种植方式和施肥对水稻根系形态、抗倒伏特性与产量的影响

doi:10.16819/j.1001-7216.2026.241013

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】明确种植方式和施肥对水稻根系形态、生长发育及产量形成的影响，为水稻的种植及科学施肥提供理论依据。【方法】以杂交稻和两优332(HLY332)和常规稻黄华占(HHZ)为材料，采用双因素试验设计，即种植方式(直播和移栽)和施肥(不施肥和施肥)，研究水稻的根系分布、根系形态、根系活力和抗倒伏能力等对种植方式和施肥的响应。【结果】1）与不施肥处理相比，HLY332在直播和移栽条件下，施肥处理的产量分别提高了15.3%和15.0%；HHZ分别提高了18.6%和22.1%。HLY332和HHZ在不同种植方式下的产量均无显著差异。2）直播的根系主要分布在0~5 cm的土层，直播条件下，HLY332不施肥和施肥处理在0~5 cm土层的平均根系生物量占比分别为50.1%和56.8%，HHZ分别为63.5%和67.0%；而移栽水稻的根系则主要分布在5~10 cm的土层，HLY332不施肥和施肥处理在5~10 cm土层的平均根系生物量占比分别为42.9%和41.9%，HHZ分别为53.2%和49.1%。与不施肥处理相比，HLY332直播和移栽条件下，施肥处理的根系生物量分别增加了46.9%和45.9%；HHZ分别增加了64.9%和56.9%。与不施肥处理相比，HLY332直播和移栽条件下，施肥处理的根伤流强度分别增加了113.3%和110.6%；HHZ分别增加了46.1%和60.8%。3）相比于直播，移栽时水稻具有较强的抗折力，与直播处理相比，HLY332不施肥和施肥条件下，移栽处理的抗折力分别增加了23.9%和15.2%；HHZ分别增加了12.5%和17.0%。与不施肥处理相比，HLY332直播和移栽条件下，施肥处理的抗折力分别增加了25.5%和16.8%；HHZ分别增加了23.7%和28.6%。【结论】水稻根系在土层中的分布不同是直播和移栽水稻根系性状差异的显著特征。在本研究条件下，直播或移栽的种植方式下，施肥均能够显著改善根系形态，提高水稻产量，且直播和移栽之间无显著差异。因此，在当前人们对轻简化种植迫切需求的形势下，采用直播种植方式和科学施肥技术相结合是可行的。

关键词: 种植方式, 施肥, 根系特性, 产量

Abstract:

【Objective】 To clarify the effects of rice planting methods and fertilization on root morphology, growth and development, and yield formation, and to provide a theoretical basis for rice cultivation and scientific fertilization. 【Method】 A two-factor experimental design was employed to investigate the effects of planting method (direct seeding and transplanting) and fertilization (no fertilization and fertilization) on root distribution, root morphology, root vigor, and lodging resistance in rice. The hybrid rice Heliangyou 332 (HLY332) and conventional rice Huanghuazhan (HHZ) were used as experimental materials. 【Result】 (1) Compared with no fertilization, fertilization significantly increased yield by 15.3% and 15.0% under direct seeding and transplanting conditions for HLY332, and by 18.6% and 22.1% for HHZ, respectively. No significant yield difference was detected between planting methods for either variety. (2) In direct-seeded rice, roots were mainly distributed in the 0-5 cm soil layer. The average root biomass proportion in the 0-5 cm layer under no-fertilizer and fertilizer treatments was 50.1% and 56.8% for HLY332, and 63.5% and 67.0% for HHZ, respectively. In contrast, transplanted rice concentrated roots in the 5-10 cm layer, with proportions of 42.9% and 41.9% for HLY332, and 53.2% and 49.1% for HHZ, respectively. Fertilization increased total root biomass by 46.9% and 45.9% under direct seeding and transplanting for HLY332, and by 64.9% and 56.9% for HHZ, compared to no fertilization. Root bleeding intensity was significantly enhanced by fertilization, with increases of 113.3% and 110.6% for HLY332, and 46.1% and 60.8% for HHZ under direct seeding and transplanting, respectively. (3) Compared with direct seeding, transplanting significantly improved bending resistance. Bending resistance was increased by 23.9% and 15.2% in HLY332 under no-fertilizer and fertilized conditions, and by 12.5% and 17.0% in HHZ, respectively. Fertilization also enhanced bending resistance, with increases of 25.5% and 16.8% for HLY332 under direct seeding and transplanting, and 23.7% and 28.6% for HHZ under transplanting, relative to no fertilization. 【Conclusion】 The distinct vertical distribution of roots in the soil profile is a key trait differentiating direct-seeded and transplanted rice. Under the conditions of this study, fertilization significantly improved root morphology and increased grain yield in both planting methods, with no significant yield difference between direct seeding and transplanting. Therefore, integrating direct seeding with scientific fertilization represents a viable approach to meet the growing demand for light and simplified cultivation in rice production.

Key words: planting method, fertilizer application, root system characteristics, yield

沈智达, 马世浩, 黄思远, 张洋洋, 廖世鹏, 李小坤. 种植方式和施肥对水稻根系形态、抗倒伏特性与产量的影响[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2026, 40(2): 253-263.

SHEN Zhida, MA Shihao, HUANG Siyuan, ZHANG Yangyang, LIAO Shipeng, LI Xiaokun. Effects of Planting Methods and Fertilization on Root Morphology Lodging Resistance and Yield in Rice[J]. Chinese Journal OF Rice Science, 2026, 40(2): 253-263.

图/表 7

表1 施肥和种植方式对水稻产量及产量构成因子的影响

Table 1. Effects of fertilization and planting methods on rice yield and yield components

品种 Variety	种植方式 Planting practices	处理 Treatment	穗数 Number of panicles (×10⁴·hm^-2)	每穗粒数 Spikelets per panicle	结实率 Seed setting rate(%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	产量 Grain yield (t·hm⁻²)
HLY332	直播 Direct-seeding	DCK	248.9±10.2 b	219.1±7.8 a	80.0±1.0 c	22.8±0.6 b	10.8±0.1 b
	直播 Direct-seeding	DF	288.9±7.7 a	240.7±17.5 a	83.5±2.4 b	23.6±0.4 a	12.4±0.5 a
	移栽Transplanting	TCK	190.4±21.6 c	236.6±22.6 a	86.7±0.9 a	24.1±0.2 a	11.0±0.7 b
	移栽Transplanting	TF	241.6±34.1 b	259.6±48.8 a	87.8±0.8 a	24.1±0.3 a	12.7±1.1 a
	方差分析(F值) ANOVA analysis (F value)
	种植方式Planting method(P) 施肥Fertilization(F) 种植方式×施肥(P×F)		18.7**	1.2ns	37.9**	14.7*	0.4 ns
			13.9*	1.9ns	2.4ns	3.3ns	16.8*
			0.2ns	0.0ns	7.3ns	2.7*	0.0ns
HHZ	直播 Direct-seeding	DCK	303.8±14.9 b	107.8±6.8 c	89.9±0.6 b	20.0±0.3 a	7.7±0.2 b
	直播 Direct-seeding	DF	405.0±11.3 a	120.1±5.5 c	93.4±1.1 a	20.7±0.1 a	9.1±0.2 a
	移栽 Transplanting	TCK	272.2±12.0 c	142.1±9.3 b	93.3±1.8 a	20.6±1.4 a	7.6±0.3 b
	移栽 Transplanting	TF	323.7±6.2 b	156.3±7.7 a	93.3±0.7 a	20.3±0.2 a	9.3±0.3 a
	方差分析(F值) ANOVA analysis (F value)
	种植方式Planting method (P) 施肥Fertilization (F) 种植方式×施肥P×F		72.08**	67.1**	4.3ns	0.1ns	0.0ns
			132.07**	0.1ns	6.4ns	0.2ns	105.1**
			14.02ns	9.5ns	4.3ns	1.4ns	0.7ns

图1 施肥和种植方式对水稻根系分布和根系生物量的影响 A图为水稻根系剖面；B图为根系分布； C图为0−20 cm耕层根系生物量。DCK、DF、TCK和TF分别为直播不施肥、直播施肥、移栽不施肥和移栽施肥（n=3）；柱上不同小写字母表示不同处理间0−20 cm根系生物量差异显著。HLY332: 和两优332; HHZ: 黄华占。

Fig. 1. Effects of fertilization and planting methods on root distribution and root biomass of rice A, Rice root profiles; B, Schematic diagram of root distribution; C, Root biomass in the 0−20 cm tillage layer. DCK, DF, TCK and TF are direct-seeding without fertilizer, direct-seeding with fertilizer, transplanting without fertilizer and transplanting with fertilizer, respectively(n=3); Different lowercase letters on the columns indicate significant differences (Duncan) in root biomass from 0-20 cm between treatments. HLY332, Heliangyou 332; HHZ, Huanghuazhan.

表2 施肥和种植方式对水稻根系形态的影响

Table 2. Effects of fertilization and planting methods on rice root morphology

品种 Variety	种植方式 Planting method	处理 Treatment	总根长 Total root length(m)	根表面积 Root surface area(dm²)	平均根直径 Root diameter(mm)	根系总体积 Root volume(cm³)
HLY332	直播 Direct-seeding	DCK	14.9±0.8 c	21.4±2.2 c	7.8±0.2 c	182.0±33.6 c
	直播 Direct-seeding	DF	18.7±2.4 b	25.8±2.4 b	11.4±0.5 b	342.2±57.5 b
	移栽 Transplanting	TCK	21.2±2.4 b	21.8±1.6 c	11.8±1.7 b	238.2±29.4 c
	移栽 Transplanting	TF	35.2±1.9 a	49.1±1.8 a	25.2±3.1 a	639.4±25.8 a
	方差分析(F值) ANOVA analysis (F value)
	种植方式Planting method (P) 施肥Fertilization (F) 种植方式×施肥P×F		105.7**	102.1**	75.9**	62.7**
			64.3**	183.9**	70.1**	156.2**
			20.9*	96.2**	23.2*	29.1**
HHZ	直播 Direct-seeding	DCK	9.2±1.6 c	14.7±1.1 c	5.6±0.7 b	174.9±28.5 b
	直播 Direct-seeding	DF	19.6±2.2 b	25.4±2.2 ab	12.7±1.4 a	279.8±21.9 a
	移栽 Transplanting	TCK	18.7±2.7 b	20.2±4.1 b	6.9±0.9 b	176.5±37.8 b
	移栽 Transplanting	TF	26.9±5.7 a	29.7±3.0 a	11.2±1.5 a	316.7±24.6 a
	方差分析(F值) ANOVA analysis (F value)
	种植方式Planting method(P) 施肥Fertilization (F) 种植方式×施肥P×F		17.6**	8.7*	0.0ns	1.3ns
			21.4**	37.9**	69.1**	53.9**
			0.3ns	0.1ns	4.4ns	1.1ns

图2 施肥和种植方式对水稻根系伤流强度的影响 DCK、DF、TCK和TF分别为直播不施肥、直播施肥、移栽不施肥和移栽施肥。图中P和F分别表示种植方式和施肥（n=3）； **表示在0.01水平差异显著，ns表示差异不显著(Duncan)。

Fig. 2. Effects of fertilization and planting methods on root bleeding intensity DCK, DF, TCK and TF are direct-seeding without fertilizer, direct-seeding with fertilizer, transplanting without fertilizer and transplanting with fertilizer, respectively. P and F indicate planting method and fertilization, respectively(n=3); ** indicate significant difference at the 0.01 level, and ns indicates no significant difference(Duncan).

图3 施肥和种植方式对不同生育期水稻根冠比的影响 DCK、DF、TCK和TF分别为直播不施肥、直播施肥、移栽不施肥和移栽施肥（n=3）。柱上不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(Duncan)。图中P和F分别表示种植方式和施肥；*、**分别表示在0.05、0.01水平差异显著，ns表示差异不显著。

Fig. 3. Effects of fertilization and planting methods on the root-shoot ratio of rice at different growth stages DCK, DF, TCK and TF are direct-seeding without fertilizer, direct-seeding with fertilizer, transplanting without fertilizer and transplanting with fertilizer, respectively(n=3). Different lowercase letters on the columns indicate significant differences between treatments (Duncan). P and F in the figure indicate planting method and fertilization, respectively; * and ** indicate significant difference at the 0.05 and 0.01 levels, respectively, and ns indicates no significant difference.

表3 施肥和种植方式对水稻抗倒伏特性的影响

Table 3. Effects of fertilization and planting method on rice resistance to lodging

品种 Variety	种植方式 Planting method	处理 Treatment	重心高度 Height of center of gravity(cm)	茎秆直径 Stem diameter (mm)	茎壁厚度 Thickness of stem wall(mm)	抗折力 Bending resistance(N)	倒伏指数 Lodging index
HLY332	直播 Direct-seeding	DCK	53.3±2.3 a	6.6±0.5 a	1.3±0.3 a	13.0±1.3 c	222.8±16.3 a
	直播 Direct-seeding	DF	54.0±3.6 a	6.6±0.9 a	1.6±0.9 a	16.3±1.1 b	131.9±5.9 b
	移栽 Transplanting	TCK	53.0±2.0 a	6.6±0.2 a	1.6±0.6 a	16.1±0.3 b	154.7±19.3 b
	移栽 Transplanting	TF	54.0±2.0 a	6.9±0.8 a	1.4±0.4 a	18.8±0.7 a	98.1±12.9 c
	方差分析(F值) ANOVA analysis (F value)
	种植方式Planting method (P)		0.0ns	0.1ns	0.1ns	15.3*	37.1**
	施肥Fertilization (F)		0.3ns	0.2ns	0.0ns	24.0*	77.1**
	种植方式×施肥P×F		0.0ns	0.2ns	0.3ns	0.6ns	4.2ns
HHZ	直播 Direct-seeding	DCK	47.4±2.1 a	4.6±0.6 b	1.3±0.1 a	14.3±0.4 c	168.5±12.3 a
	直播 Direct-seeding	DF	51.5±4.2 a	5.8±0.7 ab	1.2±0.2 a	17.7±1.0 b	113.6±5.1 b
	移栽 Transplanting	TCK	49.0±1.9 a	5.6±0.8 ab	1.5±0.2 a	16.1±1.3 b	111.5±10.2 b
	移栽 Transplanting	TF	50.4±2.7 a	6.4±0.6 a	1.3±0.2 a	20.7±0.8 a	80.2±4.6 c
	方差分析(F值) ANOVA analysis (F value)
	种植方式Planting method (P)		0.0ns	4.7ns	1.3ns	20.6*	80.5**
	施肥Fertilization (F)		2.6ns	6.7*	3.8ns	56.9*	73.3**
	种植方式×施肥P×F		0.6ns	0.2ns	0.0ns	1.3ns	5.4ns

图4 根系指标与产量的相关分析 Y: 产量；R/S: 根冠比；RB: 根系生物量；RBI: 根伤流强度；TRL: 总根长；RS: 根表面积；RD: 根直径；RV: 根体积；BR: 抗折力；LI: 倒伏指数。*、**表示5%、1%水平效果显著(Duncan)。

Fig. 4. Correlation analysis of root system indicators and yield Y, Yield; R/S, Root-shoot ratio; RB, Root biomass; RBI, Root bleeding intensity; TRL, Total root length; RS, Root surface area; RD, Root diameter; RV, Root volume; BR, Bending resistance; LI, Lodging index. * and ** indicate significant effects at the 5% and 1% levels, respectively (Duncan).

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