秸秆还田方式对稻田土壤特性和温室气体排放的影响及其水肥互作调控

doi:10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.240703

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

作物秸秆的合理利用对实现农业的可持续发展具有重要意义。我国在秸秆综合利用方面取得了显著进步。秸秆还田是秸秆资源化利用的一种有效途径，对保证粮食生产力和促进土壤良性循环有积极影响，同时，秸秆还田会改变稻田土壤特性进而改变土壤微生物组成和活性，最终影响温室气体排放。本文综述了秸秆翻耕还田、免耕覆盖还田和炭化还田等秸秆还田方式对稻田土壤特性和温室气体排放的影响及机制，总结了秸秆还田条件下的配套水肥栽培调控措施，并提出了存在的问题和讨论了未来研究重点。

关键词: 水稻, 秸秆还田方式, 土壤特性, 温室气体

Abstract:

The rational utilization of crop straw is of great significance to sustain agricultural development, and remarkable progress has been made in the comprehensive utilization of crop straw in China. Returning straw to fields is an effective method for utilizing straw resources, positively impacting grain productivity and promoting a virtuous cycle in soil health. At the same time, returning straw to fields alters the soil characteristics of paddy fields, which in turn changes the composition and activity of soil microorganisms, ultimately affecting greenhouse gas emissions. This work reviewed the effects and mechanisms of straw tillage, no-tillage mulch, and carbonization on soil characteristics and greenhouse gas emissions in paddy fields. It summarized measures for managing water and fertilizer under straw tillage conditions and discussed existing problems and future research priorities.

Key words: rice, straw returning method, soil characteristics, greenhouse gas

王超瑞, 周宇琨, 温雅, 张瑛, 法晓彤, 肖治林, 张耗. 秸秆还田方式对稻田土壤特性和温室气体排放的影响及其水肥互作调控[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2025, 39(3): 295-305.

WANG Chaorui, ZHOU Yukun, WEN Ya, ZHANG Ying, FA Xiaotong, XIAO Zhilin, ZHANG Hao. Effects of Straw Returning Methods on Soil Characteristics and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Paddy Fields and Their Regulation Through Water-fertilizer Interactions[J]. Chinese Journal OF Rice Science, 2025, 39(3): 295-305.

图/表 2

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秸秆还田方式 Straw returning method	技术要求 Technical requirement	土壤特性 Soil characteristics	温室气体 Greenhouse gas	参考文献 Reference
翻耕还田	秸秆合格粉碎长度<15 cm，机械翻耕打入耕作层，提高秸秆的入土率和还田质量	深层土壤容重降低、大团聚体数量和孔隙度提高；补充土壤碳库，N、P、K等营养元素含量增多；碳氮循环相关细菌丰度、活性增强，脲酶、磷酸酶等土壤酶活性提高	显著促进CH₄和CO₂排放，极显著增加温室气体排放强度	[10,37,59]
覆盖免耕还田	秸秆覆盖在田面，不扰动土壤，进行水稻直播或移栽的技术	表层土壤容重降低，大团聚体比例增加；减少田间水分蒸发和灌溉用水量；促进硝化作用、提高C、P、K等养分积累，提高综合生产能力	CH₄增排幅度小于翻耕还田，或能降低CH₄排放	[12,36,62]
炭化还田	秸秆通过热解工艺，在低氧和较低温度下得到的富含碳的多孔固体颗粒材料，水稻移栽前混入土壤	团粒结构增多，土壤通气性增强，容重降低；减缓土壤酸化，降低重金属积累；固碳效果显著，对营养元素有吸附性；酸杆菌丰度降低	生物炭促进CH₄氧化，显著降低或不影响温室气体排放当量	[23,43,63]
菌剂促腐还田	使用秸秆生物菌剂，快速降解秸秆纤维结构，7~10 d基本软化并初步腐熟，耕作时旋、耕、犁、耙不被缠绕，便于水稻的播种或移栽	改善土壤物理性质；避免微生物与水稻出现争氮现象，快速释放秸秆中营养元素，提高土壤碳库容量；菌剂本身富含大量微生物，能激发土壤酶活性，改变土壤微生物群落构成	水稻生育前期，温室气体因底物充足提前出现排放高峰	[83-88]

秸秆还田方式 Straw returning method	技术要求 Technical requirement	土壤特性 Soil characteristics	温室气体 Greenhouse gas	参考文献 Reference
翻耕还田	秸秆合格粉碎长度<15 cm，机械翻耕打入耕作层，提高秸秆的入土率和还田质量	深层土壤容重降低、大团聚体数量和孔隙度提高；补充土壤碳库，N、P、K等营养元素含量增多；碳氮循环相关细菌丰度、活性增强，脲酶、磷酸酶等土壤酶活性提高	显著促进CH₄和CO₂排放，极显著增加温室气体排放强度	[10,37,59]
覆盖免耕还田	秸秆覆盖在田面，不扰动土壤，进行水稻直播或移栽的技术	表层土壤容重降低，大团聚体比例增加；减少田间水分蒸发和灌溉用水量；促进硝化作用、提高C、P、K等养分积累，提高综合生产能力	CH₄增排幅度小于翻耕还田，或能降低CH₄排放	[12,36,62]
炭化还田	秸秆通过热解工艺，在低氧和较低温度下得到的富含碳的多孔固体颗粒材料，水稻移栽前混入土壤	团粒结构增多，土壤通气性增强，容重降低；减缓土壤酸化，降低重金属积累；固碳效果显著，对营养元素有吸附性；酸杆菌丰度降低	生物炭促进CH₄氧化，显著降低或不影响温室气体排放当量	[23,43,63]
菌剂促腐还田	使用秸秆生物菌剂，快速降解秸秆纤维结构，7~10 d基本软化并初步腐熟，耕作时旋、耕、犁、耙不被缠绕，便于水稻的播种或移栽	改善土壤物理性质；避免微生物与水稻出现争氮现象，快速释放秸秆中营养元素，提高土壤碳库容量；菌剂本身富含大量微生物，能激发土壤酶活性，改变土壤微生物群落构成	水稻生育前期，温室气体因底物充足提前出现排放高峰	[83-88]