不同水分管理方式对旱直播水稻产量和稻米品质的影响

doi:10.16819/j.1001-7216.2023.220810

中国水稻科学 ›› 2023, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (3): 285-294.DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2023.220810

不同水分管理方式对旱直播水稻产量和稻米品质的影响

杨晓龙¹, 王彪², 汪本福¹, 张枝盛¹, 张作林¹, 杨蓝天¹, 程建平¹^,^*(), 李阳¹^,^*()

¹湖北省农业科学院粮食作物研究所/粮食作物种质创新与遗传改良湖北省重点实验室/农业农村部作物分子育种重点实验室，武汉 430064
²华中农业大学植物科学技术学院，武汉 430070

收稿日期:2022-08-29 修回日期:2023-01-06 出版日期:2023-05-10 发布日期:2023-05-16
通讯作者: ^*email: chjp609@163.com;liylcy163.com
基金资助:
湖北省重点研发计划资助项目(2021BBA229);粮食作物种质创新与遗传改良湖北省重点实验室开放课题(2020lzjj03);粮食作物种质创新与遗传改良湖北省重点实验室开放课题(2022lzjj06)

Effects of Different Water Management on Yield and Rice Quality of Dry-seeded Rice

YANG Xiaolong¹, WANG Biao², WANG Benfu¹, ZHANG Zhisheng¹, ZHANG Zuolin¹, YANG Lantian¹, CHENG Jianping¹^,^*(), LI Yang¹^,^*()

¹Institute of Food crops, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement/Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430064, China
²College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China

Received:2022-08-29 Revised:2023-01-06 Online:2023-05-10 Published:2023-05-16
Contact: ^*email: chjp609@163.com;liylcy163.com

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究旱直播模式下不同水分管理方式对水稻产量、光合生理特性和稻米品质的影响，以期为干旱气候条件下的节水栽培提供理论依据。【方法】采用大田小区试验，以杂交稻旱优73和常规稻黄华占为试验材料，通过设置全生育期内旱管和水管两种水分管理模式，综合考查旱直播模式下不同水分管理方式对水稻叶片光合特性、地上部干物质积累及分配、产量和稻米品质的影响。【结果】水稻旱直播模式下进行旱作栽培显著提高了水分利用效率和水稻产量，降低了稻米的外观品质和食味品质。与淹水灌溉相比，旱作处理显著提高了叶片SPAD值和齐穗期净光合速率，促进了地上部干物质的积累；增加了茎秆和叶片干物质转运量和对籽粒贡献率，进而提高了水稻有效穗和千粒重。其中，黄华占和旱优73 产量分别增加14.0%和11.9%。旱作处理对加工品质没有显著影响，但显著降低了直链淀粉含量，增加了蛋白质含量；同时降低籽粒中重金属砷的含量，增加了重金属镉的含量。【结论】水稻旱直播模式为干旱气候条件下的水稻适应性栽培提供了可能，但稻米品质与产量协同提升因品种而异。因此，旱直播模式下高效优质栽培技术还需进一步研究。

关键词: 水稻, 旱直播, 水分管理, 产量, 稻米品质

Abstract:

【Objective】The effects of different water management on rice yield, photosynthetic physiological characteristics and rice quality under dry direct seeding mode were studied to lay a theoretical basis for water-saving cultivation under arid climate conditions.【Method】With hybrid rice Hanyou 73 and conventional rice Huanghuazhan as experimental materials, a field experiment was carried out under flooding irrigation (W) and dry cultivation (D) to evaluate the effects of irrigation regimes on photosynthetic characteristics of rice leaves, dry matter accumulation and distribution, yield and rice quality.【Result】Dry cultivation of rice under dry direct seeding mode significantly improved water use efficiency, increased rice yield, and reduced the appearance quality and eating quality of rice. Compared with flooding irrigation, dry cultivation significantly increased the SPAD value of leaves and the net photosynthetic rate at the heading stage, and promoted the accumulation of dry matter in shoot. The dry matter translocation amount and contribution rate from stem and leaf to grain were promoted, and the effective panicle number and 1000-grain weight of rice were increased. The yield of Huanghuazhan and Hanyou 73 increased by 14.0% and 11.9%, respectively. Dry cultivation had no significant effect on processing quality, but significantly reduced amylose contents and increased protein contents. At the same time, it reduced the content of heavy metal arsenic and increased the content of heavy metal cadmium in grains.【Conclusion】Dry cultivation under dry direct seeding mode provides the possibility for the adaptive cultivation of rice under dry climate conditions, but the synergistic improvement of rice quality and yield varies with variety. Therefore, more efforts should be made in developing the high-efficiency and high-quality cultivation technology under the dry direct seeding mode.

Key words: rice, dry direct seeding, water management, yield, rice quality

杨晓龙, 王彪, 汪本福, 张枝盛, 张作林, 杨蓝天, 程建平, 李阳. 不同水分管理方式对旱直播水稻产量和稻米品质的影响[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2023, 37(3): 285-294.

YANG Xiaolong, WANG Biao, WANG Benfu, ZHANG Zhisheng, ZHANG Zuolin, YANG Lantian, CHENG Jianping, LI Yang. Effects of Different Water Management on Yield and Rice Quality of Dry-seeded Rice[J]. Chinese Journal OF Rice Science, 2023, 37(3): 285-294.

图/表 9

图1 不同水分管理模式下水稻齐穗期剑叶SPAD值 HHZ－黄华占；HY73－旱优73；W－全生育期淹水灌溉；D－全生育期旱作；TS－分蘖盛期；BS－孕穗期；HS－齐穗期；MS－成熟期。柱上不同字母表示在5%水平上差异显著（P<0.05）。下同。

Fig. 1. SPAD value of flag leaf of rice at heading stage under different water management modes. HHZ, Huanghuazhan; HY73, Hanyou 73; W, Traditional flooding; D, Dry cultivation; TS, Tillering stage; BS, Booting stage; HS, Heading stage; MS, Maturity stage. Different letters above the column indicate statistical significance at P=0.05 level. The same below.

图2 不同水分管理模式下水稻齐穗期剑叶光合参数的变化 HHZ－黄华占；HY73－旱优73；W－全生育期淹水灌溉；D－全生育期旱作。柱形上不同字母表示在5%水平上差异显著（P<0.05）。下同。

Fig. 2. Photosynthetic parameters of flag leaf of rice at heading stage under different water management modes. HHZ, Huanghuazhan; HY73, Hanyou 73; W, Traditional flooding; D, Dry cultivation. Different letters above the column indicate statistical significance at P=0.05 level. The same as below.

图3 不同水分管理模式下水稻齐穗期剑叶瞬时水分利用效率的变化

Fig. 3. Instantaneous water use efficiency(IWUE) of flag leaves of rice at heading stage under different water management modes.

表1 不同水分管理模式下茎秆、叶片物质转运特性及对籽粒贡献率

Table 1. Dry matter translocation characteristics in stem and leaves and its contribution to grains in various water management modes.

品种 Variety	处理 Treatment	茎秆 Culm			叶片 Leaf
品种 Variety	处理 Treatment	转运量 Translocation amount/(kg·hm⁻²)	转运率 Translocation rate/%	转运贡献率 Contribution rate of translocation/%	转运量 Translocation amount/(kg·hm⁻²)	转运率 Translocation rate/%	转运贡献率 Contribution rate of translocation/%
黄华占 Huanghuazhan	W	419.1±30.2 b	12.39±1.61 b	17.57±2.97 b	305.3±18.15 c	22.13±1.18 b	12.70±0.81 b
黄华占 Huanghuazhan	D	696.7±57.7 a	20.55±1.63 a	25.00±5.05 a	496.7±29.05 a	27.89±2.07 a	17.76±2.84 a
旱优73 Hanyou 73	W	303.3±17.4 c	9.02±0.19 c	13.38±2.39 b	250.6±7.25 d	19.57±2.65 b	10.98±1.13 b
旱优73 Hanyou 73	D	791.8±77.3 a	17.94±1.99 a	27.39±5.45 a	426.8±21.97 b	25.83±2.49 a	14.72±2.20 a

表2 不同水分管理模式下成熟期地上部干物质分配比例

Table 2. Dry matter translocation characteristics in stem and leaves in various water management modes.

品种 Variety	处理 Treatment	源器官 Source organ/%			籽粒 Grain/%	源库比 Source/sink
品种 Variety	处理 Treatment	茎鞘 Culm	叶 Leaf	茎鞘+叶 Culm+sheath+leaf	籽粒 Grain/%	源库比 Source/sink
黄华占 Huanghuazhan	W	44.64±1.64 a	16.11±0.65 ab	60.74±1.74 a	39.25±1.74 b	1.55±0.11 a
黄华占 Huanghuazhan	D	37.46±1.78 b	17.86±0.34 a	55.32±1.45 b	44.68±1.45 ab	1.24±0.07 b
旱优73 Hanyou 73	W	43.14±1.75 a	14.69±1.80 b	57.83±3.22 a	42.17±3.22 b	1.38±0.17 ab
旱优73 Hanyou 73	D	36.70±1.90 b	14.49±1.08 b	51.19±0.81 b	48.81±0.81 a	1.04±0.04 c

表3 不同水分管理方式对水稻产量及其构成的影响

Table 3. Effects of different water management methods on yield and its components of rice.

品种 Variety	处理 Treatment	每平方米有效穗数 Panicle number per m²	每穗粒数 Spikelet number per panicle	结实率 Seed setting rate/%	千粒重 1000-grain weight/g	产量 Grain yield/(t·hm⁻²)
黄华占 Huanghuazhan	W	302.7±12.9 b	152.8±8.2 c	92.1±2.4 a	21.7±0.0 d	6.80±0.20 c
黄华占 Huanghuazhan	D	410.7±15.0 a	123.0±0.7 d	85.8±1.3 b	22.6±0.1 c	7.76±0.22 b
旱优73 Hanyou 73	W	257.3±12.9 c	189.6±4.3 a	92.1±0.3 a	28.8±0.1 b	7.50±0.16 b
旱优73 Hanyou 73	D	296.0±8.89 b	172.7±2.7 b	86.8±1.6 b	30.3±0.0 a	8.39±0.12 a

表4 不同水分管理方式对稻米加工品质和外观品质的影响

Table 4. Effects of different water management methods on rice milling and appearance quality.

品种 Variety	处理 Treatment	糙米率 Brown rice rate/%	精米率 Milled rice rate/%	整精米率 Head rice rate/%	垩白粒率 Chalky grain rate/%	垩白度 Chalkiness/%	粒长 Grain length/mm
黄华占 Huanghuazhan	W	78.9±0.7 a	68.0±0.3 a	65.1±0.1 a	7.3±0.2 b	1.2±0.2 b	6.1±0.01 c
黄华占 Huanghuazhan	D	76.9±0.4 a	65.1±1.0 a	62.3±1.0 a	7.9±0.2 b	1.6±0.7 b	6.0±0.02 c
旱优73 Hanyou 73	W	79.4±0.7 a	66.1±1.0 a	55.8±1.5 b	6.4±0.3 b	1.2±0.3 b	6.5±0.03 a
旱优73 Hanyou 73	D	74.6±2.1 a	64.5±1.5 a	51.5±3.2 b	12.4±1.9 a	4.6±0.7 a	6.3±0.08 b

表5 不同水分管理方式对稻米营养品质和重金属含量的影响

Table 5. Effects of different water management methods on nutritional quality and As/Cd concentrations in milled rice.

品种 Variety	处理 Treatment	直链淀粉含量 Amylose content/%	蛋白质含量 Protein content/%	砷含量 As content/(mg·kg⁻¹)	镉含量 Cd content/(mg·kg⁻¹)
黄华占 Huanghuazhan	W	15.13±0.26 a	8.41±0.11 c	0.18±0.01 a	0.0412±0.00 b
黄华占 Huanghuazhan	D	14.51±0.21 b	9.14±0.08 ab	0.14±0.00 b	0.0726±0.00 a
旱优73 Hanyou 73	W	13.85±0.21 c	8.33±0.63 c	0.15±0.00 b	0.0424±0.00 b
旱优73 Hanyou 73	D	12.80±0.18 d	9.61±0.42 a	0.12±0.00 c	0.0653±0.00 a

图4 生理指标与干物质转运的相关关系 Y－产量； Pn－净光合速率；Ci－胞间二氧化碳浓度；TVDM－干物质转运量；CRDM－干物质转运贡献率；*表示在0.05水平上显著相关。

Fig. 4. Correlation analysis between yield, dry matter transport and physiological indicators. Y, Yield; Pn, Net photosynthetic rate; Ci, Intercellular CO2 concentration; TVDM, Transport volume of dry matter; CRDM, Contribution rate of dry matter transport to panicle. *Significantly correlated at the 0.05 probability level.

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不同水分管理方式对旱直播水稻产量和稻米品质的影响

Effects of Different Water Management on Yield and Rice Quality of Dry-seeded Rice

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