Ⅱ优898产量对旱涝急转的响应规律研究

doi:10.16819/j.1001-7216.2020.0103

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】全球气候变化异常导致旱涝急转事件频发,为保障国家粮食安全,做好农作物的防灾减灾工作,研究了旱涝急转条件下水稻的减产特征。【方法】以淮北平原区水稻为试验对象,在淮委水利科学研究院新马桥农水试验站(117°22′E,33°09′N)开展了为期两年(2017–2018年)的水稻旱涝急转胁迫试验,分析了不同旱涝胁迫程度、不同胁迫持续时间的单一干旱、单一淹涝、旱涝急转胁迫对水稻产量及产量构成的影响,提出先期旱与后期涝的补偿、削减作用量化指标R,揭示了旱涝急转后期淹涝胁迫与前期干旱胁迫对水稻产量影响的交互作用新规律。【结果】拔节期发生旱涝急转产量普遍减少,减产范围12.38%~56.15%。其中,重旱重涝组合对产量最为不利,粒数与粒重减少是旱涝急转胁迫条件下水稻减产主要原因;旱涝急转处理下前期适度干旱可减轻后期淹涝导致的减产,即旱涝急转旱胁迫对涝胁迫具有产量上的补偿效应,主要是提高了每穗粒数、总粒数和结实率;而后期淹涝对前期干旱具有协同作用,表现出产量上的削减效应,主要是每穗粒数、总粒数、千粒质量、结实率的减少。【结论】前期已经发生了轻、中旱胁迫,应尽量避免后期淹涝对水稻的二次损伤;若预测到后期将出现洪涝,并且短时间内田间排水设施无法消除其不利影响,则可提前在水稻拔节中、后期进行旱锻炼以减轻水稻产量损失。

关键词: 干旱, 淹涝, 水稻, 产量, 旱涝急转, 交互作用

Abstract:

【Objective】Abnormal global climate change leads to the reoccurrence of abrupt drought-flood alternation (ADFA). In order to national food security and disaster prevention and reduction in crops, we analyzed yield response characteristics of rice to ADFA. 【Method】The experiment was conducted at the Xin-maqiao irrigation experimental station at the Anhui and Huaihe River Institute of Hydraulic Research in China (117°22′E, 33°09′N) between 2017 and 2018. Three drought-flood alternation treatments were designed and compared with normal irrigation conditions. Based on the experimental data, the effects of drought, flood, and ADFA on rice yield and yield components were analyzed, the quantitative indicator R for the compensation or reduction of the early drought and later floods was proposed, and the interaction effects between late flooding stress and early drought stress on yield was revealed.【Result】Compared with the normal group, ADFA stress reduced the rice yield. The yield reduction ranged from 12.38% to 56.15%. Among them, the combination of heavy drought and heavy flood was the most unfavorable for yield. The reduction in the grain number and the grain weight was the main reason for yield reduction under ADFA stress. The drought stress of the ADFA groups compensated the yield under flood conditions, mainly because the grain number per panicle, total grain number and seed setting rate increased during the drought period. The flood stress of the ADFA groups reduced the yield under drought conditions, and the decrease in the grain number per panicle, total grain number, thousand-seed weight and seed setting rate during the flooding period was the main reason. 【Conclusion】The results show that in the case of light and moderate drought stress occurring at the early stage, the damage caused by late-stage flood stress on rice should be avoided as possible; if flooding is predicted to occur in the later period and the drainage facilities can not eliminate its adverse effects, drought treatment can be carried out in advance at the medium-late period of the jointing stage to reduce the loss of rice yield.

Key words: drought, flood, rice, yield, abrupt drought-flood alternation, interaction

中图分类号:

S422
S423

高芸, 胡铁松, 齐学斌, 袁宏伟. Ⅱ优898产量对旱涝急转的响应规律研究[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2020, 34(4): 348-358.

Yun GAO, Tiesong HU, Xuebin QI, Hongwei YUAN. Response of Yield Traits of Rice (Ⅱ-You 898) to Abrupt Drought-flood Alternation[J]. Chinese Journal OF Rice Science, 2020, 34(4): 348-358.

图/表 12

表1 水稻旱涝急转试验设计

Table 1 Experimental scheme for abrupt drought-flood alternation of rice.

表2 旱涝因素及水平设置

Table 2 Design of drought and flood factors and levels.

处理组 Treatment	受旱程度 Drought degree/%	受旱时间 Drought time/d	受旱水平 Drought level	受涝程度 Flood degree/%	受涝时间 Flood time/d	受涝水平 Flood level
ADFA₁	70	5	S-LD	50	5	S-LF
DC₁	70	5	S-LD
FC₁				50	5	S-LF
ADFA₂	70	10	M-LD	75	7	M-MF
DC₂	70	10	M-LD
FC₂				75	7	M-MF
ADFA₃	70	15	L-LD	100	9	L-HF
DC₃	70	15	L-LD
FC₃				100	9	L-HF
ADFA₄	60	5	S-MD	75	9	L-MF
DC₄	60	5	S-MD
FC₄				75	9	L-MF
ADFA₅	60	10	M-MD	100	5	S-HF
DC₅	60	10	M-MD
FC₅				100	5	S-HF
ADFA₆	60	15	L-MD	50	7	M-LF
DC₆	60	15	L-MD
FC₆				50	7	M-LF
ADFA₇	50	5	S-HD	100	7	M-HF
DC₇	50	5	S-HD
FC₇				100	7	M-HF
ADFA₈	50	10	M-HD	50	9	L-LF
DC₈	50	10	M-HD
FC₈				50	9	L-LF
ADFA₉	50	15	L-HD	75	5	S-MF
DC₉	50	15	L-HD
FC₉				75	5	S-MF

图1 旱涝急转试验条件

Fig. 1. Experimental ADFA conditions.

图2 2017–2018年水稻生育期 DAT表示移栽后的时间;CK表示正常组;黑色条形柱表示移栽至分蘖期;红色表示分蘖至拔节期;蓝色表示拔节至抽穗期;品红色表示抽穗至乳熟期;绿色表示乳熟至黄熟期。各生育期表示处理组平均生长时期。

Fig. 2. Duration of growth of rice between 2017 and 2018. DAT, Days after transplanting; CK, Normal control; ADFA, Abrupt drought-flood alternation; DC, Drought control; FC, Flood control; Black bar chart, the duration of tillering stage; Red bar chart, Duration of jointing stage; Blue bar chart, Duration of heading stage; Magenta bar chart, Duration of milky stage; Green bar chart, Duration of maturity. The duration is the average of the treatment groups.

图3 试验条件

Fig. 3. Representation of experimental conditions.

图4 旱涝急转组相对于正常组的损害程度 Y代表产量指标; P代表穗数; G代表每穗粒数; SS代表总粒数; x3代表千粒质量; x4代表结实率; R表示旱涝急转组相对于正常组的损害程度;G1表示ADFA1与CK;G2表示ADFA2与CK;以此类推。

Fig. 4. Damage degree of the ADFA groups relative to the normal control group. Y, Yield; P, Panicle number per barrel; G, Grain number per panicle; SS, Total grain number; x3, Thousand-grain weight; x4, Seed setting rate; R, Damage degree of the ADFA groups relative to normal control group; G1, ADFA1 and CK; G2, ADFA2 and CK, and so on.

表3 旱涝胁迫对产量及产量构成影响的差异性分析

Table 3 Significant influence of test factors on yield and yield components.

年份 Year	旱涝程度和时间 Drought/Flood degree and time	产量 Yield	穗数 Panicle number per barrel	每穗粒数 Grain number per panicle	总粒数 Total grain number	千粒质量 Thousand-grain weight	结实率 Seed setting rate
2017	受旱程度 Drought degree	**	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
	受旱时间 Drought time	*	*	NS	NS	NS	NS
	受涝程度 Flood degree	**	NS	**	**	**	**
	受涝时间 Flood time	**	**	*	NS	NS	NS
2018	受旱程度 Drought degree	**	NS	*	**	NS	**
	受旱时间 Drought time	**	NS	**	**	NS	**
	受涝程度 Flood degree	**	NS	**	**	NS	**
	受涝时间 Flood time	**	NS	**	**	NS	**

图5 旱涝程度和持续时间对产量及产量构成因素的影响 A1、A2、A3分别表示70%,60%,50%田间持水量;B1、B2、B3分别表示受旱5,10,15 d;C1、C2、C3分别表示50%、75%、100%株高淹水深度;D1、D2、D3分别表示受涝5、7、9 d。

Fig. 5. Influence of drought and flood degree and time on yield and yield components. Y, Yield; P, Panicle number per barrel; G, Grain number per panicle; SS, Total grain number; x3, Thousand-grain weight; x4, Seed setting rate; A1, A2 and A3, 70%, 60%, 50% field water-holding rates; B1, B2 and B3, Duration of drought for 5, 10, 15 d; C1, C2 and C3, Submergence depth of 50%, 75%, 100% plant height; D1, D2 and D3, Duration of flood for 5, 7, 9 d.

表4 旱涝胁迫对产量及产量构成影响的极差分析

Table 4 Extreme differences of test factors on yield and yield components.

年份 Year	旱涝程度和时间 Drought/Flood degree and time	产量 Yield/g	穗数 Panicle number per barrel	每穗粒数 Grain number per panicle	总粒数 Total grain number	千粒质量 Thousand-grain weight/g	结实率 Seed setting rate/%
2017	受旱程度 Drought degree	9.713	1	8.666	335	1.81	4.274
	受旱时间 Drought time	8.636	2.666	4.667	263	0.666	3.334
	受涝程度 Flood degree	34.773	1.334	18	641	3.056	12.82
	受涝时间 Flood time	16.514	3	11.667	298.666	1.577	5.03
2018	受旱程度 Drought degree	14.737	0.667	9.333	525.334	0.773	7.83
	受旱时间 Drought time	14.596	2.333	12.333	797	0.7	5.644
	受涝程度 Flood degree	33.31	1.334	29.667	1268.666	0.647	10.19
	受涝时间 Flood time	21.294	0.667	18.334	849.333	0.514	4.793

表5 水稻产量及产量构成影响最小的旱涝组合

Table 5 Optimal combination of drought and flood with the lowest impact on yield and yield components.

年份 Year	旱涝程度和时间 Drought/Flood degree and time	产量 Yield	穗数 Panicle number per barrel	每穗粒数 Grain number per panicle	总粒数 Total grain number	千粒质量 Thousand-grain weight	结实率 Seed setting rate
2017	受旱程度 Drought degree/%	70	70	70	70	60	60
	受旱时间 Drought time/d	15	5	15	10	15	10
	受涝程度 Flood degree/%	50	75	50	50	50	50
	受涝时间 Flood time/d	5	5	5	5	5	7
2018	受旱程度 Drought degree/%	60	60	60	60	70	70
	受旱时间 Drought time/d	10	10	10	10	10	10
	受涝程度 Flood degree/%	50	75	50	50	50	50
	受涝时间 Flood time/d	5	7	5	5	5	7

图6 旱涝急转组相对于单旱组的损害程度 G1表示ADFA1与DC1;G2表示ADFA2与DC2;以此类推;产量及产量构成采用3个重复组的平均值。

Fig. 6. Damage degree of the ADFA groups relative to drought groups. G1, DC1 and ADFA1; G2, DC2 and ADFA2; and so on. n=3.

图7 旱涝急转组相对于单涝组的损害程度 G1表示ADFA1与FC1;G2表示ADFA2与FC2;以此类推;产量及产量构成采用3个重复组的平均值。

Fig. 7. Damage degree of the ADFA groups relative to flood groups. G1, FC1 and ADFA1; G2, FC2 and ADFA2; and so on. n=3.

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