基肥氮素类型对再生稻生长、产量和氮素利用率的影响

doi:10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.240507

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究不同基肥氮素类型对再生稻模式下水稻根功能、光合作用能力、氮代谢酶活性、产量和氮素利用效率的影响，为江汉平原再生稻高产高效生产提供理论依据。【方法】于2020年—2021年在湖北省荆州市长江大学农场开展大田试验。试验设有4种基肥处理：未施氮肥(N0)、常规尿素(CK)、50%常规尿素+50%缓释尿素(T1)和50%常规尿素+50%畜牧粪便(T2)，其中N0处理在水稻生长季未施用氮肥，3个施氮处理追肥的氮素种类和用量一致。在水稻关键生长时期测定根系干质量和活力，叶面积指数和净光合速率，在头季稻和再生稻抽穗期测定氮代谢酶活性，测定两季水稻产量及氮素利用效率。【结果】总的来说，T2处理具有较高的根干质量、根活力、叶面积指数和净光合速率。3种氮代谢酶活性和两季水稻产量的大小顺序均为T2>T1>CK>N0。与N0相比，水稻总产量在CK、T1和T2处理下分别提高了75.13%、97.37%和137.86%。与CK相比，T1和T2提高了两季水稻的每穗粒数、结实率和千粒重。两季水稻氮素回收利用率、氮素农学利用率和氮素偏生产力的大小顺序均为T2>T1>CK。【结论】50%常规尿素用畜牧粪便替代作基肥施入，提高了水稻根系功能、光合作用能力和氮代谢酶活性，具有最高的水稻产量和氮素利用效率，是江汉平原再生稻模式较为合适的基肥氮素类型。

关键词: 根活力, 净光合速率, 氮代谢酶, 再生稻, 氮素利用效率

Abstract:

【Objective】This study investigated the effects of different nitrogen types of basal fertilizer on root function, photosynthetic capacity, nitrogen metabolism enzyme activity, grain yield, and nitrogen use efficiency of ratooning rice, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for high-yield and efficient production of ratooning rice in the Jianghan Plain.【Method】A two-year field experiment (2020-2021) was conducted at the Experimental Station of Yangtze University in Jingzhou City, Hubei Province. Four basal fertilizer treatments were applied: no nitrogen application (N0), urea (CK), 50% controlled release urea + 50% urea (T1), and 50% livestock manure organic fertilizer + 50% urea (T2). The N0 treatment received no nitrogen throughout the rice growth season, while other fertilization periods maintained consistent nitrogen types and amounts across CK, T1, and T2. Root dry weight, root activity, leaf area index (LAI), and net photosynthetic rate (P_n) were measured at critical growth stages. Activities of nitrogen metabolism enzymes were determined at heading stages of both main and ratooning seasons. Yield components and nitrogen use efficiency parameters were analyzed.【Result】The T2 treatment exhibited the highest root dry weight, root activity, LAI, and P_n. Activities of nitrogen metabolism enzymes and yields for both seasons followed the order: T2 > T1 > CK > N0. Compared with N0, total rice yield increased by 75.13%, 97.37%, and 137.86% under CK, T1, and T2 treatments, respectively. Relative to CK, T1 and T2 significantly improved grains per panicle, seed-setting rate, and 1000-grain weight. Nitrogen recovery efficiency, agronomic nitrogen use efficiency, and partial factor productivity of nitrogen ranked as T2 > T1 > CK.【Conclusion】Replacing 50% conventional urea with livestock manure organic fertilizer as base fertilizer enhanced root function, photosynthetic capacity, and nitrogen metabolism enzyme activities, resulting in the highest yield and nitrogen use efficiency. This strategy represents an optimal nitrogen management approach for ratooning rice production in the Jianghan Plain.

Key words: root activity, net photosynthetic rate, nitrogen metabolism enzyme, ratooning rice, nitrogen utilization efficiency

张海维, 顾欣怡, 陈明帅, 李福康, 施玥丞, 杨挺, 姜硕琛. 基肥氮素类型对再生稻生长、产量和氮素利用率的影响[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2025, 39(3): 387-398.

ZHANG Haiwei, GU Xinyi, CHEN Mingshuai, LI Fukang, SHI Yuecheng, YANG Ting, JIANG Shuochen. Effects of Nitrogen Type of Basal Fertilizer on Growth, Grain Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Ratooning Rice[J]. Chinese Journal OF Rice Science, 2025, 39(3): 387-398.

图/表 11

表1 头季稻移栽前土壤理化性状

Table 1. Soil properties of main season rice before transplanting

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	pH值 pH value	有机质 Organic matter (g/kg)	全氮 Total nitrogen (g/kg)	全磷 Total phosphorus (g/kg)	全钾 Total potassium (g/kg)	碱解氮 Alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen (mg/kg)	有效磷 Available phosphorus (mg/kg)	速效钾 Available potassium (mg/kg)
2020		5.83	21.15	1.86	0.55	3.58	79.42	48.24	112.23
2021	N0	5.85	20.45	1.76	0.54	3.54	73.45	48.25	110.37
	CK	5.85	21.12	1.87	0.55	3.59	78.29	48.27	112.14
	T1	5.84	21.33	1.89	0.55	3.58	80.21	48.29	113.05
	T2	6.05	23.14	2.01	0.55	3.58	79.71	48.28	113.64

图1 2020−2021年水稻生长季节天气情况

Fig. 1. Weather conditions in rice growing seasons between 2020 and 2021

图2 不同氮素类型对水稻关键生育期根干质量的影响图中N0、CK、T1、T2分别代表未施氮素、尿素、50%尿素+50%缓释尿素、50%尿素+50%畜牧粪便。S1~S5分别为头季稻分蘖期、头季稻抽穗期、头季稻灌浆期、再生稻抽穗期和再生稻灌浆期。图中数据为平均值±标准差(n=3)，柱上不同字母表示处理间在0.05水平上差异显著(Duncan新复极差法)。

Fig. 2. Effects of different nitrogen fertilizer types on root dry weight at key growth stages of rice N0, CK, T1 and T2 in the figure represent zero nitrogen application, urea, 50% urea+50% controlled release urea and 50% urea+50% livestock manure organic fertilizer, respectively. S1-S5 refer to the tillering stage, heading stage and filling stage of the main season rice, heading stage and filling stage for ratooning rice, respectively. Values are mean ± SD (n=3); Different letters above the bars indicate significant difference among treatments at the 0.05 level (Duncan's new multiple range test).

图3 不同氮素类型对水稻关键生育期根活力的影响图中N0、CK、T1、T2分别代表未施氮素、尿素、50%尿素+50%缓释尿素、50%尿素+50%畜牧粪便。S1~S5分别为头季稻分蘖期、头季稻抽穗期、头季稻灌浆期、再生稻抽穗期和再生稻灌浆期。图中数据为平均值±标准差(n=3)，柱上不同字母表示处理间在0.05水平上差异显著(Duncan新复极差法)。

Fig. 3. Effects of different nitrogen fertilizer types on root activity at key growth stages of rice N0, CK, T1 and T2 in the figure represent zero nitrogen application, urea, 50% urea+50% controlled release urea and 50% urea+50% livestock manure organic fertilizer, respectively. S1-S5 referto the tillering stage, heading stage and filling stage of the main season rice, heading stage and filling stage for ratooning rice, respectively. Values are mean ± SD (n=3); Different letters above the bars indicate significant difference among treatments at the 0.05 level (Duncan's new multiple range test).

图4 不同氮素类型对水稻关键生育期叶面积指数的影响图中N0、CK、T1、T2分别代表未施氮素、尿素、50%尿素+50%缓释尿素、50%尿素+50%畜牧粪便。S1~S5分别为头季稻分蘖期、头季稻抽穗期、头季稻灌浆期、再生稻抽穗期和再生稻灌浆期。图中数据为平均值±标准差(n=3)，柱上不同字母表示处理间在0.05水平上差异显著(Duncan新复极差法)。

Fig. 4. Effects of different nitrogen fertilizer types on leaf area index at key growth stages of rice N0, CK, T1 and T2 in the figure represent zero nitrogen application, urea, 50% urea+50% controlled release urea and 50% urea+50% livestock manure organic fertilizer, respectively. S1-S5 referto the tillering stage, heading stage and filling stage of the main season rice, heading stage and filling stage for ratooning rice, respectively. Values are mean ± SD (n=3); Different letters above the bars indicate significant difference among treatments at the 0.05 level (Duncan's new multiple range test).

图5 不同氮素类型对水稻关键生育期净光合速率的影响图中N0、CK、T1、T2分别代表未施氮素、尿素、50%尿素+50%缓释尿素、50%尿素+50%畜牧粪便。S1~S5分别为头季稻分蘖期、头季稻抽穗期、头季稻灌浆期、再生稻抽穗期和再生稻灌浆期。图中数据为平均值±标准差(n=3)，柱上不同字母表示处理间在0.05水平上差异显著(Duncan新复极差法)。

Fig. 5. Effects of different nitrogen fertilizer types on net photosynthetic rate at key growth stages of rice N0, CK, T1 and T2 in the figure represent zero nitrogen application, urea, 50% urea+50% controlled release urea and 50% urea+50% livestock manure organic fertilizer, respectively. S1-S5 referto the tillering stage, heading stage and filling stage of the main season rice, heading stage and filling stage for ratooning rice, respectively. Values are mean ± SD (n=3); Different letters above the bars indicate significant difference among treatments at the 0.05 level (Duncan's new multiple range test).

图6 不同氮素类型对水稻氮代谢相关酶活性的影响图中N0、CK、T1、T2分别代表未施氮素、尿素、50%尿素+50%缓释尿素、50%尿素+50%畜牧粪便。S2和S4分别为头季稻抽穗期和再生稻抽穗期。图中数据为平均值±标准差(n=3)，柱上不同字母表示处理间在0.05水平上差异显著(Duncan新复极差法)。

Fig. 6. Effects of different nitrogen fertilizer types on nitrogen metabolizing enzyme of rice N0, CK, T1 and T2 in the figure represent zero nitrogen application, urea, 50% urea+50% controlled release urea and 50% urea+50% livestock manure organic fertilizer, respectively. S2 and S4 referto the heading stage of main season rice and heading stage of ratooning rice, respectively. Values are mean±SD(n=3); Different letters above the bars indicate significant difference among treatments at the 0.05 level (Duncan's new multiple range test).

表2 头季稻产量及产量构成因子

Table 2. Grain yield and yield components of main season rice

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	有效穗数 Effective panicles number (No.·m^-2)	每穗粒数 Spikelets per panicle	结实率 Grain-filling rate (%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	产量 Yield (t/hm²)
2020	N0	206.45±13.56 b	161.83±2.75 c	75.20±2.51 b	21.96±0.36 c	5.34±0.28 c
	CK	230.64±13.71 a	216.74±14.36 b	80.55±4.00 ab	24.70±0.23 b	9.44±0.47 b
	T1	242.62±13.94 a	231.64±10.77 ab	84.24±1.21 a	24.90±0.54 b	11.29±1.10 a
	T2	237.39±3.90 a	247.17±5.65 a	82.38±1.60 ab	26.13±0.25 a	12.23±0.11 a
2021	N0	207.02±10.64 b	175.41±17.69 c	76.62±0.92 b	22.04±0.67 c	6.00±0.38 d
	CK	236.05±2.53 a	224.84±7.98 b	76.27±1.58 b	25.36±0.35 b	9.81±0.65 c
	T1	230.45±12.78 a	253.72±7.95 a	77.06±5.06 b	25.88±0.59 ab	11.22±0.52 b
	T2	238.06±18.59 a	261.61±8.84 a	82.60±2.75 a	26.48±0.48 a	13.15±0.63 a

表3 再生稻产量及产量构成因子

Table 3. Grain yield and yield components of ratooning rice

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	有效穗数 Effective panicles number spike (No.·m^-2)	每穗粒数 Spikelets per panicle	结实率 Grain-filling rate (%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	产量 Yield (t/hm²)
2020	N0	214.54±13.38 b	72.52±2.67 d	54.66±2.80 b	19.76±0.49 b	1.66±0.27 c
	CK	256.20±9.97 a	100.01±7.69 bc	58.23±3.73 b	21.99±0.25 a	3.15±0.39 b
	T1	270.59±3.63 a	98.60±5.55 c	56.34±5.61 b	22.18±0.56 a	3.17±0.20 b
	T2	266.86±12.17 a	120.34±4.94 a	70.42±2.24 a	22.48±0.55 a	4.91±0.14 a
2021	N0	203.32±9.58 b	66.52±0.61 c	59.23±3.30 bc	20.25±0.52 b	1.60±0.22 d
	CK	266.48±11.61 a	93.22±4.87 b	59.75±4.55 bc	22.59±0.90 a	3.17±0.03 c
	T1	259.81±9.54 a	98.36±3.10 b	57.34±2.27 c	22.66±0.66 a	3.13±0.08 b
	T2	268.29±5.36 a	110.58±0.50 a	67.96±2.11 a	22.82±0.54 a	4.42±0.02 b

图7 不同氮素类型对氮素利用率的影响图中CK、T1、T2分别代表尿素、50%尿素+50%缓释尿素、50%尿素+50%畜牧粪便。NER代表氮素回收利用率，AEN代表氮素农学利用率，PEN代表氮素生理利用率，NP代表氮素偏生产力。图中数据为平均值±标准差(n=3)，柱上不同字母表示处理间在0.05水平差异显著(Duncan新复极差法)。

Fig. 7. Effect of different nitrogen fertilizer types on nitrogen utilization efficiency CK, T1 and T2 in the figure represent urea, 50% urea+50% controlled release urea and 50% urea+50% livestock manure organic fertilizer. NER represents nitrogen recovery efficiency, AEN represents agronomic nitrogen use efficiency, PEN represents physiological nitrogen efficiency, and NP represents nitrogen partial productivity. Values are mean±SD(n=3); Different letters above the bars indicate significant difference among treatments at the 0.05 level (Duncan's new multiple range test).

图8 产量与各项指标间相关性分析热图 RW: 根干质量; RA: 根活力; LAI: 叶面积指数; Pn: 净光合速率; NR: 硝酸还原酶活性; GS: 谷氨酰胺合成酶活性; GOGAT: 谷氨酸合酶活性; EP: 有效穗数; SPP: 每穗粒数; GFR: 结实率; GW: 千粒重。_S1~_S5分别代表头季稻分蘖期、头季稻抽穗期、头季稻灌浆期、再生稻抽穗期和再生稻灌浆期，_M和_R分别代表头季稻和再生稻，Yield_T代表两季水稻的总产量。

Fig. 8. Heat map of correlation analysis between grain yield and various indicators RW, Root dry weight; RA, Root activity; LAI, Leaf area index; Pn, Net photosynthetic rate; NR, Nitrate reductase activity; GS, Glutamine synthetase activity; GOGAT, Glutamate synthase activity; EP, Effective panicle number; SPP, Spikelets per panicle; GFR, Grain filling rate; GW, 1000-grain weight. _S1 to _S5 represent the tillering stage, heading stage and filling stage of main season rice, heading stage and filling stage of ratooning rice, respectively. _M and _R represent main season rice and ratooning rice, respectively, while Yield_T represents the total yield of two-season rice.

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