中国水稻科学 ›› 2020, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (4): 348-358.DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2020.0103
收稿日期:
2020-01-08
修回日期:
2020-02-26
出版日期:
2020-07-10
发布日期:
2020-07-10
通讯作者:
胡铁松
基金资助:
Yun GAO1,2, Tiesong HU2,*(), Xuebin QI1, Hongwei YUAN3
Received:
2020-01-08
Revised:
2020-02-26
Online:
2020-07-10
Published:
2020-07-10
Contact:
Tiesong HU
摘要:
【目的】全球气候变化异常导致旱涝急转事件频发,为保障国家粮食安全,做好农作物的防灾减灾工作,研究了旱涝急转条件下水稻的减产特征。【方法】以淮北平原区水稻为试验对象,在淮委水利科学研究院新马桥农水试验站(117°22′E,33°09′N)开展了为期两年(2017–2018年)的水稻旱涝急转胁迫试验,分析了不同旱涝胁迫程度、不同胁迫持续时间的单一干旱、单一淹涝、旱涝急转胁迫对水稻产量及产量构成的影响,提出先期旱与后期涝的补偿、削减作用量化指标R,揭示了旱涝急转后期淹涝胁迫与前期干旱胁迫对水稻产量影响的交互作用新规律。【结果】拔节期发生旱涝急转产量普遍减少,减产范围12.38%~56.15%。其中,重旱重涝组合对产量最为不利,粒数与粒重减少是旱涝急转胁迫条件下水稻减产主要原因;旱涝急转处理下前期适度干旱可减轻后期淹涝导致的减产,即旱涝急转旱胁迫对涝胁迫具有产量上的补偿效应,主要是提高了每穗粒数、总粒数和结实率;而后期淹涝对前期干旱具有协同作用,表现出产量上的削减效应,主要是每穗粒数、总粒数、千粒质量、结实率的减少。【结论】前期已经发生了轻、中旱胁迫,应尽量避免后期淹涝对水稻的二次损伤;若预测到后期将出现洪涝,并且短时间内田间排水设施无法消除其不利影响,则可提前在水稻拔节中、后期进行旱锻炼以减轻水稻产量损失。
中图分类号:
高芸, 胡铁松, 齐学斌, 袁宏伟. Ⅱ优898产量对旱涝急转的响应规律研究[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2020, 34(4): 348-358.
Yun GAO, Tiesong HU, Xuebin QI, Hongwei YUAN. Response of Yield Traits of Rice (Ⅱ-You 898) to Abrupt Drought-flood Alternation[J]. Chinese Journal OF Rice Science, 2020, 34(4): 348-358.
处理组 Treatment | 受旱程度 Drought degree/% | 受旱时间 Drought time/d | 受旱水平 Drought level | 受涝程度 Flood degree/% | 受涝时间 Flood time/d | 受涝水平 Flood level |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ADFA1 | 70 | 5 | S-LD | 50 | 5 | S-LF |
DC1 | 70 | 5 | S-LD | |||
FC1 | 50 | 5 | S-LF | |||
ADFA2 | 70 | 10 | M-LD | 75 | 7 | M-MF |
DC2 | 70 | 10 | M-LD | |||
FC2 | 75 | 7 | M-MF | |||
ADFA3 | 70 | 15 | L-LD | 100 | 9 | L-HF |
DC3 | 70 | 15 | L-LD | |||
FC3 | 100 | 9 | L-HF | |||
ADFA4 | 60 | 5 | S-MD | 75 | 9 | L-MF |
DC4 | 60 | 5 | S-MD | |||
FC4 | 75 | 9 | L-MF | |||
ADFA5 | 60 | 10 | M-MD | 100 | 5 | S-HF |
DC5 | 60 | 10 | M-MD | |||
FC5 | 100 | 5 | S-HF | |||
ADFA6 | 60 | 15 | L-MD | 50 | 7 | M-LF |
DC6 | 60 | 15 | L-MD | |||
FC6 | 50 | 7 | M-LF | |||
ADFA7 | 50 | 5 | S-HD | 100 | 7 | M-HF |
DC7 | 50 | 5 | S-HD | |||
FC7 | 100 | 7 | M-HF | |||
ADFA8 | 50 | 10 | M-HD | 50 | 9 | L-LF |
DC8 | 50 | 10 | M-HD | |||
FC8 | 50 | 9 | L-LF | |||
ADFA9 | 50 | 15 | L-HD | 75 | 5 | S-MF |
DC9 | 50 | 15 | L-HD | |||
FC9 | 75 | 5 | S-MF |
表2 旱涝因素及水平设置
Table 2 Design of drought and flood factors and levels.
处理组 Treatment | 受旱程度 Drought degree/% | 受旱时间 Drought time/d | 受旱水平 Drought level | 受涝程度 Flood degree/% | 受涝时间 Flood time/d | 受涝水平 Flood level |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ADFA1 | 70 | 5 | S-LD | 50 | 5 | S-LF |
DC1 | 70 | 5 | S-LD | |||
FC1 | 50 | 5 | S-LF | |||
ADFA2 | 70 | 10 | M-LD | 75 | 7 | M-MF |
DC2 | 70 | 10 | M-LD | |||
FC2 | 75 | 7 | M-MF | |||
ADFA3 | 70 | 15 | L-LD | 100 | 9 | L-HF |
DC3 | 70 | 15 | L-LD | |||
FC3 | 100 | 9 | L-HF | |||
ADFA4 | 60 | 5 | S-MD | 75 | 9 | L-MF |
DC4 | 60 | 5 | S-MD | |||
FC4 | 75 | 9 | L-MF | |||
ADFA5 | 60 | 10 | M-MD | 100 | 5 | S-HF |
DC5 | 60 | 10 | M-MD | |||
FC5 | 100 | 5 | S-HF | |||
ADFA6 | 60 | 15 | L-MD | 50 | 7 | M-LF |
DC6 | 60 | 15 | L-MD | |||
FC6 | 50 | 7 | M-LF | |||
ADFA7 | 50 | 5 | S-HD | 100 | 7 | M-HF |
DC7 | 50 | 5 | S-HD | |||
FC7 | 100 | 7 | M-HF | |||
ADFA8 | 50 | 10 | M-HD | 50 | 9 | L-LF |
DC8 | 50 | 10 | M-HD | |||
FC8 | 50 | 9 | L-LF | |||
ADFA9 | 50 | 15 | L-HD | 75 | 5 | S-MF |
DC9 | 50 | 15 | L-HD | |||
FC9 | 75 | 5 | S-MF |
图2 2017–2018年水稻生育期 DAT表示移栽后的时间;CK表示正常组;黑色条形柱表示移栽至分蘖期;红色表示分蘖至拔节期;蓝色表示拔节至抽穗期;品红色表示抽穗至乳熟期;绿色表示乳熟至黄熟期。各生育期表示处理组平均生长时期。
Fig. 2. Duration of growth of rice between 2017 and 2018. DAT, Days after transplanting; CK, Normal control; ADFA, Abrupt drought-flood alternation; DC, Drought control; FC, Flood control; Black bar chart, the duration of tillering stage; Red bar chart, Duration of jointing stage; Blue bar chart, Duration of heading stage; Magenta bar chart, Duration of milky stage; Green bar chart, Duration of maturity. The duration is the average of the treatment groups.
图4 旱涝急转组相对于正常组的损害程度 Y代表产量指标; P代表穗数; G代表每穗粒数; SS代表总粒数; x3代表千粒质量; x4代表结实率; R表示旱涝急转组相对于正常组的损害程度;G1表示ADFA1与CK;G2表示ADFA2与CK;以此类推。
Fig. 4. Damage degree of the ADFA groups relative to the normal control group. Y, Yield; P, Panicle number per barrel; G, Grain number per panicle; SS, Total grain number; x3, Thousand-grain weight; x4, Seed setting rate; R, Damage degree of the ADFA groups relative to normal control group; G1, ADFA1 and CK; G2, ADFA2 and CK, and so on.
年份 Year | 旱涝程度和时间 Drought/Flood degree and time | 产量 Yield | 穗数 Panicle number per barrel | 每穗粒数 Grain number per panicle | 总粒数 Total grain number | 千粒质量 Thousand-grain weight | 结实率 Seed setting rate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2017 | 受旱程度 Drought degree | ** | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
受旱时间 Drought time | * | * | NS | NS | NS | NS | |
受涝程度 Flood degree | ** | NS | ** | ** | ** | ** | |
受涝时间 Flood time | ** | ** | * | NS | NS | NS | |
2018 | 受旱程度 Drought degree | ** | NS | * | ** | NS | ** |
受旱时间 Drought time | ** | NS | ** | ** | NS | ** | |
受涝程度 Flood degree | ** | NS | ** | ** | NS | ** | |
受涝时间 Flood time | ** | NS | ** | ** | NS | ** |
表3 旱涝胁迫对产量及产量构成影响的差异性分析
Table 3 Significant influence of test factors on yield and yield components.
年份 Year | 旱涝程度和时间 Drought/Flood degree and time | 产量 Yield | 穗数 Panicle number per barrel | 每穗粒数 Grain number per panicle | 总粒数 Total grain number | 千粒质量 Thousand-grain weight | 结实率 Seed setting rate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2017 | 受旱程度 Drought degree | ** | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
受旱时间 Drought time | * | * | NS | NS | NS | NS | |
受涝程度 Flood degree | ** | NS | ** | ** | ** | ** | |
受涝时间 Flood time | ** | ** | * | NS | NS | NS | |
2018 | 受旱程度 Drought degree | ** | NS | * | ** | NS | ** |
受旱时间 Drought time | ** | NS | ** | ** | NS | ** | |
受涝程度 Flood degree | ** | NS | ** | ** | NS | ** | |
受涝时间 Flood time | ** | NS | ** | ** | NS | ** |
图5 旱涝程度和持续时间对产量及产量构成因素的影响 A1、A2、A3分别表示70%,60%,50%田间持水量;B1、B2、B3分别表示受旱5,10,15 d;C1、C2、C3分别表示50%、75%、100%株高淹水深度;D1、D2、D3分别表示受涝5、7、9 d。
Fig. 5. Influence of drought and flood degree and time on yield and yield components. Y, Yield; P, Panicle number per barrel; G, Grain number per panicle; SS, Total grain number; x3, Thousand-grain weight; x4, Seed setting rate; A1, A2 and A3, 70%, 60%, 50% field water-holding rates; B1, B2 and B3, Duration of drought for 5, 10, 15 d; C1, C2 and C3, Submergence depth of 50%, 75%, 100% plant height; D1, D2 and D3, Duration of flood for 5, 7, 9 d.
年份 Year | 旱涝程度和时间 Drought/Flood degree and time | 产量 Yield/g | 穗数 Panicle number per barrel | 每穗粒数 Grain number per panicle | 总粒数 Total grain number | 千粒质量 Thousand-grain weight/g | 结实率 Seed setting rate/% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2017 | 受旱程度 Drought degree | 9.713 | 1 | 8.666 | 335 | 1.81 | 4.274 |
受旱时间 Drought time | 8.636 | 2.666 | 4.667 | 263 | 0.666 | 3.334 | |
受涝程度 Flood degree | 34.773 | 1.334 | 18 | 641 | 3.056 | 12.82 | |
受涝时间 Flood time | 16.514 | 3 | 11.667 | 298.666 | 1.577 | 5.03 | |
2018 | 受旱程度 Drought degree | 14.737 | 0.667 | 9.333 | 525.334 | 0.773 | 7.83 |
受旱时间 Drought time | 14.596 | 2.333 | 12.333 | 797 | 0.7 | 5.644 | |
受涝程度 Flood degree | 33.31 | 1.334 | 29.667 | 1268.666 | 0.647 | 10.19 | |
受涝时间 Flood time | 21.294 | 0.667 | 18.334 | 849.333 | 0.514 | 4.793 |
表4 旱涝胁迫对产量及产量构成影响的极差分析
Table 4 Extreme differences of test factors on yield and yield components.
年份 Year | 旱涝程度和时间 Drought/Flood degree and time | 产量 Yield/g | 穗数 Panicle number per barrel | 每穗粒数 Grain number per panicle | 总粒数 Total grain number | 千粒质量 Thousand-grain weight/g | 结实率 Seed setting rate/% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2017 | 受旱程度 Drought degree | 9.713 | 1 | 8.666 | 335 | 1.81 | 4.274 |
受旱时间 Drought time | 8.636 | 2.666 | 4.667 | 263 | 0.666 | 3.334 | |
受涝程度 Flood degree | 34.773 | 1.334 | 18 | 641 | 3.056 | 12.82 | |
受涝时间 Flood time | 16.514 | 3 | 11.667 | 298.666 | 1.577 | 5.03 | |
2018 | 受旱程度 Drought degree | 14.737 | 0.667 | 9.333 | 525.334 | 0.773 | 7.83 |
受旱时间 Drought time | 14.596 | 2.333 | 12.333 | 797 | 0.7 | 5.644 | |
受涝程度 Flood degree | 33.31 | 1.334 | 29.667 | 1268.666 | 0.647 | 10.19 | |
受涝时间 Flood time | 21.294 | 0.667 | 18.334 | 849.333 | 0.514 | 4.793 |
年份 Year | 旱涝程度和时间 Drought/Flood degree and time | 产量 Yield | 穗数 Panicle number per barrel | 每穗粒数 Grain number per panicle | 总粒数 Total grain number | 千粒质量 Thousand-grain weight | 结实率 Seed setting rate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2017 | 受旱程度 Drought degree/% | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 60 | 60 |
受旱时间 Drought time/d | 15 | 5 | 15 | 10 | 15 | 10 | |
受涝程度 Flood degree/% | 50 | 75 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | |
受涝时间 Flood time/d | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 7 | |
2018 | 受旱程度 Drought degree/% | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 70 | 70 |
受旱时间 Drought time/d | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | |
受涝程度 Flood degree/% | 50 | 75 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | |
受涝时间 Flood time/d | 5 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 7 |
表5 水稻产量及产量构成影响最小的旱涝组合
Table 5 Optimal combination of drought and flood with the lowest impact on yield and yield components.
年份 Year | 旱涝程度和时间 Drought/Flood degree and time | 产量 Yield | 穗数 Panicle number per barrel | 每穗粒数 Grain number per panicle | 总粒数 Total grain number | 千粒质量 Thousand-grain weight | 结实率 Seed setting rate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2017 | 受旱程度 Drought degree/% | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 60 | 60 |
受旱时间 Drought time/d | 15 | 5 | 15 | 10 | 15 | 10 | |
受涝程度 Flood degree/% | 50 | 75 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | |
受涝时间 Flood time/d | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 7 | |
2018 | 受旱程度 Drought degree/% | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 70 | 70 |
受旱时间 Drought time/d | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | |
受涝程度 Flood degree/% | 50 | 75 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | |
受涝时间 Flood time/d | 5 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 7 |
图6 旱涝急转组相对于单旱组的损害程度 G1表示ADFA1与DC1;G2表示ADFA2与DC2;以此类推;产量及产量构成采用3个重复组的平均值。
Fig. 6. Damage degree of the ADFA groups relative to drought groups. G1, DC1 and ADFA1; G2, DC2 and ADFA2; and so on. n=3.
图7 旱涝急转组相对于单涝组的损害程度 G1表示ADFA1与FC1;G2表示ADFA2与FC2;以此类推;产量及产量构成采用3个重复组的平均值。
Fig. 7. Damage degree of the ADFA groups relative to flood groups. G1, FC1 and ADFA1; G2, FC2 and ADFA2; and so on. n=3.
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