品种和播种量互作对机械旱直播水稻与杂草养分竞争的影响

doi:10.16819/j.1001-7216.2024.230803

中国水稻科学 ›› 2024, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (2): 185-197.DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2024.230803

品种和播种量互作对机械旱直播水稻与杂草养分竞争的影响

杨永刚¹, 袁晓娟¹, 曹云¹, 陈雪芳¹, 尹慧来¹, 王志强¹, 文艳芳¹, 杨志远¹, 孙园园², 贾现文³, 马均¹, 孙永健¹^,^*()

¹四川农业大学水稻研究所/作物生理生态及栽培四川省重点实验室，成都 611130
²四川省农业气象中心，成都 610072
³眉山市农业农村局，四川眉山 62002

收稿日期:2023-08-08 修回日期:2023-09-20 出版日期:2024-03-10 发布日期:2024-03-14
通讯作者: * email：yongjians1980@163.com
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划资助项目(2022YFD1100204);四川省“十四五”生物育种重大科技专项(2022ZDZX0012);西南作物基因资源发掘与利用国家重点实验室“生物育种”揭榜挂帅项目(SKL-ZY202228);2023年度农业重大技术协同推广计划资助项目(202307)

Effects of Variety and Seeding Rate Interaction on Nutrient Competition Between Mechanized Dry Direct Seeded Rice and Weeds

YANG Yonggang¹, YUAN Xiaojuan¹, CAO Yun¹, CHEN Xuefang¹, YIN Huilai¹, WANG Zhiqiang¹, WEN Yanfang¹, YANG Zhiyuan¹, SUN Yuanyuan², JIA Xianwen³, MA Jun¹, SUN Yongjian¹^,^*()

¹Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Cultivation in Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
²Sichuan Provincial Agricultural Meteorological Center, Chengdu 610072, China
³Meishan Agricultural and Rural Bureau, Meishan 620020, China

Received:2023-08-08 Revised:2023-09-20 Online:2024-03-10 Published:2024-03-14
Contact: * email：yongjians1980@163.com

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】明确机械旱直播水稻品种和播种量对抑制杂草生长的效果，为实现机直播稻优质高产绿色高效栽培提供理论依据。【方法】以三系杂交稻川康优6308(C₁)和两系杂交稻晶两优534(C₂)为试材，设15 kg/hm²(S₁)、22.5 kg/hm²(S₂)、37.5 kg/hm²(S₃)三个播种量，研究其对稻田主要杂草与水稻关键生育时期干物质累积、养分累积及转运的影响，并探讨品种和播种量互作下水稻与杂草养分竞争的关系。【结果】1) 直播后29 d时，稻田杂草密度较水稻显著增加39.29%~47.16%，且杂草与水稻群体干质量比及养分累积比均高于1∶1，据此进行了一次必要性除草。2) 除草前，品种C₁较C₂杂草密度显著降低91.34%~96.54%，水稻干物质累积量增加19.21%~30.24%，氮、磷、钾累积提高7.17%~34.59%；同一品种提高播种量，杂草量显著降低，相对S₁，S₂和S₃处理杂草量显著降低21.95%~109.69%，水稻干物质累积量增加39.78%~94.52%，氮、磷、钾累积量提高10.11%~50.79%。3) 除草后，直播43 d，杂草数量显著降低，品种C₁较C₂干物质累积量增加54.12%~66.97%，氮、磷、钾养分提高15.56%~47.45%；同一品种下，S₂和S₃较S₁处理水稻密度显著提高14.94%~32.34%，干物质累积量增加24.45%~85.07%，氮、磷、钾养分提高21.62%~98.34%；但随播种量的增加，结实期氮、磷、钾养分转运量与转运率，以及稻谷产量均呈先增加后降低趋势，以S₂处理最高。【结论】综合抑制杂草生长和稻谷产量，机械旱直播水稻以选用川康优6308配套22.5 kg/hm²播种量，并依据稻田杂草总密度高于水稻且杂草与水稻群体干质量比及养分比1∶1时为最佳除草时机，可发挥水稻品种与播种量互作的优势控制杂草生长，减少除草剂使用，提高产量。

关键词: 机直播, 水稻, 品种, 播种量, 杂草竞争, 养分

Abstract:

【Objective】To clarify the effect of mechanical dry direct seeded rice varieties and sowing rates on weed growth inhibition, laying a theoretical basis for achieving high-quality, high-yield, green, and efficient cultivation techniques in mechanical direct seeded rice.【Method】Using the three-line hybrid rice Chuankangyou 6308 (C₁) and the two-line hybrid rice Jingliangyou 534 (C₂) as test materials, three sowing rates of 15 kg/hm² (S₁), 22.5 kg/hm² (S₂), and 37.5 kg/hm² (S₃) were set to study their effects on dry matter accumulation, nutrient accumulation, and transport of the main weeds in the rice field during the critical growth period. The study also explored the relationship between rice and weed nutrient competition under the interaction of varieties and sowing rates.【Results】1) At 29 days after direct seeding, the density of weeds in the paddy fields increased significantly by 39.29% to 47.16% compared with that of rice, with the dry weight ratio and nutrient accumulation ratio of weed to rice population being higher than 1∶1, necessitating weed control. 2) Before weeding, weed density of variety C₁ significantly decreased by 91.34% to 96.54% compared to C₂, with dry matter accumulation of rice increasing by 19.21% to 30.24%, and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium accumulation increasing by 7.17% to 34.59%. For the same variety, increasing the sowing rate significantly reduced weed amount by 21.95－109.69%, increasing rice dry matter accumulation by 39.78－94.52%, and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium accumulation by 10.11－50.79% compared to S₁ treatment. 3) After weeding and 43 days of direct seeding, weed number significantly decreased. The dry matter accumulation of C₁ increased by 54.12% to 66.97% compared to C₂, with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrients increasing by 15.56% to 47.45%. For the same variety, S₂ and S₃ treatments significantly increased rice density by 14.94－32.34%, dry matter accumulation by 24.45－85.07%, and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrients by 21.62－98.34% compared to S₁ treatments. However, with the increase of sowing amount, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrient transport amount and rate during the filling period, as well as rice yield, showed an increasing-decreasing trend, with S₂ treatment being the highest.【Conclusions】Based on comprehensive inhibition of weed growth and rice yield characteristics, this experiment selected Chuankangyou 6308 for mechanical dry direct seeding with a seeding rate of 22.5 kg/hm². Considering the higher total density of weeds in the rice field compared to rice, and the 1∶1 dry weight and nutrient ratio of weeds to rice population, optimal weeding timing can be achieved. This leverages the advantages of the interaction between rice varieties and seeding rates to control weed growth, reduce herbicide use, and improve yield.

Key words: machanized direct seeding, rice, variety, seeding rate, weed competition, nutrients

杨永刚, 袁晓娟, 曹云, 陈雪芳, 尹慧来, 王志强, 文艳芳, 杨志远, 孙园园, 贾现文, 马均, 孙永健. 品种和播种量互作对机械旱直播水稻与杂草养分竞争的影响[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2024, 38(2): 185-197.

YANG Yonggang, YUAN Xiaojuan, CAO Yun, CHEN Xuefang, YIN Huilai, WANG Zhiqiang, WEN Yanfang, YANG Zhiyuan, SUN Yuanyuan, JIA Xianwen, MA Jun, SUN Yongjian. Effects of Variety and Seeding Rate Interaction on Nutrient Competition Between Mechanized Dry Direct Seeded Rice and Weeds[J]. Chinese Journal OF Rice Science, 2024, 38(2): 185-197.

图/表 9

表1 耕层土壤（0－20 cm）基础理化性质

Table 1. Basic physicochemical properties of topsoil（0－20 cm）

年份 Year	全氮 Total N(g/kg)	有机质 Organic matter(g/kg)	速效养分 Available nutrient(mg/kg)			pH值 pH value
年份 Year	全氮 Total N(g/kg)	有机质 Organic matter(g/kg)	N	P	K	pH值 pH value
2022	1.97	24.8	106.02	28.1	81.3	6.22
2023	2.06	26.1	110.40	25.6	96.2	5.90

图1 稻田杂草与水稻群体密度(A)、干物质积累量(B)及氮磷钾积累量(C)动态变化 R-N：水稻氮含量；R-P：水稻磷含量；R-K：水稻钾含量；W-N：杂草氮含量；W-P：杂草磷含量；W-K：杂草钾含量。

Fig. 1. Dynamic changes in weed and rice population density (A), dry matter accumulation (B), and N, P, and K accumulation (C) in paddy fields R-N, N content in rice; R-P, P content in rice; R-K, K content in rice; W-N, N content in weed; W-P, P content in weed; W-K, K content in weed.

图2 除草前品种和播种量对杂草干物质积累量(A)、水稻干物质积累量(B)及杂草水稻干质量比(C)的影响 W-D16：直播后16 d杂草干物质累积量；W-D29：直播后29 d杂草干物质累积量；R-D16：直播后16 d水稻干物质累积量；R-D29：直播后29 d水稻干物质累积量。WD16/RD16：直播后16 d杂草水稻干质量比；WD29/RD29：直播后29 d杂草与水稻干质量比。C1：川康优6308；C2：晶两优534；S1、S2、S3：播种量15 kg/hm2、22.5 kg/hm2、37.5 kg/hm2。同一时期下不同处理间标注的不同字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。

Fig. 2. Effects of pre-weeding varieties and sowing rates on weed dry matter accumulation (A), rice dry matter accumulation (B), and weed-to-rice dry weight ratio (C) W-D16, Cumulant of dry matter of weeds at 16 days after direct seeding; W-D29, Cumulant of dry matter of weeds at 29 days after direct seeding; R-D16, Cumulant of dry matter of rice at 16 days after direct seeding; R-D29, Cumulant of dry matter of rice at 29 days after direct seeding. WD16/RD16, Weed-to-rice dry weight ratio at 16 days after direct seeding; WD29/RD29, Weed-to-rice dry weight ratio at 29 days after direct seeding. C1, Chuankangyou 6308; C2, Jingliangyou 534; S1, S2, S3, Sowing rates of 15 kg/hm2, 22.5 kg/hm2, 37.5 kg/hm2. Different letters between different treatments during the same period indicate significant differences between treatments (P<0.05).

图3 除草前品种和播种量对杂草养分积累量(A)、水稻养分积累量(B)及杂草水稻养分累积比(C) W-N-D29：直播后29 d杂草氮累积量；W-P-D29：直播后29 d杂草磷累积量；W-K-D29：直播后29 d杂草钾累积量；R-N-D29：直播后29 d水稻氮累积量；R-P-D29：直播后29 d水稻磷累积量；R-K-D29：直播后29 d水稻钾累积量。WN-D29/RN-D29：直播29 d后杂草水稻氮养分累积比；WP-D29/RP-D29：直播29 d后杂草水稻磷养分累积比；WK-D29/RK-D29：直播29 d后杂草水稻钾养分累积比。C1：川康优6308；C2：晶两优534；S1、S2、S3：播种量15 kg/hm2、22.5 kg/hm2、37.5 kg/hm2。同一养分下不同处理间标注的不同字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。

Fig. 3. Effects of pre-weeding varieties and sowing rates on weed nutrient accumulation (A), rice nutrient accumulation (B), and weed-to-rice nutrient accumulation ratio (C) W-N-D29, Cumulant of weed N at 29 days after direct seeding; W-P-D29, Cumulant of weed P at 29 days after direct seeding; W-K-D29, Cumulant of weed K at 29 days after direct seeding; R-N-D29, Cumulant of N rice at 29 days after direct seeding; R-P-D29, Cumulant of P in rice at 29 days after direct seeding; R-K-D29, Cumulant of K in rice at 29 days after direct seeding. WN-D29/RN-D29: Weed-to-rice N accumulation ratio at 29 days after direct seeding;WP-D29/RP-D29: Weed-to-rice P accumulation ratio at 29 days after direct seeding; WK-D29/RK-D29: Weed-to-rice K accumulation at 29 days after direct seeding. C1, Chuankangyou 6308; C2, Jingliangyou 534; S1, S2, S3: Sowing rates of 15 kg/hm2, 22.5 kg/hm2, 37.5 kg/hm2. Different letters between different treatments during the same period indicate significant differences between treatments (P<0.05).

图4 除草后品种和播种量对杂草干物质积累量(A)、水稻干物质积累量(B)及杂草水稻干质量比(C) W-D43：直播43 d杂草干物质积累量；W-Heading：抽穗期杂草干物质积累量；W-Ripening：成熟期杂草干物质积累量；R-D43: 直播43 d水稻干物质积累量；R-Heading：抽穗期水稻干物质积累量；R-Ripening：成熟期水稻干物质积累量。WD43/RD43：直播43 d后杂草水稻干物质积累量比；WHeading/RHeading：抽穗期杂草水稻干物质积累量比；WRipening/RRipening：成熟期杂草水稻干物质积累量比。C1：川康优6308；C2：晶两优534；S1、S2、S3：播种量15 kg/hm2、22.5 kg/hm2、37.5 kg/hm2。同一时期下不同处理间标注的不同字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。

Fig. 4. Effects of weed varieties and sowing amount on weed dry matter accumulation (A), rice dry matter accumulation (B), and weed-to-rice dry weight ratio (C) after weeding W-D43, Dry matter accumulation of weed at 43 days after direct seeding; W-Heading, Dry matter accumulation of weeds during heading; W-Ripening, Dry matter accumulation of weeds during ripening; R-D43, Dry matter accumulation of rice at 43 days after direct seeding; R-Heading, Dry matter accumulation of rice during heading; R-Ripening, Dry matter accumulation of rice during ripening. WD43/RD43: Weed-to-rice dry matter accumulation ratio at 43 days after direct seeding; WHeading/RHeading: Weed-to-rice dry matter accumulation ratio during the heading stage; WRipening/RRipening: Weed-to-rice dry matter accumulation ratio during the ripening stage; C1, Chuankangyou 6308; C2, Jingliangyou 534; S1, S2, S3, Sowing rates of 15 kg/hm2, 22.5 kg/hm2, 37.5 kg/hm2. Different letters between different treatments during the same period indicate significant differences between treatments (P<0.05).

图5 除草后品种和播种量对杂草养分积累量、水稻养分积累量及杂草水稻养分累积比 W-D43：直播后43 d杂草氮(磷/钾)含量；W-Heading：抽穗期杂草氮(磷/钾)含量；W-Ripening：成熟期杂草氮(磷/钾)含量；R-D43：直播后43 d水稻氮(磷/钾)含量；R-Heading：抽穗期水稻氮(磷/钾)含量；R-Ripening：成熟期水稻氮(磷/钾)含量。WD43/RD43：直播43 d后杂草水稻氮（磷/钾）养分累积比；WHeading/RHeading：抽穗期杂草水稻氮（磷/钾）养分累积比；WRipening/RRipening：成熟期杂草水稻氮（磷/钾）养分累积比。C1：川康优 6308；C2：晶两优534；S1、S2、S3：播种量15 kg/hm2、22.5 kg/hm2、37.5 kg/hm2。同一时期下不同处理间标注的不同字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。

Fig. 5. Effects of weeding varieties and sowing rates on weed nutrient accumulation, rice nutrient accumulation, and weed-to- rice nutrient accumulation ratio W-D43, Weed nitrogen (P/K) content at 43 days after direct seeding; W-Heading, Nitrogen (P/K) content of weeds during heading period; W-Ripening, Nitrogen (P/K) content in ripening weeds; R-D43, Rice nitrogen (P/K) content at 43 days after of direct seeding; R-Heading, Nitrogen (P/K) content of rice during heading period; R-Ripening, Nitrogen (P/K) content in ripening rice. WD43/RD43: Weed-to-rice N (P/K) accumulation ratio at 43 days after direct seeding; WHeading/RHeading: Weed-to-rice of N (P/K) accumulation ratio during heading stage. WRipening/RRipening: Weed-to-rice of N (P/K) accumulation ratio during ripening stage. C1, Chuankangyou 6308; C2, Jingliangyou 534; S1, S2, S3, Sowing rates of 15 kg/hm2, 22.5 kg /hm2, 37.5 kg/hm2. Different letters labeled between different treatments during the same period indicate significant differences (P<0.05).

表2 品种和播种量互作对机械旱直播稻结实期杂草氮（N）、磷（P2O5）、钾素（K2O）转运的影响

Table 2. Effects of rice variety and sowing rate interaction on nitrogen(N), phosphorus((P2O5), and potassium(K2O) transport of weeds during the seeding stage under mechanized dry direct seeding

处理 Treatment		氮N		磷P₂O₅		钾K₂O
品种 Cultivar	播种量 Seeding rate	转运量 Transit volume (kg/hm²)	转运率 Transit rate (%)	转运量 Transit volume (kg/hm²)	转运率 Transit rate (%)	转运量 Transit volume (kg/hm²)	转运率 Transit rate (%)
川康优6308 Chuankangyou 6308	S1	32.80 ab	61.62 c	35.42 a	65.90 b	20.77 b	28.39 c
	S2	20.72 d	53.31 e	18.57 c	54.82 d	14.74 c	17.58 e
	S3	13.70 d	57.70 d	24.04 b	59.58 c	10.65 d	21.79 d
平均 Average		22.41	57.54	26.01	60.10	15.39	22.59
晶两优534 Jingliangyou 534	S1	36.80 a	77.62 a	21.35 bc	73.12 a	30.25 a	50.65 a
	S2	30.37 b	67.35 b	10.95 d	43.41 e	20.67 b	32.34 b
	S3	18.90 c	63.44 c	16.43 c	63.06 bc	15.22 c	25.55 c
平均 Average		28.69	69.47	16.24	59.86	22.05	36.18
F值 F value	C	82.07**	182.73**	326.29**	46.00**	0.41	265.94**
F值 F value	S	111.01**	55.41**	146.95**	25.91**	68.90**	229.13**
	C×S	22.44**	5.35**	3.28	266.37**	178.47**	311.48**

表3 品种和播种量互作对机械旱直播稻结实期氮（N）、磷（P2O5）、钾素（K2O）转运的影响

Table 3. Effects of variety and sowing rate interaction on nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P2O5), and potassium(K2O) transport during seed setting stage of mechanized dry direct seeded rice

处理 Treatment		氮N		磷P₂O₅		钾K₂O
品种 Cultivar	播种量 Seeding rate	转运量 Transit volume (kg/hm²)	转运率 Transit rate (%)	转运量 Transit volume (kg/hm²)	转运率 Transit rate (%)	转运量 Transit volume (kg/hm²)	转运率 Transit rate (%)
川康优6308 Chuankangyou 6308	S1	17.88 d	22.06 d	7.91 c	31.31 e	9.25 bc	12.02 c
	S2	37.96 a	59.00 a	17.15 a	84.43 a	13.17 a	19.11 a
	S3	27.29 c	49.98 b	13.94 b	68.55 b	8.68 c	12.68 c
平均 Average		27.71	43.68	13.00	76.49	10.37	14.60
晶两优534 Jingliangyou 534	S1	8.59 e	17.09 e	12.76 b	44.06 d	11.15 b	14.82 b
	S2	32.05 b	36.98 c	18.31 a	51.64 c	13.91 a	15.49 b
	S3	17.19 d	23.38 d	5.69 c	34.08 e	4.96 d	6.47 d
平均 Average		24.62	30.18	12.25	47.85	10.01	12.26
F值 F value	C	93.92**	44.34**	4.29*	4.14*	29.11**	32.48**
F值 F value	S	35.21**	12.65**	17.85**	38.62**	133.45**	228.06**
	C×S	52.54**	29.42**	4.57*	75.10**	102.51**	58.21**

表4 品种和播种量互作对机械旱直播稻产量及其构成的影响

Table 4. Effects of the Interaction between varieties and seeding rates on the yield and its components of mechanized dry direct seeded rice

年份 Year	品种 Cultivar	播种量 Seeding rate	有效穗 Effective panicles (×10⁴/hm²)	每穗粒数 Spikelets No per panicle	总颖花数 Total spikelets (×10⁶/hm²)	结实率 Seed setting rate(%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight(g)	产量 Grain yield (kg/hm²)
2022	川康优6308 Chuankangyou 6308	S₁	166.96 c	181.78 ab	340.82 c	81.24 a	32.55 a	8333.79 bc
		S₂	200.81 b	189.52 a	401.16 a	79.00 b	32.38 a	9582.00 a
		S₃	173.87 c	160.98 c	325.78 d	81.10 a	32.54 a	7936.17 c
	平均 Average		180.55	177.43	355.92	80.45	32.49	8617.32
	晶两优534 Jingliangyou 534	S₁	209.79 b	162.57 c	316.41 d	78.04 c	30.59 a	7932.07 c
		S₂	237.24 a	177.49 b	356.21 b	75.33 d	30.36 a	8573.81 b
		S₃	216.47 b	154.84 d	315.85 d	77.78 c	30.52 a	7850.35 c
	平均 Average		221.17	164.97	329.49	77.05	30.49	8118.74
	F值 F	C	123.22**	125.71**	54.55**	320.33**	10.78**	11.22**
	F value	S	42.66**	10.53**	102.64**	30.33**	0.42	23.60**
		C×S	5.34*	0.39*	8.06**	4.33*	0.01	3.31*
2023	川康优6308 Chuankangyou 6308	S₁	228.39 c	182.95 a	397.47 b	81.07 a	31.09 a	8338.78 c
		S₂	240.29 bc	178.52 a	407.72 a	80.65 a	31.03 a	9979.11 a
		S₃	184.49 e	161.25 b	337.52 c	78.81 b	30.76 a	8714.03 bc
	平均 Average		217.72	174.24	380.90	80.18	30.96	9010.64
	晶两优534 Jingliangyou 534	S₁	199.97 d	164.81 b	329.57 c	74.02 c	30.15 b	7223.48 d
		S₂	246.22 ab	168.28 b	414.34 a	73.13 d	30.65 ab	9268.93 b
		S₃	257.22 a	152.10 c	391.23 b	71.64 e	30.61 ab	8270.98 c
	平均 Average		234.47	161.73	378.38	72.93	30.47	8254.46
	F值	C	15.51**	18.48**	2.28	1281.33**	12.28*	11.73**
	F value	S	81.96**	15.11**	108.52**	97.00**	0.54	23.62**
		C×S	2.27*	0.95*	2.55*	6.33*	0.55	0.78*

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品种和播种量互作对机械旱直播水稻与杂草养分竞争的影响

Effects of Variety and Seeding Rate Interaction on Nutrient Competition Between Mechanized Dry Direct Seeded Rice and Weeds

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