Effects of Wheat Straw Mulching and Nitrogen Management on Grain yield, Rice Quality and Nitrogen Utilization in Hybrid Rice Under Different Soil Fertility Conditions

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2015.01.007

Abstract

Abstract:

The effects of wheat straw mulching and nitrogen management on hybrid rice (F you 498) nitrogen (N) uptakes and utilization and grain yield and quality under high and low soil fertility conditions were evaluated. The experiment was conducted in paddy field at various soil fertility levels in the Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University in 2013. A split-plot design was used at different soil fereility levels with wheat straw mulching as the main plot and no wheat straw mulching as control, and N-fertilizer management as sub-plots combined with N application level of 135 kg/hm². The result indicated that the rice SPAD value of flag leaf at grain filling stage, nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiency were improved, as well as the grain yield and rice quality. Under high soil fertility, the rice N uptake and grain yield were higher than that under low soil fertility level,while the grain percentage of chalky kernel and chalkiness degree followed an opposite trend. The grain yield and the rice flag leaf SPAD during grain filling stage both increased under wheat straw mulching with the N application ratio of 3:3:4 for basal fertilizer, topdressing at tillering stage and at panicle initiation stage, as well as N uptakes and utilization efficiency and the grain quality. Furthermore, under low soil fertility level, the percentage of chalky kernel and chalkiness degree also decreased. The correlation between grain quality and SPAD of flag leaf during filling stage showed that under wheat straw mulching the rice flag leaf SPAD generally had significant or extremely significant positive correlation with the percentages of brown rice and head rice, and had negative correlation with the percentage of chalky kernel and chalkiness degree,and the correlation coefficients between flag leaf SPAD and grain quality maximized in the middle filling stage.

Key words: rice, nitrogen management, straw mulch, soil fertilizer condition, grain quality

摘要：

以杂交稻F优498为材料,研究了高、低土壤肥力下麦秆覆盖与氮肥运筹对杂交稻主要生育期氮素吸收利用特征、产量及米质的影响,并探讨了不同土壤肥力下麦秆覆盖和氮肥运筹对结实期剑叶SPAD值与稻米品质的形成的影响。结果表明,不同土壤肥力下,麦秆覆盖均有效促进杂交稻各生育时期氮素积累,提高了氮素利用效率以及稻谷产量,增加了稻米蛋白质含量、稻米胶稠度,显著降低了稻米垩白度以及垩白粒率,且高土壤肥力下麦秆覆盖优于低土壤肥力下麦秆覆盖处理。同时,不同土壤肥力下麦秆覆盖处理,均以m_基肥:m_蘖肥:m_穗肥为3:3:4的氮肥运筹模式最优,均能有效调节水稻灌浆结实期叶片SPAD值,提高水稻氮素吸收利用效率及稻谷产量;但稻米品质方面,高土壤肥力以m_基肥:m_蘖肥:m_穗肥为5:3:2时最佳;而低土壤肥力可适当提高氮肥后移比例,以m_基肥:m_蘖肥:m_穗肥=3:3:4最佳。相关分析表明,水稻灌浆期剑叶SPAD值与稻米出糙率、整精米率以及蛋白质含量显著或极显著正相关(r=0.47^*~0.90^**);与垩百度、垩白粒率负相关,但相关未达显著水平;而高土壤肥力下稻米品质各项指标分别与齐穗后19~27 d剑叶SPAD值,低土壤肥力下麦秆覆盖与齐穗后13~19 d剑叶SPAD值相关系数最大。

关键词: 水稻, 氮肥运筹, 秸秆还田, 土壤肥力, 米质

CLC Number:

Feng-jun YAN, Yong-jian SUN, Jun MA, Hui XU, Yue LI, Zou DAI, Zhi-yuan YANG. Effects of Wheat Straw Mulching and Nitrogen Management on Grain yield, Rice Quality and Nitrogen Utilization in Hybrid Rice Under Different Soil Fertility Conditions[J]. Chinese Journal OF Rice Science, 2015, 29(1): 56-64.

严奉君, 孙永健, 马均, 徐徽, 李玥, 代邹, 杨志远. 不同土壤肥力条件下麦秆还田与氮肥运筹对杂交稻氮素利用、产量及米质的影响[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2015, 29(1): 56-64.

Figures/Tables 6

References 25

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土壤肥力 Soil fertility	全氮 Total N /(g·kg^-1)	有机质 Organic matter /(g·kg^-1)	速效氮 Available N /(mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K /(mg·kg^-1)	速效磷 Available P /(mg·kg^-1)	pH值 pH value	容重 Bulk density /(g·cm^-1)
高肥力 High fertility	1.98	23.65	126.11	122.86	20.01	5.8	1.29
低肥力 Low fertility	1.62	21.53	100.79	95.51	16.82	5.9	1.23

土壤肥力 Soil fertility	全氮 Total N /(g·kg^-1)	有机质 Organic matter /(g·kg^-1)	速效氮 Available N /(mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K /(mg·kg^-1)	速效磷 Available P /(mg·kg^-1)	pH值 pH value	容重 Bulk density /(g·cm^-1)
高肥力 High fertility	1.98	23.65	126.11	122.86	20.01	5.8	1.29
低肥力 Low fertility	1.62	21.53	100.79	95.51	16.82	5.9	1.23

处理 Treatment	各生育阶段氮积累量 N uptake at various growing stage/(kg·hm^-2)				氮肥利用效率 N utilization efficiency
处理 Treatment	移栽后 20~30 d 20-30DAT	移栽后30d 至齐穗期 30DAT-HS	齐穗期- 成熟期 HS-RS	总氮 Total nitrogen	氮肥回收利用率 N recovery efficiency /%	氮素生理利用率 N physiological efficiency /(kg·kg^-1)	氮肥农学利用率 N agronomy efficiency /(kg·kg^-1)
L₀N₀	19.22 ef	59.55 f	9.39 d	100.06 g	-	-	-
L₀N₁	36.38 a	92.80 d	12.96 c	163.33 e	46.86 e	21.12 a	9.89 c
L₀N₂	30.19 bc	107.51 c	14.00 c	169.69 d	51.58 d	21.18 a	10.92 b
L₀N₃	25.40 cd	116.12 b	16.60 b	175.66 c	55.99 b	19.63 c	10.99 b
平均 Average	27.80	94.00	13.24	152.19	51.48	20.65	10.60
L₁N₀	17.70 f	64.75 e	12.59 c	106.79 f	-	-	-
L₁N₁	32.09 ab	109.36 c	17.26 ab	180.54 b	54.63 bc	20.87 ab	11.39 ab
L₁N₂	28.80 bc	117.99 ab	18.76 a	186.72 a	59.20 a	20.26 bc	11.99 a
L₁N₃	23.09 de	120.51 a	17.51 ab	179.55 b	53.89 c	19.55 c	10.53 bc
平均 Average	25.43	103.15	16.53	163.4	55.91	20.23	11.31
H₀N₀	23.44 cd	63.76 d	10.65 c	107.06 d	-	-	-
H₀N₁	33.27 b	104.60 c	11.62 bc	174.32 c	49.82 c	19.17 a	9.54 c
H₀N₂	24.95 c	115.20 abc	15.98 abc	178.57 c	52.97 c	18.78 a	9.95 bc
H₀N₃	25.45 c	125.20 a	20.90 abc	187.96 b	59.93 b	18.47 ab	11.01 a
平均 Average	26.78	102.19	14.79	161.97	54.24	18.81	10.16
H₁N₀	19.72 d	66.38 d	12.86 bc	110.05 d	-	-	-
H₁N₁	38.33 a	110.74 bc	21.45 ab	194.50 a	63.04 ab	17.01 bc	10.71 ab
H₁N₂	32.51 b	119.97 ab	25.21 a	197.83 a	65.52 a	17.73 abc	11.56 a
H₁N₃	31.61 b	125.98 a	17.11 abc	191.66 ab	60.95 ab	16.27 c	9.91 bc
平均 Average	30.54	105.77	19.16	173.51	63.17	17.00	10.73

处理 Treatment	各生育阶段氮积累量 N uptake at various growing stage/(kg·hm^-2)				氮肥利用效率 N utilization efficiency
处理 Treatment	移栽后 20~30 d 20-30DAT	移栽后30d 至齐穗期 30DAT-HS	齐穗期- 成熟期 HS-RS	总氮 Total nitrogen	氮肥回收利用率 N recovery efficiency /%	氮素生理利用率 N physiological efficiency /(kg·kg^-1)	氮肥农学利用率 N agronomy efficiency /(kg·kg^-1)
L₀N₀	19.22 ef	59.55 f	9.39 d	100.06 g	-	-	-
L₀N₁	36.38 a	92.80 d	12.96 c	163.33 e	46.86 e	21.12 a	9.89 c
L₀N₂	30.19 bc	107.51 c	14.00 c	169.69 d	51.58 d	21.18 a	10.92 b
L₀N₃	25.40 cd	116.12 b	16.60 b	175.66 c	55.99 b	19.63 c	10.99 b
平均 Average	27.80	94.00	13.24	152.19	51.48	20.65	10.60
L₁N₀	17.70 f	64.75 e	12.59 c	106.79 f	-	-	-
L₁N₁	32.09 ab	109.36 c	17.26 ab	180.54 b	54.63 bc	20.87 ab	11.39 ab
L₁N₂	28.80 bc	117.99 ab	18.76 a	186.72 a	59.20 a	20.26 bc	11.99 a
L₁N₃	23.09 de	120.51 a	17.51 ab	179.55 b	53.89 c	19.55 c	10.53 bc
平均 Average	25.43	103.15	16.53	163.4	55.91	20.23	11.31
H₀N₀	23.44 cd	63.76 d	10.65 c	107.06 d	-	-	-
H₀N₁	33.27 b	104.60 c	11.62 bc	174.32 c	49.82 c	19.17 a	9.54 c
H₀N₂	24.95 c	115.20 abc	15.98 abc	178.57 c	52.97 c	18.78 a	9.95 bc
H₀N₃	25.45 c	125.20 a	20.90 abc	187.96 b	59.93 b	18.47 ab	11.01 a
平均 Average	26.78	102.19	14.79	161.97	54.24	18.81	10.16
H₁N₀	19.72 d	66.38 d	12.86 bc	110.05 d	-	-	-
H₁N₁	38.33 a	110.74 bc	21.45 ab	194.50 a	63.04 ab	17.01 bc	10.71 ab
H₁N₂	32.51 b	119.97 ab	25.21 a	197.83 a	65.52 a	17.73 abc	11.56 a
H₁N₃	31.61 b	125.98 a	17.11 abc	191.66 ab	60.95 ab	16.27 c	9.91 bc
平均 Average	30.54	105.77	19.16	173.51	63.17	17.00	10.73

处理 Treatment	有效穗数 Effective panicle number /(×10⁴ hm^-2)	每穗粒数 Spikelet number per panicle	结实率 Seed setting rate /%	千粒重 1000-grain weight /g	实际产量 Grain yield /(kg·hm^-2)
L₀N₀	131.90 d	160.48 c	96.55 a	32.10 bc	6448.04 e
L₀N₁	158.60 bc	166.40 bc	96.44 ab	32.21 b	7783.67 c
L₀N₂	155.60 c	174.28 ab	94.43 ab	32.50 ab	7922.74 bc
L₀N₃	151.80 c	173.55 ab	96.14 ab	32.86 a	7931.82 bc
平均 Average	149.48	168.68	95.89	32.42	7521.57
L₁N₀	140.00 d	164.80 bc	96.41 ab	31.01 d	6700.45 d
L₁N₁	167.60 a	170.19 ab	92.65 bc	31.18 d	8238.71 a
L₁N₂	163.40 ab	177.77 a	91.55 cd	31.55 cd	8319.51 a
L₁N₃	159.20 abc	176.57 a	90.48 d	32.47 ab	8122.28 ab
平均 Average	157.55	172.33	92.77	31.55	7845.24
H₀N₀	132.80 d	170.63 c	96.53 a	31.71 bc	6718.45 e
H₀N₁	155.00 bc	172.58 bc	94.89 ab	31.72 bc	8005.97 c
H₀N₂	151.80 c	172.65 bc	94.15 b	32.69 a	8061.16 c
H₀N₃	151.20 c	179.51 ab	94.09 b	32.42 a	8209.04 c
平均 Average	147.70	173.84	94.92	32.14	7748.66
H₁N₀	138.30 d	177.87 abc	94.78 ab	31.32 c	7259.33 d
H₁N₁	168.20 ab	181.34 ab	91.32 c	31.55 c	8705.34 ab
H₁N₂	170.00 a	178.57 abc	93.57 b	32.26 ab	8820.04 a
H₁N₃	155.80 c	183.07 a	93.67 b	32.29 ab	8597.54 b
平均 Average	158.08	180.21	93.34	31.86	8345.57