基于农户调查的长江中游地区双季稻生产碳足迹及其构成

doi:10.16819/j.1001-7216.2018.7080

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的长江中游地区是我国双季稻主产区,系统分析双季稻生产碳足迹构成对于该地区农业的固碳减排和发展低碳农业具有重要的意义。方法基于农业碳足迹理论及生命周期评价法,采用问卷调查方式定量研究长江中游地区双季稻生产碳足迹,分析其构成因素,解析长江中游地区双季稻生产肥料、灌溉投入以及碳足迹与水稻产量的关系。【内容】长江中游地区双季稻单位产量、单位生物量、单位产值碳足迹分别为0.67 kg/kg、0.35 kg/kg和0.27 kg/元,随着产量的增加呈现显著降低的趋势。CH₄排放、柴油、肥料为长江中游地区双季稻生产碳排放主要来源,分别占双季稻生产碳足迹的66.2%、13.1%和10.9%。早稻和晚稻生产分别有22.4%和36.7%的地块氮肥投入过量,28.4%和33.5%的地块灌溉投入过量且产量较低,存在着较大的节能减排潜力。种植规模与碳足迹呈现显著负相关关系。与小规模双季稻种植相比,大规模早稻和晚稻种植单位产量碳足迹分别降低了29.7%和37.2%。这项研究表明,作物生产的碳足迹可能受到农场规模、气候条件以及作物管理实践的影响。结论因此,适当减少双季稻种植面积并发展水稻节肥节水及免耕技术,构建规模化的低碳种植模式必将成为未来长江流域双季稻生产应对气候变化发展低碳农业的重要举措。

关键词: 碳足迹, 双季稻, 全球变暖, 生命周期

Abstract:

【Objective】The middle Yangtze River Valley is one of the major double cropping rice areas in China, and it is of great significance to analyze the carbon footprint of double cropping rice for developing low-carbon agriculture in this region.【Method】According to a survey on farmers, the carbon footprint of double rice production in the middle Yangtze River Basin was estimated using a life-cycle assessment method in the agricultural sector. The proportion of different agricultural inputs in the carbon footprint of double cropping rice production was explored. In addition, the relationships between fertilizer and irrigation inputs and the double cropping rice yield, carbon footprint and the rice grain yield were analyzed.【Result】The results showed carbon footprint per unit yield, carbon footprint per unit biomass and carbon footprint per unit production value for double rice in the middle Yangtze River Valley were 0.67 kg /kg, 0.35 kg/kg and 0.27 kg/CNY, respectively, showing a significant decrease with the increase of double yield. The main components of the carbon footprint were CH₄(66.2%), Diesel consumption (13.2%) and fertilizer (10.9%). With low grain yield, 22.4% early rice field and 36.7% late rice field were found excessively-fertilized, and 28.4% and 33.5% were excessive in irrigation. There were large potentials in energy saving and emission reduction. A decrease of carbon footprint in early rice and late rice was found in large-sized farms by 29.7% and 37.2%, respectively, compared to smaller ones. This study demonstrated that carbon footprint of crop production could be affected by farm size and climate condition as well as crop management practices.【Conclusion】 Thus, moderate reduction of double-cropping rice area and developing technology that saves water and fertilizer, as well as conservation tillage technology and large scaled farms could help mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from double-cropping rice production of the middle Yangtze River Valley.

Key words: carbon footprint, double cropping rice, global warming, life cycle assessment

中图分类号:

陈中督, 徐春春, 纪龙, 方福平. 基于农户调查的长江中游地区双季稻生产碳足迹及其构成[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2018, 32(6): 601-609.

Zhongdu CHEN, Chunchun XU, Long JI, Fuping FANG. Carbon Footprint Analysis of Double Cropping Rice Production in the Middle Yangtze River Valley Based on Household Surveys[J]. Chinese Journal OF Rice Science, 2018, 32(6): 601-609.

图/表 7

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项目Item	单位Unit	系数Coefficient	来源Source
柴油Diesel	kg/kg	0.89	CLCD 0.7
柴油燃烧Diesel combustion	kg/kg	4.10	CLCD 0.7
灌溉用电Electricity for irrigation	kg/kg	0.82	CLCD 0.7
氮肥N	kg/kg	1.53	CLCD 0.7
磷肥P₂O₅	kg/kg	1.63	CLCD 0.7
钾肥K₂O	kg/kg	0.65	CLCD 0.7
农膜Film	kg/kg	22.72	Ecoinvent 2.2
杀虫剂Insecticides	kg/kg	16.61	Ecoinvent 2.2
除草剂Herbicides	kg/kg	10.15	Ecoinvent 2.2
杀菌剂Fungicides	kg/kg	10.57	Ecoinvent 2.2
水稻种子Rice seed	kg/kg	1.84	Ecoinvent 2.2

项目Item	单位Unit	系数Coefficient	来源Source
柴油Diesel	kg/kg	0.89	CLCD 0.7
柴油燃烧Diesel combustion	kg/kg	4.10	CLCD 0.7
灌溉用电Electricity for irrigation	kg/kg	0.82	CLCD 0.7
氮肥N	kg/kg	1.53	CLCD 0.7
磷肥P₂O₅	kg/kg	1.63	CLCD 0.7
钾肥K₂O	kg/kg	0.65	CLCD 0.7
农膜Film	kg/kg	22.72	Ecoinvent 2.2
杀虫剂Insecticides	kg/kg	16.61	Ecoinvent 2.2
除草剂Herbicides	kg/kg	10.15	Ecoinvent 2.2
杀菌剂Fungicides	kg/kg	10.57	Ecoinvent 2.2
水稻种子Rice seed	kg/kg	1.84	Ecoinvent 2.2

项目Item	早稻Early rice	晚稻Late rice	双季稻Double rice
N₂O	4.92	5.04	4.98
CH₄	63.5	68.7	66.2
柴油Diesel fuel	13.9	12.3	13.1
灌溉Irrigation	0.5	0.6	0.5
农膜Plastic film	3.6	0.0	1.7
种子Seeds	2.5	1.7	2.1
除草剂Herbicides	0.0	0.1	0.1
杀虫剂Insecticides	0.2	0.2	0.2
杀菌剂Fungicides	0.2	0.2	0.2
氮肥N	8.4	8.6	8.5
磷肥P₂O₅	0.9	1.1	1.0
钾肥K₂O	1.4	1.5	1.5

项目Item	早稻Early rice	晚稻Late rice	双季稻Double rice
N₂O	4.92	5.04	4.98
CH₄	63.5	68.7	66.2
柴油Diesel fuel	13.9	12.3	13.1
灌溉Irrigation	0.5	0.6	0.5
农膜Plastic film	3.6	0.0	1.7
种子Seeds	2.5	1.7	2.1
除草剂Herbicides	0.0	0.1	0.1
杀虫剂Insecticides	0.2	0.2	0.2
杀菌剂Fungicides	0.2	0.2	0.2
氮肥N	8.4	8.6	8.5
磷肥P₂O₅	0.9	1.1	1.0
钾肥K₂O	1.4	1.5	1.5

项目Items	早稻Early rice			晚稻Late rice
项目Items	大规模LZF	中规模MZF	小规模SZF	大规模LZF	中规模MZF	小规模SZF
柴油Diesel fuel	484.7±65.2 b	526.8±91.3 b	676.2±44.1 a	525.3±77.1 b	571.5±102.1 b	772.0±66.6 a
氮肥N	255.6±31.1 c	361.4±53.3 b	470.9±50.2 a	332.2±54.5 c	412.5±20.1 b	554.2±77.9 a
磷肥P₂O₅	19.2±8.2 b	38.5±11.4 a	42.9±10.5 a	34.2±9.7 b	36.9±16.4 b	66.3±15.4 a
钾肥K₂O	65.5±20.1 a	57.1±17.2 a	67.1±15.9 a	52.4±15.1 b	85.1±16.8 a	96.2±9.4 a
灌溉Irrigation	15.3±5.1 b	18.3±3.8 b	25.3±1.8 a	31.7±8.6 a	23.8±7.1 a	39.3±10.2 a
农膜Film	153.9±39.1 a	165.4±61.1 a	167.2±38.6 a	-	-	-
种子Seed	123.6±49.5 a	118.8±55.3 a	111.5±51.7 a	132.3±66.1 a	55.6±19.1 b	74.5±21.9 b
除草剂Herbicides	1.9±0.9 a	2.0±1.1 a	2.1±0.8 a	3.1±1.2 a	4.5±2.1 a	2.6±1.3 a
杀虫剂Insecticides	7.0±2.7 a	10.3±4.5 a	5.2±3.9 a	7.3±2.9 a	10.8±3.1 a	10.0±2.9 a
杀菌剂Fungicides	7.3±3.8 a	8.3±2.9 a	10.5±4.6 a	6.0±3.3 a	8.7±2.7 a	7.3±2.5 a
甲烷CH₄	2751.0±902.7 a	2863.1±962.7 a	3018.8±802.9 a	3106.4±1009.1 a	3403.8±1122.1 a	3480.1±1245.4 a
氧化亚氮N₂O	149.9±31.1 c	212.2±28.2 b	276.3±28.2 a	198.2±21.8 c	252.2±32.9 c	329.6±41.5 c
面积碳足迹Cf	4035.1±302.7 b	4382.2±232.1 b	4874.0±202.1 a	4429.3±333.1 b	4865.3±298.1 b	5532.2±442.1 a
产量Yield	7500.0±511.2 a	6653.2±302.7 b	6222.0±441.2 b	7800.0±311.1 a	7403.6±413.2 a	6037.5±849.1 b
产量碳足迹Cf_y	0.54±0.05 c	0.66±0.02 b	0.78±0.08 a	0.57±0.05 b	0.66±0.09 b	0.92±0.13 a