播 BS	1.9±0.3 b	1.5±0.2 b	0.5±0.2 b	2.1±0.4 b	1.3±0.4 b	0.7±0.1 b
	穴播 HS	3.2±0.2 a	2.4±0.1 a	1.2±0.3 a	3.4±0.2 a	2.7±0.2 a	1.4±0.1 a
	条播 DS	3.3±0.2 a	2.5±0.1 a	1.1±0.2 a	3.1±0.1 a	2.8±0.1 a	1.5±0.3 a
成毯性 Capacity for seedling blanket formation	撒播 BS	一般Common	一般Common	差Bad	一般Common	一般Common	差Bad
	穴播 HS	好Good	好Good	一般Common	好Good	好Good	一般Common
	条播 DS	好Good	好Good	一般Common	好Good	好Good	一般Common