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Research Progress in Mining and Utilization of Rice Blast Resistance Genes YANG Jie, YANG Changdeng, ZENG Yuxiang, HOU Yuxuan, CHEN Tianxiao, LIANG Yan Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2024, 38 (6): 591-603.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2024.230911 Abstract （1003）   HTML （72）    PDF （430KB）（1758）       Knowledge map    Save Rice blast is a disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae, which seriously threatens the yield and quality of rice. At present, breeding disease-resistant varieties is the most economical and effective way to control rice blast, and identifying resistance genes is the key to disease-resistant variety breeding. The review summarized the types of rice blast resistance genes cloned as well as the current mainstream techniques for identifying blast-resistant genes. The application of these genes has been outlined along with future development directions. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Progress in Rice Quality of Ratoon Rice XIAO Wuwei, ZHU Chenguang, WANG Fei, XIONG Dongliang, HUANG Jianliang, PENG Shaobing, CUI Kehui Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (1): 33-46.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.240412 Abstract （766）   HTML （14）    PDF （1363KB）（1144）       Knowledge map    Save Ratoon rice is a green and efficient planting method that is significant for enhancing the profitability of rice cultivation and ensuring food security in China. Due to differences in growth environments and cultivation management practices, there are notable variations in rice quality between the main season and the ratoon season. Typically, the quality of rice in the ratoon season is superior to that of the main season. Factors such as ratooning characteristics, environmental temperature, and water and fertilizer management can influence rice quality by regulating source-sink relationships, the grain filling process, the synthesis of grain nutrients, and the physicochemical characteristics of starch granules. Numerous high-quality and high-yield rice varieties have been identified as suitable for ratoon rice cultivation, considering their ratooning capacity and yields. However, the quality of rice in both the main and ratoon seasons remains a limiting factor for ratoon rice production. This work briefly introduces the rice quality characteristics of the main and ratoon seasons and reviews the factors affecting the quality of ratoon rice and its cultivation regulations in terms of the formation process of rice quality. This review may lay a theoretical basis for the production of high-quality and high-yield ratoon rice. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Genome-wide Identification and Comprehensive Analysis of IDD Gene Family in Rice ZHONG Zhihu, QIN Lu, LI Zhili, YANG Zhen, HE Xiaopeng, CAI Yicong Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2024, 38 (6): 638-652.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2024.240101 Abstract （764）   HTML （27）    PDF （8036KB）（782）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】To clarify the characteristics and verify the expression patterns of IDD gene family members in rice, which are plant-specific transcription factors, in order to further investigate the biological functions of OsIDD.【Method】The IDD family members in rice were identified using Pfam, followed by a comprehensive analysis of their nucleic acid and protein sequence features, protein structure, phylogeny, collinearity, and promoter elements. RT-PCR was employed to verify the expression patterns of the OsIDD gene in various tissues, under different hormone treatments, and in response to various abiotic stresses.【Result】The OsIDD family consists of 15 members falling into three subfamilies, which are unevenly distributed across the chromosomes. All members possess nuclear localization signals and highly conserved ID structural domains at the N-terminus. Multiple sequence alignment and motif analysis indicate that these sequences are relatively conserved among different types. Collinearity analysis with the ZmIDD gene family reveals a high degree of homology between the two species. Microarray and RT-PCR analyses showed that OsIDD is predominantly expressed in the panicle and developing endosperm, with its promoter sequences containing hormone and stress-responsive cis-elements.【Conclusion】A comprehensive analysis of the 15 OsIDD members demonstrated structural conservation, strong collinearity with ZmIDD, and high expression levels in panicle and developing endosperm. These findings suggest that OsIDD may be involved in the response to different hormones and various abiotic stresses. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Advances in Leaf and Canopy Eco-physiological Characteristics of High Photosynthetic Efficiency Rice Varieties and Their Regulation Mechanisms by Nitrogen YE Miao, MAO Yuxin, ZHANG Dehai, KANG Yuying, YUAN Rong, ZHANG Zujian Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2024, 38 (6): 617-626.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2024.230402 Abstract （628）   HTML （16）    PDF （2481KB）（719）       Knowledge map    Save Increasing the photosynthetic efficiency of rice is regarded as one of the most promising approaches to further improving rice yield. However, the eco-physiological characteristics of rice varieties with high photosynthetic efficiency are not well understood, both at the single leaf level and the group canopy level. This work reviews the influences of Rubisco enzyme content and activity, leaf nitrogen content, and various leaf morphological and anatomical traits, including stomatal traits, leaf vein traits, and leaf mesophyll anatomical traits on single leaf photosynthesis. It also examines the effects of canopy architecture and canopy light-nitrogen matching on group canopy photosynthesis, as well as their regulation by nitrogen. We summarize the leaf and canopy eco-physiological characteristics of high photosynthetic efficiency rice varieties and their regulation by nitrogen. We conclude that high photosynthetic efficiency rice varieties exhibit high leaf Rubisco and nitrogen contents, high stomatal density, and large stomatal pore size. They also have a large proportion of intercellular airspace, a significant coverage of chloroplasts, a large surface area of mesophyll cells and chloroplasts facing intercellular airspace per leaf area, thin cell walls, high vein density, large vascular diameters of veins, large root surface area, large root diameters, straight leaves, deep leaf color, and more leaves in the lower part of the canopy, along with a high degree of canopy light-nitrogen balance. Increasing nitrogen fertilizer can enhance the content and activity of leaf Rubisco, increase the thickness of the leaf mesophyll layer, improve chloroplast coverage, enlarge the surface area of mesophyll cells and chloroplasts facing intercellular airspace per leaf area, reduce cell wall thickness, increase chlorophyll content, and decrease cell wall content, thereby improving leaf photosynthesis. However, excessive nitrogen application can reduce nitrogen use efficiency, leading to a series of environmental issues such as ammonia volatilization, water eutrophication, and increased N2O emissions. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Analysis on Appearance and Cooking Taste Quality Characteristics of Different Types of japonica Rice in Jianghuai Rice-growing Area YAO Shu, CHEN Tao, ZHAO Chunfang, ZHOU Lihui, ZHAO Ling, LIANG Wenhua, HAO Lei, LU Kai, ZHU Zhen, ZHAO Qingyong, GUAN Ju, WANG Cailin, ZHANG Yadong Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2024, 38 (6): 709-718.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2024.240310 Abstract （583）   HTML （21）    PDF （430KB）（734）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】This study investigates the differences in physical and chemical properties related to the appearance and taste of widely-grown and newly bred high-quality japonica rice varieties in the Jianghuai rice-growing area. The aim is to provide a theoretical basis for selecting suitable varieties for planting and for the improvement of high-quality japonica rice varieties.【Method】The study utilized 26 high-quality japonica rice varieties that have been popularized and applied in the Jianghuai Area in recent years. These varieties were categorized into two groups: semi-waxy japonica rice and common japonica rice. The differences in physical and chemical indicators related to appearance and taste among the different types of japonica rice were compared, and the relationship between various physical and chemical indexes of rice and taste quality was analyzed.【Result】1) In terms of appearance quality, significant differences were observed in chalky rice percentage, chalkiness degree, and transparency between the two types of japonica rice varieties. The transparency of semi-waxy japonica rice was significantly lower than that of common japonica rice. 2) Regarding starch physicochemical properties, the amylose content, gel consistency, hot paste viscosity, cold paste viscosity, and setback of semi-waxy japonica rice were significantly lower than those of common japonica rice, while the breakdown value was significantly higher than that of common japonica rice. 3) In terms of rice taste value index, there was no significant difference in the appearance of rice between semi-waxy japonica rice and common japonica rice. However, the viscosity, hardness, balance, and taste value of semi-waxy japonica rice were significantly higher than those of common japonica rice. 4) Correlation analysis indicated that the length-width ratio of whole rice in the appearance quality, amylose content in various physical and chemical indicators, gel consistency, and gelatinization temperature, as well as the appearance and hardness of rice taste value parameters, are closely related to rice taste.【Conclusion】The appearance and cooking taste quality of the two different types of japonica rice varieties were significantly different. Common japonica rice exhibited a crystal-clear appearance, while semi-waxy japonica rice appeared relatively turbid. Common japonica rice had higher amylose content and gelatinization temperature, along with lower gel consistency, disintegration value, and taste value. Conversely, semi-waxy japonica rice had lower amylose content and gelatinization temperature, but higher gel consistency, disintegration value, and taste value. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Mechanisms of Arsenic Uptake and Transport in Rice and Agronomic Mitigation Strategies WU Jinshui, TANG Jiangying, TAN Li, GUO Zhiqiang, YANG Juan, ZHANG Xinzhen, CHEN Guifang, WANG Jianlong, SHI Wanju Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (2): 143-155.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.240402 Abstract （505）   HTML （60）    PDF （1329KB）（881）       Knowledge map    Save In recent years, the issue of arsenic contamination in soils has become increasingly severe. Arsenic not only negatively impacts the yield and quality of rice, but also enters the human body through the food chain, posing a serious threat to human health. Therefore, reducing arsenic accumulation in rice has become an urgent problem in order to ensure food safety and promote the development of the rice industry. In-depth research into the mechanisms of arsenic uptake, translocation, and accumulation in rice, along with the active exploration of agronomic cultivation measures to reduce arsenic accumulation, represents an effective approach to addressing excessive arsenic levels in rice grains. This paper provides an overview of the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying the uptake of different forms of arsenic from soil by rice roots, as well as its translocation and accumulation within rice plants. Factors influencing arsenic uptake and accumulation in rice, such as rice varieties, soil physicochemical properties, soil nutrients, and microorganisms, are discussed. Additionally, the regulatory effects and mechanisms of cultivation practices, particularly water and nutrient management, on reducing arsenic uptake and accumulation in rice are highlighted. Building on existing research findings, future directions for arsenic pollution prevention and control in rice are proposed, aiming to provide a reference for studies focused on reducing arsenic content in rice grains. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Progress in Regulation of Important Agronomic Traits by Semi-Dwarf Gene sd1 in Rice ZHANG Fengyong, YING Xiaoping, ZHANG Jian, YANG Longwei, YING Jiezheng Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (1): 24-32.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.231104 Abstract （492）   HTML （10）    PDF （1702KB）（776）       Knowledge map    Save The cultivation and popularization of semi-dwarf varieties have promoted the “Green Revolution” of rice. The semi-dwarf gene sd1 in rice is a key gene responsible for gibberellin synthesis, which decreases plant height, increases harvest index. The application of sd1 addressed the problem of high yield and lodging under conditions of increased nitrogen fertilizer application. In this paper, the isolation and functional analysis of the sd1 gene were reviewed, the differences in important agronomic traits among different haplotypes of sd1 were analyzed, and the mechanisms by which the sd1 gene regulated key agronomic traits such as growth period, plant height, number of panicles per plant, yield per plant, lodging resistance, seed dormancy, and nitrogen use efficiency were reviewed. The effect of the sd1 gene on rice yield was discussed, along with the application of gene editing technology to generate sd1 mutations for the rapid improvement of rice varieties. Moreover, the potential application of the sd1 gene was anticipated. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Generation of Rice DMP1, DMP2 and DMP3 Mutants and Identification of Their Haploid Induction Ability HU Fengyue, WANG Jian, WANG Chun, WANG Kejian, LIU Chaolei Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (1): 55-66.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.231112 Abstract （454）   HTML （8）    PDF （6305KB）（831）    PDF（mobile） （2521KB）（51）    Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Exploring the haploid induction ability of rice DMP family genes to provide new gene resources for haploid breeding.【Methods】Selecting OsDMP family genes with high homology to the ZmDMP gene and high expression level in pollen as candidate genes. Using CRISPR/Cas9 multi-gene editing technology to create single-gene knockout and multi-gene combination knockout mutants of the selected OsDMP family genes and haploid induction gene OsMTL in the indica and japonica hybrid rice Chunyou 84. Conducting morphological observations and pollen fertility identification on the mutants. Investigating and statistically analyzing the seed setting rate and haploid induction rate of the T0 materials. 【Results】A total of 13 homologous genes of maize haploid induction gene ZmDMP were retrieved from the rice RAP-DB database. OsDMP1 and OsDMP2 showed the highest homology with ZmDMP, with similarity percentages of 41.24% and 37.32%, respectively; Moreover, OsDMP1 and OsDMP3 were the most highly expressed OsDMP genes in anthers. Therefore, OsDMP1, OsDMP2 and OsDMP3 were selected as candidate genes. Using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology, single-gene knockout and combined knockout mutants of OsDMP1, OsDMP2, and OsDMP3 were created (osdmp1, osdmp2, osdmp3, osdmp1-osdmp2, osdmp1-osdmp3, osdmp1-osdmp2-osdmp3). Additionally, single-gene knockout mutants of OsMTL were generated (osmtl), as well as combined knockout mutants between OsDMP1, OsDMP2, OsDMP3, and OsMTL (osmtl-osdmp1, osmtl-osdmp2, osmtl-osdmp3, osmtl-osdmp1-osdmp2, osmtl-osdmp1-osdmp3, osmtl-osdmp1-osdmp2-osdmp3). Phenotypic investigation showed that compared with the wild type, plant morphology and pollen fertility of all mutants did not visibly change, but the seed setting rate decreased significantly in single gene knockout and multi-gene combination knockout mutants containing osmtl. Haploid detection results indicated that the haploid induction efficiency of the combined mutants between OsDMP1, OsDMP2, OsDMP3 and OsMTL was 0.4%±0.6%, 2.6%±2.8%, 1.4%±0.6%, 1.5%±1.3%, 2.1%±2.4%, 2.2%± 0.6%, respectively, which was not significantly different from that of osmtl mutant (1.5%±0.5%). However, no haploid was produced when OsDMP family genes were mutated individually or in combination. 【Conclusion】CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology was used to create single and multi-gene knockout mutants between OsDMP1, OsDMP2, OsDMP3, and OsMTL in rice. It was found that OsDMP1, OsDMP2 and OsDMP3 had no independent haploid induction ability, nor could it improve the haploid induction efficiency of OsMTL genes. These results promoted the understanding of OsDMP homologous genes in rice, and provided reference for the subsequent studies on the haploid induction gene. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Advances in Molecular and Physiological Mechanisms of Cold Tolerance Regulation of Rice at the Booting Stage SUI Jingjing, ZHAO Guilong, JIN Xin, BU Qingyun, TANG Jiaqi Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (1): 1-10.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.231208 Abstract （434）   HTML （17）    PDF （830KB）（837）       Knowledge map    Save Cold tolerance at the booting stage is crucial for the reproductive function of rice (Oryza sativa L.), as it affects anther development and can lead to a significant decrease in seed setting rate and overall yield. The levels of certain growth regulatory substances, such as sugars, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and plant endogenous hormones like abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin (GA), are closely related to cold tolerance during the booting stage of rice. In this review, we systematically summarize the effects of cold stress on anther development in rice at the booting stage, the changes in growth regulatory substances, and the functional analysis of quantitative trait loci (QTL) and cold tolerance regulatory genes. This review aims to provide theoretical guidance for the breeding and improvement of cold-tolerant rice varieties and the development of materials at the booting stage. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Progress in Rice Mesocotyl REN Ningning, SUN Yongjian, SHEN Congcong, ZHU Shuangbing, LI Huiju, ZHANG Zhiyuan, CHEN Kai Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (1): 11-23.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.240504 Abstract （431）   HTML （12）    PDF （1979KB）（1449）       Knowledge map    Save As one of the most important food crops in the world, the growth and development characteristics of rice significantly impact agricultural production. The mesocotyl is a crucial part of rice that connects seeds and seedlings, playing an essential role in the processes of seed germination and emergence. Its elongation characteristics are particularly important in the direct seeding of rice. The elongation performance of the mesocotyl directly affects the emergence rate, emergence speed, and stress resistance of rice seedlings, making it a key link in rice breeding and cultivation management. With the advancement of modern agricultural technology, especially the rise of rice direct seeding technology, research on rice mesocotyl has become increasingly urgent and important. This manuscript reviews the cell morphology, environmental factors, physiological factors, mesocotyl-related QTLs, gene mining, and their applications in breeding. The goal is to lay a theoretical basis and explore new strategies for the utilization of rice mesocotyl and to guide future breeding directions. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Progress in Rice Yield Estimation Method Based on Low-altitude Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Remote Sensing FENG Xiangqian, WANG Aidong, HONG Weiyuan, LI Ziqiu, QIN Jinhua, ZHAN Lichuan, CHEN Lipeng, ZHANG Yunbo, WANG Danying, CHEN Song Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2024, 38 (6): 604-616.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2024.240103 Abstract （422）   HTML （24）    PDF （993KB）（1264）       Knowledge map    Save Rice is one of the primary staple crops. Its yield estimation plays a crucial role in the macro-control of national policies, real-time guidance according to local agricultural conditions, and targeted breeding of elite varieties. Therefore, estimating rice grain yield is of great significance. With the continuous advancement in crop science and interdisciplinary approaches, the methods and models for estimating rice yield have diversified greatly. Concurrently, the development of remote sensing technology, particularly the emergence and popularization of low-altitude Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), has led to continuous improvements in intelligent remote sensing methods and their accuracy for rice yield estimation. However, there is a lack of systematic and scientific summarization of intelligent rice yield estimation, specifically utilizing UAV remote sensing. This work provides a comprehensive review of the current mainstream methodologies for estimating rice yield, critically evaluating their advantages and limitations. It then explores the application and future directions of intelligent low-altitude remote sensing technology in rice yield estimation. By analyzing the key characteristic information obtained through remote sensing, the article examines the development of primary yield estimation models. It discusses the challenges and limitations encountered when employing intelligent remote sensing for rice yield estimation. The ultimate goal is to enhance our understanding of rice yield estimation methods and provide a systematic and comprehensive reference for the development of intelligent rice yield estimation techniques. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Advances of Fragrance Substances in Rice ZHANG Laitong, YANG Le, LIU Hong, ZHAO Xueming, CHENG Tao, XU Zhenjiang Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (2): 171-186.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.240301 Abstract （396）   HTML （25）    PDF （1042KB）（1935）       Knowledge map    Save The distinctive fragrance of rice is regarded as an invaluable trait, and fragrant rice commands a premium price in the market and is highly favored by consumers. The production of flavor is associated with mutations in the Bahd2 gene, which results in the inactivation of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase, leading to an increase in the 2-AP precursor substance and ultimately to the accumulation of 2-AP and the formation of flavor. Nevertheless, the genetic background of flavor production in rice and the physiological and biochemical mechanisms of flavor substance formation remain incompletely elucidated. This paper presents a summary of the genetic background, gene function, and synthesis pathway of fragrance substances that have been identified thus far. Furthermore, the status of rice breeding in recent years and the response of fragrant rice under different environmental conditions and cultivation techniques are comprehensively sorted out and summarized. This is done with the objective of providing a scientific reference for breeding new fragrant rice varieties. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Cytoplasmic Source Analysis of Sterile Lines from 5460 Three-line Hybrid Rice Varieties LI Wei, XU Xia, BIAN Ying, ZHANG Xiaobo, FAN Jiongjiong, CHENG Benyi, YANG Shihua, WU Jianli, WEI Xin, ZENG Bo, GONG Junyi Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2024, 38 (6): 653-664.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2024.231214 Abstract （382）   HTML （16）    PDF （2143KB）（1203）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The 50 years of three-line hybrid rice breeding also represents 50 years of continuous innovation in the development of three-line cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines. It is important to clarify the cytoplasmic types of three-line hybrid rice sterile lines and their derivative pathways. This understanding will enable the quick establishment of restoration relationships and the accurate tracing of the genealogy of rice sterile lines, ultimately promoting the effective utilization of rice heterosis.【Method】Based on the genealogy of three-line hybrid rice varieties that were nationally and provincially approved from 1974 to 2023 in China, we summarized the genealogy of each sterile cytoplasm and analyzed the utilization in breeding.【Result】Over the past 50 years, there have been 966 male sterile lines with clear cytoplasmic classification among the three-line hybrid rice varieties. These lines were classified into 16 categories based on their respective sterile cytoplasm: wild abortive (WA) type, Indonesian Shuitiangu (ID) type, Boro II (BT) type, Dissi (D) type, K type, Gambiaca (GA) type, dwarf abortive (DA) type, Honglian (HL) type, Javanese rice (LX) type, Wanhui (NX) type, Dongxiang wild rice (D1) type, Guangzhou wild rice (GW) type, Gaozhou wild rice (GZ) type, Zhangpu wild rice (FA) type, Maxie (MX) type, and Y type. The analysis revealed that the WA, ID, and BT types had the highest number of CMS lines, accounting for 78.38% of the total CMS lines and 77.77% of the total three-line hybrid rice varieties. In contrast, the MX, D1, Y, and GZ types had the lowest number of CMS lines, representing only 1.55% of the total CMS lines and 1.15% of the total three-line hybrid rice varieties.【Conclusion】With the continuous creation of parental materials for three-line hybrid rice, the diversity of cytoplasmic sources in sterile lines and the efficiency of breeding utilization have significantly improved. This progress has not only mitigated the potential risks associated with a single CMS cytoplasm but has also enriched the utilization pathways of heterosis in three-line hybrid rice breeding in China. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Functional Characterization of Rice Leaf Color Gene OsClpP6 GONG Mengmeng, SONG Shufeng, QIU Mudan, DONG Hao, ZHANG Longhui, LI Lei, LI Bin, CHEN Weijun, LI Yixing, WANG Tiankang, LEI Dongyang, LI Li Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (2): 197-208.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.240201 Abstract （369）   HTML （27）    PDF （19480KB）（669）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】This study aimed to investigate the function of OsClpP6 in chloroplast development, providing new genetic resources for improving plant photosynthetic rate. 【Method】Bioinformatics analyses were conducted to characterize the OsClpP6 gene and protein. The expression pattern of OsClpP6 was assessed through real-time quantitative PCR and subcellular localization techniques. Targeted editing of the OsClpP6 gene was carried out using CRISPR/Cas9 technology to generate targeted mutations in the OsClpP6 gene. The chloroplast structure in leaf mesophyll cells of mutants was examined using a transmission electron microscopy. Additionally, RNA-seq analysis was conducted to elucidate the impact of OsClpP6 on leaf color-related pathways. 【Result】The Clp gene family plays a crucial role in the early development of chloroplast in rice and is highly conserved during plant evolution. Oryza sativa L. caseinolytic protease P6 (OsClpP6) is an important member of the rice Clp gene family. Spatial and temporal expression pattern analysis revealed that OsClpP6 is predominantly expressed in the aerial parts of seedlings and stems during the vegetative growth stage, with subcellular localization in chloroplasts confirmed through experiments in rice protoplasts. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout mutants of OsClpP6, clpp6-6s-ko-1 and clpp6-6s-ko-2, were generated in the background of Huazhan. These mutants exhibited phenotypic characteristics including reduced plant height, lighter leaf color, and decreased thousand-grain weight compared to the wild type. Transmission electron microscopy observation of flag leaves during the grain-filling stage revealed significantly fewer chloroplasts, thylakoid membrane layers, and starch granules in mutant leaf mesophyll cells compared to the wild type. Transcriptome analysis showed that differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in the photosynthetic pathway, with significant changes in the expression of key proteins involved in chloroplast development. 【Conclusion】OsClpP6 participates in chloroplast development, affecting the balance of the rice source-sink relationship and subsequently influencing thousand-grain weight. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Effects of 2,4-Epibrassinolide on Root Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Rice Seedlings Raised in Biochar Substrate WU Xiang, ZHANG Yikai, ZHANG Peng, MA Xinling, CHEN Yulin, CHEN Huizhe, ZHANG Yuping, XIANG Jing, WANG Yaliang, WANG Zhigang, LI Liangtao Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2024, 38 (6): 685-694.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2024.240503 Abstract （358）   HTML （14）    PDF （2235KB）（587）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The improved knotting ability of roots enhances the efficiency and quality of mechanical transplanting. This study investigates the effects and mechanisms of 2,4-epibrassinolide (EBR) on rice root growth in rice straw biochar substrate.【Method】The effects of different concentrations of EBR on the root growth and physiological characteristics of rice seedlings grown in biochar substrate prepared at 300°C were studied using Yongyou 538 as the experimental material.【Result】When EBR was added to the biochar substrate, the root cohesion of rice seedlings increased by 4.13% to 22.46%, and root activity increased by 0.93 to 1.65 times, which improved the stress resistance of rice and promoted root growth. The addition of EBR to the substrate significantly increased the activities of antioxidant protective enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) in rice seedlings. It also decreased the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), while increasing the contents of soluble sugar and soluble protein in the seedlings. The expression levels of OsCu/Zn-SOD1, OsCu/Zn-SOD2, OsCAT1, and OsCAT2 genes in the roots and leaves of rice treated with EBR were significantly higher than those in the control group.【Conclusion】When the concentration of EBR was between 1.0 and 1.5 mg/kg in the biochar substrate, root growth of rice seedlings was promoted, enzyme activities of the antioxidant system were enhanced, and the expression of related genes in the seedlings was improved. Additionally, the contents of MDA and H2O2 in the plants were reduced, leading to improved root growth and knotting ability of rice seedlings, thereby promoting the formation of healthy seedlings. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Effect of Side-deep Fertilization on Yield, Nutrient Uptake and Economic Benefits of Rice CAO Yudong, WU Penghao, DAI Zhigang, WANG Guibing, HE Shuai, GONG Ximin, LI Xiaokun Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2024, 38 (6): 695-708.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2024.240109 Abstract （324）   HTML （22）    PDF （1378KB）（807）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】To clarify the effects of side-deep fertilization technology on rice yield, yield components, nutrient absorption, fertilizer utilization, and economic benefits, with a view to providing a scientific basis for the large-scale popularization and application of rice-specific fertilizers and side-deep fertilization technology.【Methods】Field trials were conducted in six pilot counties in Hubei Province in 2020 and nine pilot counties in Hubei Province in 2021, with three treatments: 1) no fertilization (T1); 2) conventional fertilization (T2); and 3) side-deep fertilization (T3). The study analyzed the effects of different fertilization treatments on rice yield, yield component factors, nutrient uptake, fertilizer utilization, and economic benefits.【Results】1) Fertilizer treatments in all pilot counties significantly increased rice yield, with yield increase averaging 37.42% and 51.61% in T2 and T3 respectively, compared to the T1 treatment. The T3 treatment significantly increased yields by an average of 9.81% compared to the T2 treatment. The results for yield component factors showed that side-deep fertilization could significantly increase the average number of effective panicle of rice by 3.58% compared to the T2 treatment. There were differences in the yield increase effects of fertilization treatments across different experimental sites, with a coefficient of variation of 59.54%. This variation may be related to the physical and chemical properties of the basic soil at the experimental sites. The analysis indicates that the yield increase effect of side-deep fertilization is highly significantly positively correlated with the organic matter content in the soil. Side-deep fertilization significantly increased the nutrient uptake and fertilizer utilization of rice. Compared to the T2 treatment, the nutrient uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the T3 treatment increased by an average of 9.65%, 7.51%, and 12.79%, respectively. The Partial factor productivity, agronomic efficiency, and physiological utilization increased by an average of 10.34%, 37.90%, and 3.28%, respectively. The side-deep fertilization technique significantly improved the economic benefits of rice cultivation. Compared to the T2 treatment, the average increase in rice production and input ratio in the T3 treatment was 7.65%, with an average increase in rice yield of 2504 yuan/hm². The main sources of this yield increase were the higher yield and reduced labor costs.【Conclusion】Side-deep fertilization technology significantly improves rice yield and fertilizer utilization, increases economic benefits, and achieves enhanced yield, efficiency, cost savings, and income. Additionally, the effect of side-deep fertilization on yield becomes more significant with increasing soil organic matter content. Therefore, this technology can be widely promoted and applied in the main rice planting areas of Hubei Province, particularly in high-fertility soils. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Progress in Effects of Salt and Drought Stresses on Rice Quality Formation and Associated Physiological Mechanisms MA Weiyi, ZHU Jizou, ZHU Wang, GENG Xiaoyu, ZHANG Xiang, DIAO Liuyun, WANG Lulu, MENG Tianyao, GAO Pinglei, CHEN Yinglong, DAI Qigen, WEI Huanhe Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (2): 156-170.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.240607 Abstract （308）   HTML （24）    PDF （900KB）（407）       Knowledge map    Save China is vigorously developing and utilizing coastal saline-alkaline land to boost rice production. Restricted by freshwater resources and water conservancy foundation, coastal saline-alkaline rice production is very susceptible to composite salt-drought stress, which significantly diminishes rice yield and deteriorates rice quality, and seriously restricts the realization of the goal of abundant production and quality improvement of coastal saline-alkaline rice. This paper summarizes the effects of salt damage, drought and its compound stress on the formation of processing quality, appearance quality, cooking flavor quality and nutritional quality of rice, describes the mechanism of its influence on the formation of rice quality from the aspects of osmotic stress, ionic balance, photosynthesis, antioxidant protection, endogenous hormones, carbon and nitrogen metabolism, metabolites, gene regulation, and so on, and proposes a new method to mitigate salt/drought stress in rice, which is based on the selection and breeding of salt-drought-tolerant varieties, and the cultivation and control of the response to salt/drought stress. It puts forward the control measures to alleviate salt/drought stress in rice, and suggests the next step to carry out the research on the physiological mechanism of the formation of rice quality affected by compound salt-drought stress. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Effects of Nitrogen Application Practice and Row Spacing on Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in japonica Rice With Different Panicle Types LIU Junfeng, MOU Jingyi, ZHAO Hongyan, GUO Shimeng, LI Yimeng, LIANG Chao, ZHOU Chanchan, WANG Shu, HUANG Yuancai Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2024, 38 (6): 672-684.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2024.240110 Abstract （294）   HTML （18）    PDF （1198KB）（695）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】This study evaluates the yield and nitrogen use efficiency of japonica rice with various panicle types in response to nitrogen application practice and row spacing. We aim to lay a theoretical basis for high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation of rice in Liaoning Province.【Method】A field experiment was conducted in 2019 and 2020 in Shenyang City, using Shendao 9 (a middle-tillering, mid-sized panicle cultivar), Shendao 505 (a relatively high-tillering, small-sized panicle cultivar), and Shendao 527 (a low-tillering, large-sized panicle cultivar) as entries. The study examined the effects of different nitrogen (N) application patterns, including N0 (zero nitrogen), N1 (farmer's practice ), N2 (reduced basal nitrogen), and N3 (reduced and delayed basal nitrogen application), as well as row spacing, including R1 (30 cm row spacing), R2 (25 cm row spacing), and R3 (wide-narrow row spacing, 40+20 cm), on the yield and nitrogen use efficiency of different panicle types of rice.【Result】The results showed that the nitrogen application pattern, row spacing, and their interaction significantly affected grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of different panicle types of rice. Under N3, Shendao 9 and Shendao 505 showed increased spikelet number per unit area, seed-setting rate, 1000-grain weight, dry matter accumulation, nitrogen accumulation, partial factor productivity (PFPN), agronomic efficiency (AEN), and apparent recovery efficiency (REN), leading to improvements in yield and nitrogen use efficiency. Shendao 527 achieved high yield under N1 and realized high efficiency under N2. In terms of row spacing, yield, spikelet number per unit area, dry matter accumulation, nitrogen accumulation, PFPN, AEN, and REN were all highest in R2. Shendao 9 and Shendao 505 obtained the highest yield under N3R2, with yield increases of 18.53% and 14.27%, dry matter accumulation increases of 18.38% and 22.47%, nitrogen accumulation increases of 37.22% and 29.15%, PFPN increases of 39.30% and 34.25%, AEN increases of 52.59% and 26.73%, REN increases of 27.65% and 17.70%, and a reduction in the contribution rate of soil nitrogen (CRSN) by 15.75% and 8.16% compared to their respective N1R1. Shendao 527 had a higher yield with no significant differences among N1R1, N1R2, and N2R2, but N2R2 performed better in dry matter accumulation, nitrogen accumulation, and nitrogen utilization.【Conclusion】Therefore, the optimal combination of nitrogen application pattern and row spacing for Shendao 9 and Shendao 505 is reduced and delayed basal nitrogen application with 25 cm row spacing. For Shendao 527, the optimal condition is reduced basal nitrogen applicaton with 25 cm row spacing, allowing all three cultivars to achieve high yield and improved nitrogen utilization. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Development and Application of a Functional Marker for Heading Date Gene Hd6 in Rice CHEN Zhihui, TAO Yajun, FAN Fangjun, XU Yang, WANG Fangquan, LI Wenqi, GULINAER·Bahetibieke , JIANG Yanjie, ZHU Jianping, LI Xia, YANG Jie Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (1): 47-54.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.231009 Abstract （294）   HTML （7）    PDF （1194KB）（404）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】This study aims to explore the distribution of Hd6 alleles in japonica rice and indica rice from Jiangsu Province, and to enhance the application value and selection efficiency of Hd6 alleles in the genetic improvement of rice heading date. 【Method】We designed and screened various types of gene functional markers based on the single nucleotide polymorphisms in the functional regions of the Hd6 alleles in Kasalath and hd6 in Nipponbare. Through PCR amplification and sequencing, we selected the gene markers K-Hd6-21F/Hd6-1R and N-Hd6-22F/Hd6-1R to genotype japonica rice varieties from different ecological types in Jiangsu Province and indica rice varieties from various sources.【Result】We found that K-Hd6-21F/Hd6-1R and N-Hd6-22F/Hd6-1R could effectively distinguish different genotypes at the Hd6 locus. The results indicated that 42% of the 48 medium-maturing japonica rice varieties carried the Hd6 allele, 50% of the 30 late-maturing japonica rice varieties carried Hd6, and 77.5% of the 48 early-maturing japonica rice varieties carried Hd6. The two alleles of Hd6 were distributed among varieties from three different ecological regions in Jiangsu Province, and the genotype frequency of functional Hd6 alleles increased with the heading date. The Hd6 gene is highly conserved in indica rice and was tested in all 62 indica varieties.【Conclusion】This study lays a foundation for the utilization of the Hd6 gene and molecular marker-assisted selection in rice breeding, providing a new basis and effective approach for the breeding of early-maturing varieties in indica rice. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Risk Assessment and Dynamic Early Warming of Heat Damage in Rice Based on Simulation Model JIANG Min, WANG Guanglun, LI Minglu, MIAO Bo, LI Mingxuan, SHI Chunlin Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (1): 128-142.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.240306 Abstract （277）   HTML （4）    PDF （2377KB）（589）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 This study aims to enhance the level of disaster damage assessment and improve the ability to prevent and mitigate disasters in rice production by developing a high-temperature early warning system and a disaster risk assessment system.【Method】Four representative rice varieties from Fujian Province were selected to conduct high-temperature control experiments during the key developmental stages when rice is susceptible to high temperatures and heat injury. The variations in rice yield and its components under different high-temperature stress treatments were measured. By combining these results with a rice development period model, the damage rate due to high temperatures was calculated, leading to the construction of a risk assessment and early warning system for high-temperature stress in rice. Utilizing meteorological data from Fujian Province over the past 50 years, this system was employed to calculate the heat injury rate of rice under high temperatures, and the risk levels of heat injury during the critical developmental stages of rice in each rice-growing region were assessed. Daily meteorological data were then used to simulate both single-point and regional dynamic early warnings of heat injury in rice, and the actual disaster losses were calculated using regional test data and meteorological yield data from planting samples. The purpose is to verify the simulated warning results. 【Results】The risk assessment results for high-temperature damage to rice in Fujian Province indicate that early rice in the double-cropping rice area of Southeastern Fujian is generally at low risk, with heat damage primarily occurring during the flowering stage of early rice. The frequency of heat damage over the past 50 years is less than 30%. In contrast, early rice in the double-cropping rice area of northwestern Fujian is predominantly at high and sub-high risk, with heat damage frequencies ranging from 68% to 80% during the flowering stage and 62% to 80% during the filling stage. The distribution of heat damage and low-risk areas in the single-season rice-growing regions of the mountainous areas in northwestern Fujian is the widest, with frequencies of less than 38% during the meiosis stage and less than 26% during the flowering stage. In 2020, 12 representative rice varieties underwent single-point dynamic warning simulations for high-temperature stress in Fujian Province. The results indicated a relatively high probability of severe heat injury to early rice in the double-cropping rice area of Southeastern Fujian, with damage rates from 51.1% to 55.4%. In the double-cropping rice area of northwestern Fujian, early rice suffered mild to moderate heat injury, with damage rates ranging from 12.1% to 26.8%. The probability of moderate heat injury to middle rice in the mountainous single-cropping rice region of northwestern Fujian is also relatively high, with damage rates from 18.2% to 29.4%. The simulation results of regional early warnings in Fujian Province in 2020 showed that in the two rice-growing areas of early rice T78 You 2155, the regions with severe heat injury were mainly concentrated in southeastern Fujian, including Anxi, Nanan, Tongan, and Longhai counties, with disaster damage rates from 30.8% to 41.6%. Only Jiangle County in northwestern Fujian was severely hit by heat damage, with a disaster damage rate of 31.0%. In the mountainous single-cropping rice area of northwestern Fujian, where the middle rice II You 3301 is planted, Guangze, Zhenghe, Mingxi, and Yongan counties experienced moderate heat injury, with disaster damage rates of 15.1% to 21.7%.【Conclusion】The risk of heat injury to early rice in the northwestern Fujian rice planting area is more severe than that in the southeastern Fujian region. A comparison of the simulated disaster damage rates from the system with the actual disaster damage rates of local rice production and the trends in meteorological yield changes indicates that the warning effect is effective. Regardless of spatial and temporal variations, the simulation results align well with the actual situation. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）