孕穗期冷水灌溉对寒地粳稻籽粒灌浆及其氮素积累的影响

doi:10．3969/j．issn．1001G7216．2015．03．005

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探究孕穗期冷水灌溉下粳稻籽粒灌浆过程中的干物质、氮素形成积累规律及氮代谢关键酶调控效应,以东农428和松粳10为材料,设置6个冷水灌溉持续时间(0、3、6、9、12和15 d), 分析孕穗期冷水灌溉对寒地粳稻籽粒灌浆过程中的干物质、氮素积累及氮代谢关键酶活性的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,孕穗期冷水灌溉下,寒地粳稻产量及籽粒干物质积累量的变化规律一致,冷水灌溉持续时间越长,产量及籽粒干物质积累量降幅越大。冷水灌溉下,寒地粳稻籽粒干物质积累量降低,除与籽粒干物质最大相对积累速率降低有关外,还与结实率降低、有效穗数和每穗总粒数减少有关。冷水灌溉可提高寒地粳稻籽粒全氮、蛋白氮、成熟期籽粒粗蛋白含量及灌浆前期籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性。冷水灌溉6 d可显著提高籽粒谷草转氨酶(GOT)及谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性,冷水灌溉9~15 d可显著降低其活性。短期冷水灌溉下(3~6 d),寒地粳稻通过增强有机氮同化过程,促进蛋白质合成,使籽粒氮素含量增加;长期冷水灌溉下(9~15 d),籽粒有机氮同化过程受到抑制,影响氨基酸和蛋白质的合成,最终导致籽粒氮素增幅下降。籽粒全氮、蛋白氮和淀粉颗粒态结合蛋白是不同耐冷性品种响应冷水胁迫的差异产物,其含量可作为耐冷性鉴定的指标。

关键词: 粳稻, 孕穗期, 冷水灌溉, 籽粒灌浆, 氮素, 寒地

Abstract:

In order to understand how cold-water irrigation at booting stage affects the dry matter and nitrogen accumulation of grain in rice in cold-region, two japonica rice (Dongnong 428 and Songjing 10) were subjected to cold water irrigation for 6 varying length of time (0, 3, 6, 9,12 and 15 d) at booting stage. The dry matter, nitrogen accumulation and enzyme activities involved in nitrogen metabolism of grain were measured,respectively. The results showed that grain dry matter accumulation and yield in rice in cold-region followed a similar trend, and decreased under cold-water irrigation at booting stage with increasing cold-water irrigation days compared with the control. Due to the decreased maximum accumulation rate, seed setting rate, productive panicle number, grain number per panicle, grain dry matter accumulation decreased. The total nitrogen, protein nitrogen of grain, protein content of mature grain, and glutamine synthetase activity at early grain filling stage increased under cold-water irrigation. The gutamic-pyruvic transaminase and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase activities in grain significantly increased under 6 d of cold-water irrigation, whereas significantly decreased under 9-15 d of cold-water irrigation. The increase in total and protein nitrogen contents was due to the enhancement of grain nitrogen assimilation and protein synthesis ability under short term (3-6 d) cold-water irrigation, however, the process of nitrogen assimilation was inhibited, affecting the synthesis of protein and amino acid, eventually leading to a reduction in the growth rate of grain nitrogen content under long term(9-15 d) cold-water irrigation. Given grain total nitrogen, protein nitrogen and granule starch protein content varied with cold-water treatment duration and cultivar, they can be used as comprehensive evaluation indicators for cold resistance.

Key words: japonica rice, booting stage, cold-water irrigation, grain filling, nitrogen, cold region

中图分类号:

贾琰, 沈阳, 邹德堂, 沙汉景, 刘化龙, 赵振东, 夏楠, 赵宏伟. 孕穗期冷水灌溉对寒地粳稻籽粒灌浆及其氮素积累的影响[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2015, 29(3): 259-272.

Yan JIA, Yang SHEN, De-tang ZOU, Han-jing SHA, Jing-guo WANG, Hua-long LIU, Zhen-dong ZHAO, Nan XIA, Hong-wei ZHAO. Effect of Cold-Water Irrigation at Booting Stage on Grain Filling and Nitrogen Accumulation of Rice in Cold-Region[J]. Chinese Journal OF Rice Science, 2015, 29(3): 259-272.

图/表 15

参考文献 36

[1]	梁书民. 中国农业种植结构及演化的空间分布和原因分析. 中国农业资源与区划, 2006, 27(2): 29-34.
[2]	宫攀,陈仲新,唐华俊,等. 土地覆盖分类系统研究进展. 中国农业资源与区划, 2006, 27(2): 35-40.
[3]	朱海霞,王秋京,闫平,等. 孕穗抽穗期低温处理对黑龙江省主栽水稻品种结实率的影响.中国农业气象,2012,33(2): 304-309.
[4]	王连敏. 寒地水稻耐冷基础的研究:Ⅱ.小孢子阶段低温对水稻结实的影响. 中国农业气象,1997,18(5): 9-11.
[5]	耿立清,张凤鸣,许显滨,等. 低温冷害对黑龙江水稻生产的影响及防御对策. 中国稻米, 2004(5): 33.
[6]	杨仕华,余常水,程本义. 孕穗期自然低温对籼型杂交水稻的影响分析. 杂交水稻,2003,18(6): 51-54.
[7]	Jiang Z W, Lee J H, Chu S H, et al.Genotype× environment interactions for chilling tolerance of rice recombinant inbred lines under different low temperature environments.Field Crop Res, 2010, 117(2): 226-236.
[8]	Shimono H, Hasegawa T, Iwama K,Response of growth and grain yield in paddy rice to cool water at different growth stage.Field Crop Res, 2002, 73: 67-79.
[9]	Shimono H, Hasegawa T, Iwama K.Modeling the effects of water temperature on rice growth and yield under a cool climate: Ⅰ. Model development.Agron J, 2007, 99: 1327-1337.
[10]	Shimono H, Okada M, Kanda E,Arakawa Ⅰ.Low temperature-induced sterility in rice: Evidence for the effects of temperature before panicle initiation.Field Crop Res, 2007,101:221-231.
[11]	Pereira da C R, Milach S C K, Federizzi L C. Rice cold tolerance at the reproductive stage in a controlled environment.Sci Agric, 2006, 63(3): 255-261.
[12]	刘芸,唐延林,黄敬峰,等. 利用高光谱数据估计水稻米粉中粗蛋白粗淀粉和直链淀粉含量.中国农业科学,2008,41(9):2617-2623.
[13]	蔡一霞,徐大勇,朱庆森. 稻米品质形成的生理基础研究进展.植物学通报,2004,21(4): 419-428.
[14]	Maysaya T, Randi C J, Maria C A, et al.Effects of environmental factors on cereal starch biosynthesis and composition.J Cereal Sci, 2012, 56: 67-80.
[15]	武琦. 不同生育时期低温胁迫下寒地粳稻淀粉积累规律的研究.哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2013.
[16]	Martin A, Lee J, Kichey T, et al.Two cytosolic glutamine synthetase isoforms of maize are specifically involved in the control of grain production.Plant Cell,2006, 18(11): 3252-3274.
[17]	Hirel B, Bertin P, Quillere I, et al.Towards a better under standing of the genetic and physiological basis for nitrogen use efficiency in maize.Plant Physiol, 2001, 125: 1258-1270.
[18]	Yamagata H,Tanaka K.The site of synthesis and accumulation of rice storage proteins.Plant Cell Physiol,1986,27:135-145.
[19]	Lam H M, Coschigano K T, Oliveira I C, et al.The molecular genetics of nitrogen assimilation into amino acids in higher plants.Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol,1996,47:569-593.
[20]	Rocha M, Licausi F, Araújo W L, et al.Glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle are linked by alanine aminotransferase during hypoxia induced by waterlogging of lotus japonicas.Plant Physiol, 2010, 152: 1501-1513.
[21]	Berger S, Sinha A K, Roitsch T.Plant physiology meets phytopathology: Plant primary metabolism and plant-pathogen interactions.J Exp Bot, 2007, 58: 4019-4026.
[22]	Heil M, Bostock R M.Induced systemic resistance (ISR) against pathogens in the context of induced plant defences.Ann Bot, 2002, 89: 503-512.
[23]	Bolton M D.Primary metabolism and plant defense-fuel for the fire.Mol Plant Microbe Interact, 2009, 22: 487-497.
[24]	Kinnersley A M, Turano F J.Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and plant responses to stress.Crit Rev Plant Sci, 2000,19: 479-509.
[25]	王晓纯,熊淑萍,马新明,等. 不同形态氮素对专用型小麦花后氮代谢关键酶活性及籽粒蛋白质含量的影响. 生态学报,2005, 25(4): 802-807.
[26]	马冬云,郭天财,查菲娜,等. 种植密度对两种穗型冬小麦旗叶氮代谢酶活性及籽粒蛋白质含量的影响. 作物学报,2007,33(3): 514-517.
[27]	Yong J S, Jun M, YuanY S, et al. The effects of different water and nitrogen managements on yield and nitrogen use efficiency in hybrid rice of China.Field Crop Res, 2012,127: 85-98.
[28]	吴良欢,蒋式洪,陶勤南,等. 植物转氨酶(GOT和GPT)活度比色测定方法及其应用. 土壤通报,1998,29(3): 136-138.
[29]	邹琦主编. 植物生理学实验指导. 北京:中国农业出版社,2000:129-130.
[30]	盛婧,陶红娟, 陈留根. 灌浆结实期不同时段温度对水稻结实与稻米品质的影响. 中国水稻科学, 2007,21(4): 396-402.
[31]	李健陵,霍治国,吴丽姬,等. 孕穗期低温对水稻产量的影响及其生理机制. 中国水稻科学, 2014,28(3): 277-288.
[32]	韦克苏. 花后高温对水稻胚乳淀粉合成与蛋白积累的影响机理. 杭州: 浙江大学, 2012.
[33]	滕中华,智丽,宗学凤,等. 高温胁迫对水稻灌浆结实期叶绿素荧光、抗活性氧活力和稻米品质的影响.作物学报,2008,34(9):1662-1666.
[34]	梁成刚,陈利平,汪燕,等. 高温对水稻灌浆期籽粒氮代谢关键酶活性及蛋白质含量的影响.中国水稻科学,2010,24(4):398-402.
[35]	曹珍珍,张其芳,韦克苏,等. 水稻籽粒氮代谢几个关键酶对花后高温胁迫的响应及其与贮藏蛋白积累关系. 作物学报,2012,38(1):99-106.
[36]	吴翔宙. 温光对水稻穗上不同粒位籽粒米质的影响及机理研究. 扬州: 扬州大学, 2008.

年份 Year	有机质 Organic matter /(g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total N / (g·kg^-1)	全磷 Total P / (g·kg^-1)	缓效钾 Slowly available K / (mg·kg^-1)	速效氮 Available N / (mg·kg^-1)	速效磷 Available P / (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K / (mg·kg^-1)	pH值 pH value
2012	22.338	1.24	0.41	706.5	129.8	18.7	99.1	6.80
2013	22.215	1.18	0.36	704.2	125.4	18.2	98.5	6.78

年份 Year	有机质 Organic matter /(g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total N / (g·kg^-1)	全磷 Total P / (g·kg^-1)	缓效钾 Slowly available K / (mg·kg^-1)	速效氮 Available N / (mg·kg^-1)	速效磷 Available P / (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K / (mg·kg^-1)	pH值 pH value
2012	22.338	1.24	0.41	706.5	129.8	18.7	99.1	6.80
2013	22.215	1.18	0.36	704.2	125.4	18.2	98.5	6.78

年份 Year	试验处理 Treatment	水温 T_w/℃	空气温度 T_a/℃	冠层温度T_c/℃			热量 Rd /(MJ·m^-2 d^-1)
年份 Year	试验处理 Treatment	水温 T_w/℃	空气温度 T_a/℃	上层 Upper		中层 Middle	下层 Lower
2012	对照 Control	24.3±2.1	25.1±1.8	25.6±0.4	25.2±0.5	24.5±0.6	16.2±7.6
	冷水灌溉 Cold-water irrigation	17.2±0.8	24.5±2.1	24.5±0.5	22.1±0.6	17.4±0.8	16.1±7.4
2013	对照 Control	24.5±1.8	23.8±1.8	25.2±0.5	24.8±0.6	24.1±0.5	15.6±7.5
	冷水灌溉 Cold-water irrigation	17.3±0.6	23.6±1.5	24.8±0.8	22.8±0.6	17.2±0.4	15.5±7.3

年份 Year	试验处理 Treatment	水温 T_w/℃	空气温度 T_a/℃	冠层温度T_c/℃			热量 Rd /(MJ·m^-2 d^-1)
年份 Year	试验处理 Treatment	水温 T_w/℃	空气温度 T_a/℃	上层 Upper		中层 Middle	下层 Lower
2012	对照 Control	24.3±2.1	25.1±1.8	25.6±0.4	25.2±0.5	24.5±0.6	16.2±7.6
	冷水灌溉 Cold-water irrigation	17.2±0.8	24.5±2.1	24.5±0.5	22.1±0.6	17.4±0.8	16.1±7.4
2013	对照 Control	24.5±1.8	23.8±1.8	25.2±0.5	24.8±0.6	24.1±0.5	15.6±7.5
	冷水灌溉 Cold-water irrigation	17.3±0.6	23.6±1.5	24.8±0.8	22.8±0.6	17.2±0.4	15.5±7.3

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	累积平均气温Accumulated temperature/℃
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	7DAH	14DAH	21DAH	28DAH	35DAH	42DAH	49DAH	56DAH
2012	D0	22.79 a	22.46 a	22.45 a	22.21 a	22.26 a	21.77 a	21.34 a	20.59 a
	D3	23.57 a	22.54 a	22.67 a	22.41 a	22.37 a	21.79 a	21.30 a	20.52 a
	D6	23.86 a	22.43 a	22.52 a	22.30 a	22.26 a	21.62 a	21.02 a	20.33 a
	D9	23.71 a	22.36 a	22.24 a	22.20 a	22.10 a	21.38 a	20.71 a	20.20 a
	D12	23.50 a	22.31 a	22.17 a	22.29 a	21.91 a	21.18 a	20.52 a	20.11 a
	D15	22.93 a	22.42 a	24.76 a	22.25 a	21.73 a	21.18 a	20.46 a	20.05 a
2013	D0	25.71 a	25.61 a	24.67 a	23.91 a	22.57 a	21.67 a	21.28 a	20.67 a
	D3	25.36 a	25.56 a	24.68 a	23.78 a	22.51 a	21.65 a	21.26 a	20.44 a
	D6	25.29 a	25.48 a	24.58 a	23.87 a	22.48 a	21.62 a	21.18 a	20.39 a
	D9	25.29 a	25.49 a	24.52 a	23.65 a	22.45 a	21.58 a	21.14 a	20.36 a
	D12	25.50 a	25.33 a	24.38 a	23.47 a	22.40 a	21.45 a	21.05 a	20.24 a
	D15	25.50 a	25.25 a	24.37 a	23.43 a	22.37 a	21.31 a	21.02 a	20.19 a