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Research Progress in Rice Quality of Ratoon Rice XIAO Wuwei, ZHU Chenguang, WANG Fei, XIONG Dongliang, HUANG Jianliang, PENG Shaobing, CUI Kehui Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (1): 33-46.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.240412 Abstract （885）   HTML （15）    PDF （1363KB）（1273）       Knowledge map    Save Ratoon rice is a green and efficient planting method that is significant for enhancing the profitability of rice cultivation and ensuring food security in China. Due to differences in growth environments and cultivation management practices, there are notable variations in rice quality between the main season and the ratoon season. Typically, the quality of rice in the ratoon season is superior to that of the main season. Factors such as ratooning characteristics, environmental temperature, and water and fertilizer management can influence rice quality by regulating source-sink relationships, the grain filling process, the synthesis of grain nutrients, and the physicochemical characteristics of starch granules. Numerous high-quality and high-yield rice varieties have been identified as suitable for ratoon rice cultivation, considering their ratooning capacity and yields. However, the quality of rice in both the main and ratoon seasons remains a limiting factor for ratoon rice production. This work briefly introduces the rice quality characteristics of the main and ratoon seasons and reviews the factors affecting the quality of ratoon rice and its cultivation regulations in terms of the formation process of rice quality. This review may lay a theoretical basis for the production of high-quality and high-yield ratoon rice. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Generation of Rice DMP1, DMP2 and DMP3 Mutants and Identification of Their Haploid Induction Ability HU Fengyue, WANG Jian, WANG Chun, WANG Kejian, LIU Chaolei Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (1): 55-66.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.231112 Abstract （746）   HTML （8）    PDF （6305KB）（891）    PDF（mobile） （2521KB）（51）    Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Exploring the haploid induction ability of rice DMP family genes to provide new gene resources for haploid breeding.【Methods】Selecting OsDMP family genes with high homology to the ZmDMP gene and high expression level in pollen as candidate genes. Using CRISPR/Cas9 multi-gene editing technology to create single-gene knockout and multi-gene combination knockout mutants of the selected OsDMP family genes and haploid induction gene OsMTL in the indica and japonica hybrid rice Chunyou 84. Conducting morphological observations and pollen fertility identification on the mutants. Investigating and statistically analyzing the seed setting rate and haploid induction rate of the T0 materials. 【Results】A total of 13 homologous genes of maize haploid induction gene ZmDMP were retrieved from the rice RAP-DB database. OsDMP1 and OsDMP2 showed the highest homology with ZmDMP, with similarity percentages of 41.24% and 37.32%, respectively; Moreover, OsDMP1 and OsDMP3 were the most highly expressed OsDMP genes in anthers. Therefore, OsDMP1, OsDMP2 and OsDMP3 were selected as candidate genes. Using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology, single-gene knockout and combined knockout mutants of OsDMP1, OsDMP2, and OsDMP3 were created (osdmp1, osdmp2, osdmp3, osdmp1-osdmp2, osdmp1-osdmp3, osdmp1-osdmp2-osdmp3). Additionally, single-gene knockout mutants of OsMTL were generated (osmtl), as well as combined knockout mutants between OsDMP1, OsDMP2, OsDMP3, and OsMTL (osmtl-osdmp1, osmtl-osdmp2, osmtl-osdmp3, osmtl-osdmp1-osdmp2, osmtl-osdmp1-osdmp3, osmtl-osdmp1-osdmp2-osdmp3). Phenotypic investigation showed that compared with the wild type, plant morphology and pollen fertility of all mutants did not visibly change, but the seed setting rate decreased significantly in single gene knockout and multi-gene combination knockout mutants containing osmtl. Haploid detection results indicated that the haploid induction efficiency of the combined mutants between OsDMP1, OsDMP2, OsDMP3 and OsMTL was 0.4%±0.6%, 2.6%±2.8%, 1.4%±0.6%, 1.5%±1.3%, 2.1%±2.4%, 2.2%± 0.6%, respectively, which was not significantly different from that of osmtl mutant (1.5%±0.5%). However, no haploid was produced when OsDMP family genes were mutated individually or in combination. 【Conclusion】CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology was used to create single and multi-gene knockout mutants between OsDMP1, OsDMP2, OsDMP3, and OsMTL in rice. It was found that OsDMP1, OsDMP2 and OsDMP3 had no independent haploid induction ability, nor could it improve the haploid induction efficiency of OsMTL genes. These results promoted the understanding of OsDMP homologous genes in rice, and provided reference for the subsequent studies on the haploid induction gene. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Advances in Molecular and Physiological Mechanisms of Cold Tolerance Regulation of Rice at the Booting Stage SUI Jingjing, ZHAO Guilong, JIN Xin, BU Qingyun, TANG Jiaqi Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (1): 1-10.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.231208 Abstract （599）   HTML （18）    PDF （830KB）（911）       Knowledge map    Save Cold tolerance at the booting stage is crucial for the reproductive function of rice (Oryza sativa L.), as it affects anther development and can lead to a significant decrease in seed setting rate and overall yield. The levels of certain growth regulatory substances, such as sugars, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and plant endogenous hormones like abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin (GA), are closely related to cold tolerance during the booting stage of rice. In this review, we systematically summarize the effects of cold stress on anther development in rice at the booting stage, the changes in growth regulatory substances, and the functional analysis of quantitative trait loci (QTL) and cold tolerance regulatory genes. This review aims to provide theoretical guidance for the breeding and improvement of cold-tolerant rice varieties and the development of materials at the booting stage. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Mechanisms of Arsenic Uptake and Transport in Rice and Agronomic Mitigation Strategies WU Jinshui, TANG Jiangying, TAN Li, GUO Zhiqiang, YANG Juan, ZHANG Xinzhen, CHEN Guifang, WANG Jianlong, SHI Wanju Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (2): 143-155.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.240402 Abstract （587）   HTML （61）    PDF （1329KB）（1030）       Knowledge map    Save In recent years, the issue of arsenic contamination in soils has become increasingly severe. Arsenic not only negatively impacts the yield and quality of rice, but also enters the human body through the food chain, posing a serious threat to human health. Therefore, reducing arsenic accumulation in rice has become an urgent problem in order to ensure food safety and promote the development of the rice industry. In-depth research into the mechanisms of arsenic uptake, translocation, and accumulation in rice, along with the active exploration of agronomic cultivation measures to reduce arsenic accumulation, represents an effective approach to addressing excessive arsenic levels in rice grains. This paper provides an overview of the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying the uptake of different forms of arsenic from soil by rice roots, as well as its translocation and accumulation within rice plants. Factors influencing arsenic uptake and accumulation in rice, such as rice varieties, soil physicochemical properties, soil nutrients, and microorganisms, are discussed. Additionally, the regulatory effects and mechanisms of cultivation practices, particularly water and nutrient management, on reducing arsenic uptake and accumulation in rice are highlighted. Building on existing research findings, future directions for arsenic pollution prevention and control in rice are proposed, aiming to provide a reference for studies focused on reducing arsenic content in rice grains. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Progress in Regulation of Important Agronomic Traits by Semi-Dwarf Gene sd1 in Rice ZHANG Fengyong, YING Xiaoping, ZHANG Jian, YANG Longwei, YING Jiezheng Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (1): 24-32.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.231104 Abstract （582）   HTML （11）    PDF （1702KB）（853）       Knowledge map    Save The cultivation and popularization of semi-dwarf varieties have promoted the “Green Revolution” of rice. The semi-dwarf gene sd1 in rice is a key gene responsible for gibberellin synthesis, which decreases plant height, increases harvest index. The application of sd1 addressed the problem of high yield and lodging under conditions of increased nitrogen fertilizer application. In this paper, the isolation and functional analysis of the sd1 gene were reviewed, the differences in important agronomic traits among different haplotypes of sd1 were analyzed, and the mechanisms by which the sd1 gene regulated key agronomic traits such as growth period, plant height, number of panicles per plant, yield per plant, lodging resistance, seed dormancy, and nitrogen use efficiency were reviewed. The effect of the sd1 gene on rice yield was discussed, along with the application of gene editing technology to generate sd1 mutations for the rapid improvement of rice varieties. Moreover, the potential application of the sd1 gene was anticipated. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Progress in Rice Mesocotyl REN Ningning, SUN Yongjian, SHEN Congcong, ZHU Shuangbing, LI Huiju, ZHANG Zhiyuan, CHEN Kai Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (1): 11-23.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.240504 Abstract （534）   HTML （13）    PDF （1979KB）（1654）       Knowledge map    Save As one of the most important food crops in the world, the growth and development characteristics of rice significantly impact agricultural production. The mesocotyl is a crucial part of rice that connects seeds and seedlings, playing an essential role in the processes of seed germination and emergence. Its elongation characteristics are particularly important in the direct seeding of rice. The elongation performance of the mesocotyl directly affects the emergence rate, emergence speed, and stress resistance of rice seedlings, making it a key link in rice breeding and cultivation management. With the advancement of modern agricultural technology, especially the rise of rice direct seeding technology, research on rice mesocotyl has become increasingly urgent and important. This manuscript reviews the cell morphology, environmental factors, physiological factors, mesocotyl-related QTLs, gene mining, and their applications in breeding. The goal is to lay a theoretical basis and explore new strategies for the utilization of rice mesocotyl and to guide future breeding directions. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Advances of Fragrance Substances in Rice ZHANG Laitong, YANG Le, LIU Hong, ZHAO Xueming, CHENG Tao, XU Zhenjiang Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (2): 171-186.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.240301 Abstract （482）   HTML （26）    PDF （1042KB）（2427）       Knowledge map    Save The distinctive fragrance of rice is regarded as an invaluable trait, and fragrant rice commands a premium price in the market and is highly favored by consumers. The production of flavor is associated with mutations in the Bahd2 gene, which results in the inactivation of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase, leading to an increase in the 2-AP precursor substance and ultimately to the accumulation of 2-AP and the formation of flavor. Nevertheless, the genetic background of flavor production in rice and the physiological and biochemical mechanisms of flavor substance formation remain incompletely elucidated. This paper presents a summary of the genetic background, gene function, and synthesis pathway of fragrance substances that have been identified thus far. Furthermore, the status of rice breeding in recent years and the response of fragrant rice under different environmental conditions and cultivation techniques are comprehensively sorted out and summarized. This is done with the objective of providing a scientific reference for breeding new fragrant rice varieties. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Functional Characterization of Rice Leaf Color Gene OsClpP6 GONG Mengmeng, SONG Shufeng, QIU Mudan, DONG Hao, ZHANG Longhui, LI Lei, LI Bin, CHEN Weijun, LI Yixing, WANG Tiankang, LEI Dongyang, LI Li Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (2): 197-208.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.240201 Abstract （437）   HTML （27）    PDF （19480KB）（729）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】This study aimed to investigate the function of OsClpP6 in chloroplast development, providing new genetic resources for improving plant photosynthetic rate. 【Method】Bioinformatics analyses were conducted to characterize the OsClpP6 gene and protein. The expression pattern of OsClpP6 was assessed through real-time quantitative PCR and subcellular localization techniques. Targeted editing of the OsClpP6 gene was carried out using CRISPR/Cas9 technology to generate targeted mutations in the OsClpP6 gene. The chloroplast structure in leaf mesophyll cells of mutants was examined using a transmission electron microscopy. Additionally, RNA-seq analysis was conducted to elucidate the impact of OsClpP6 on leaf color-related pathways. 【Result】The Clp gene family plays a crucial role in the early development of chloroplast in rice and is highly conserved during plant evolution. Oryza sativa L. caseinolytic protease P6 (OsClpP6) is an important member of the rice Clp gene family. Spatial and temporal expression pattern analysis revealed that OsClpP6 is predominantly expressed in the aerial parts of seedlings and stems during the vegetative growth stage, with subcellular localization in chloroplasts confirmed through experiments in rice protoplasts. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout mutants of OsClpP6, clpp6-6s-ko-1 and clpp6-6s-ko-2, were generated in the background of Huazhan. These mutants exhibited phenotypic characteristics including reduced plant height, lighter leaf color, and decreased thousand-grain weight compared to the wild type. Transmission electron microscopy observation of flag leaves during the grain-filling stage revealed significantly fewer chloroplasts, thylakoid membrane layers, and starch granules in mutant leaf mesophyll cells compared to the wild type. Transcriptome analysis showed that differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in the photosynthetic pathway, with significant changes in the expression of key proteins involved in chloroplast development. 【Conclusion】OsClpP6 participates in chloroplast development, affecting the balance of the rice source-sink relationship and subsequently influencing thousand-grain weight. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Progress in Effects of Salt and Drought Stresses on Rice Quality Formation and Associated Physiological Mechanisms MA Weiyi, ZHU Jizou, ZHU Wang, GENG Xiaoyu, ZHANG Xiang, DIAO Liuyun, WANG Lulu, MENG Tianyao, GAO Pinglei, CHEN Yinglong, DAI Qigen, WEI Huanhe Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (2): 156-170.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.240607 Abstract （366）   HTML （24）    PDF （900KB）（463）       Knowledge map    Save China is vigorously developing and utilizing coastal saline-alkaline land to boost rice production. Restricted by freshwater resources and water conservancy foundation, coastal saline-alkaline rice production is very susceptible to composite salt-drought stress, which significantly diminishes rice yield and deteriorates rice quality, and seriously restricts the realization of the goal of abundant production and quality improvement of coastal saline-alkaline rice. This paper summarizes the effects of salt damage, drought and its compound stress on the formation of processing quality, appearance quality, cooking flavor quality and nutritional quality of rice, describes the mechanism of its influence on the formation of rice quality from the aspects of osmotic stress, ionic balance, photosynthesis, antioxidant protection, endogenous hormones, carbon and nitrogen metabolism, metabolites, gene regulation, and so on, and proposes a new method to mitigate salt/drought stress in rice, which is based on the selection and breeding of salt-drought-tolerant varieties, and the cultivation and control of the response to salt/drought stress. It puts forward the control measures to alleviate salt/drought stress in rice, and suggests the next step to carry out the research on the physiological mechanism of the formation of rice quality affected by compound salt-drought stress. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Recent Advances in Mechanisms of Adaptation of Planthoppers to Rice Resistance WANG Yaxuan, WANG Xinfeng, YANG Houhong, LIU Fang, XIAO Jing, CAI Yubiao, WEI Qi, FU Qiang, WAN Pinjun Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (3): 306-321.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.240812 Abstract （366）   HTML （11）    PDF （1373KB）（604）       Knowledge map    Save The rice planthoppers, including the brown planthopper, white-backed planthopper, and small brown planthopper, are major threats to global rice production. To combat these pests, rice has evolved defense mechanisms, including antibiosis, antixenosis or non-preference, and tolerance. In response, rice planthoppers have developed various adaptive strategies, such as possessing a complex chemosensory system to detect different chemicals, secreting salivary proteins that finely regulate plant defense responses, detoxifying harmful substances through gut-specific enzymes, enhancing adaptability to ecosystems via symbiotic bacteria, and exhibiting wing polyphenism to modulate growth and development according to the nutritional status of the host plant. Based on the latest scientific discoveries on the adaptation mechanisms of rice planthoppers to rice resistance, this paper summarized the genes for rice resistance to planthoppers and the virulence mechanisms of planthoppers. The review focuses on the areas of chemical communication between rice and planthoppers, salivary components, detoxification enzymes, symbiotic bacteria, and wing dimorphism regulation. Studies have shown that biotype evolution of brown planthopper and the loss of resistance in pest-resistant varieties after their promotion remain major challenges in pest management. Future research should prioritize elucidating the molecular mechanisms of adaptability of brown planthoppers and develop new, more effective management strategies to achieve long-term goals and sustainable control of brown planthopper. Additionally, this paper discusses how modern biotechnologies such as genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, and epigenetics can be used to deepen the understanding of the interaction network between brown planthoppers and rice, and how this knowledge can be used to formulate more effective pest management strategies. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Risk Assessment and Dynamic Early Warming of Heat Damage in Rice Based on Simulation Model JIANG Min, WANG Guanglun, LI Minglu, MIAO Bo, LI Mingxuan, SHI Chunlin Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (1): 128-142.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.240306 Abstract （324）   HTML （5）    PDF （2377KB）（653）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 This study aims to enhance the level of disaster damage assessment and improve the ability to prevent and mitigate disasters in rice production by developing a high-temperature early warning system and a disaster risk assessment system.【Method】Four representative rice varieties from Fujian Province were selected to conduct high-temperature control experiments during the key developmental stages when rice is susceptible to high temperatures and heat injury. The variations in rice yield and its components under different high-temperature stress treatments were measured. By combining these results with a rice development period model, the damage rate due to high temperatures was calculated, leading to the construction of a risk assessment and early warning system for high-temperature stress in rice. Utilizing meteorological data from Fujian Province over the past 50 years, this system was employed to calculate the heat injury rate of rice under high temperatures, and the risk levels of heat injury during the critical developmental stages of rice in each rice-growing region were assessed. Daily meteorological data were then used to simulate both single-point and regional dynamic early warnings of heat injury in rice, and the actual disaster losses were calculated using regional test data and meteorological yield data from planting samples. The purpose is to verify the simulated warning results. 【Results】The risk assessment results for high-temperature damage to rice in Fujian Province indicate that early rice in the double-cropping rice area of Southeastern Fujian is generally at low risk, with heat damage primarily occurring during the flowering stage of early rice. The frequency of heat damage over the past 50 years is less than 30%. In contrast, early rice in the double-cropping rice area of northwestern Fujian is predominantly at high and sub-high risk, with heat damage frequencies ranging from 68% to 80% during the flowering stage and 62% to 80% during the filling stage. The distribution of heat damage and low-risk areas in the single-season rice-growing regions of the mountainous areas in northwestern Fujian is the widest, with frequencies of less than 38% during the meiosis stage and less than 26% during the flowering stage. In 2020, 12 representative rice varieties underwent single-point dynamic warning simulations for high-temperature stress in Fujian Province. The results indicated a relatively high probability of severe heat injury to early rice in the double-cropping rice area of Southeastern Fujian, with damage rates from 51.1% to 55.4%. In the double-cropping rice area of northwestern Fujian, early rice suffered mild to moderate heat injury, with damage rates ranging from 12.1% to 26.8%. The probability of moderate heat injury to middle rice in the mountainous single-cropping rice region of northwestern Fujian is also relatively high, with damage rates from 18.2% to 29.4%. The simulation results of regional early warnings in Fujian Province in 2020 showed that in the two rice-growing areas of early rice T78 You 2155, the regions with severe heat injury were mainly concentrated in southeastern Fujian, including Anxi, Nanan, Tongan, and Longhai counties, with disaster damage rates from 30.8% to 41.6%. Only Jiangle County in northwestern Fujian was severely hit by heat damage, with a disaster damage rate of 31.0%. In the mountainous single-cropping rice area of northwestern Fujian, where the middle rice II You 3301 is planted, Guangze, Zhenghe, Mingxi, and Yongan counties experienced moderate heat injury, with disaster damage rates of 15.1% to 21.7%.【Conclusion】The risk of heat injury to early rice in the northwestern Fujian rice planting area is more severe than that in the southeastern Fujian region. A comparison of the simulated disaster damage rates from the system with the actual disaster damage rates of local rice production and the trends in meteorological yield changes indicates that the warning effect is effective. Regardless of spatial and temporal variations, the simulation results align well with the actual situation. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Development and Application of a Functional Marker for Heading Date Gene Hd6 in Rice CHEN Zhihui, TAO Yajun, FAN Fangjun, XU Yang, WANG Fangquan, LI Wenqi, GULINAER·Bahetibieke , JIANG Yanjie, ZHU Jianping, LI Xia, YANG Jie Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (1): 47-54.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.231009 Abstract （318）   HTML （7）    PDF （1194KB）（450）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】This study aims to explore the distribution of Hd6 alleles in japonica rice and indica rice from Jiangsu Province, and to enhance the application value and selection efficiency of Hd6 alleles in the genetic improvement of rice heading date. 【Method】We designed and screened various types of gene functional markers based on the single nucleotide polymorphisms in the functional regions of the Hd6 alleles in Kasalath and hd6 in Nipponbare. Through PCR amplification and sequencing, we selected the gene markers K-Hd6-21F/Hd6-1R and N-Hd6-22F/Hd6-1R to genotype japonica rice varieties from different ecological types in Jiangsu Province and indica rice varieties from various sources.【Result】We found that K-Hd6-21F/Hd6-1R and N-Hd6-22F/Hd6-1R could effectively distinguish different genotypes at the Hd6 locus. The results indicated that 42% of the 48 medium-maturing japonica rice varieties carried the Hd6 allele, 50% of the 30 late-maturing japonica rice varieties carried Hd6, and 77.5% of the 48 early-maturing japonica rice varieties carried Hd6. The two alleles of Hd6 were distributed among varieties from three different ecological regions in Jiangsu Province, and the genotype frequency of functional Hd6 alleles increased with the heading date. The Hd6 gene is highly conserved in indica rice and was tested in all 62 indica varieties.【Conclusion】This study lays a foundation for the utilization of the Hd6 gene and molecular marker-assisted selection in rice breeding, providing a new basis and effective approach for the breeding of early-maturing varieties in indica rice. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Allele Mining and Breeding Application of Grain Number per Panicle Gene Gn1a in Rice LIU Zhichao, CHANG Longxue, AI Xin, JIN Long, ZHANG Fengyong, LI Zhiyong, WANG Yifeng, TONG Xiaohong, HUANG Jie, ZHANG Jian, JIN Jian, YING Jiezheng Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (2): 220-230.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.240105 Abstract （308）   HTML （39）    PDF （6499KB）（1905）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Based on advances in rice functional genomics, this study aimed to screen favorable alleles of the Gn1a gene controlling grain number per panicle, providing technical support for modern rice variety improvement. 【Method】Advanced genetic populations were developed through backcrossing and self-crossing for QTL mapping. Near-isogenic lines (NILs) were constructed to validate QTL effects. Target gene sequences were amplified and aligned, followed by designing functional markers for genotyping. 【Result】A major quantitative trait locus (QTL) controlling secondary branch number and grains per panicle was co-localized with the Gn1a locus on chromosome 1 short arm. This mapping utilized four BC3F3 populations derived from crosses between the japonica donor parent Jizi 1560 and recurrent parents, including early indica varieties (Zhongjiazao 17, Zhongzao 39) and three-line restorer lines (Huazhan, R173). Sequence analysis revealed an unreported indica-specific allele (Gn1a-i) in Zhongjiazao 17 and Zhongzao 39, characterized by a ‌16-bp deletion in the 5' UTR‌ compared to the japonica allele (Gn1a-j). Comparative analyses of four near-isogenic line (NIL) populations confirmed that Gn1a-i significantly increased grains per panicle and yield. A functional marker (ZC51) targeting the 16-bp deletion was developed to genotype 39 rice materials, which were categorized into nine types: conventional early/late indica varieties, three-line maintainers/restorers, two-line sterile lines, northern/southern japonica varieties, landraces, and wild rice. All modern indica materials (cultivars and hybrid parents) carried Gn1a-i, whereas landraces and wild rice retained Gn1a-j. Notably, both southern and northern japonica varieties exhibited biallelic Gn1a-i and Gn1a-j‌. 【Conclusion】It was confirmed that Gn1a-i allele increased grain yield by increasing number of primary branches, secondary branches and grains per panicle. The favorable allele of Gn1a-i has great potentials in the improvement of japonica rice varieties, and the functional gene marker of ZC51 can be directly used in the marker-assisted selection of Gn1a. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Progress in Effectors of Magnaporthe oryzae LU Yezi, QIU Jiehua, JIANG Nan, KOU Yanjun, SHI Huanbin Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (3): 287-294.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.240611 Abstract （299）   HTML （26）    PDF （911KB）（653）       Knowledge map    Save Rice blast, caused by the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae, is among the most devastating rice diseases worldwide. During infection, M. oryzae deploys an arsenal of effectors into rice cells, altering their physiology and metabolism, and suppressing immune responses to facilitate colonization. A thorough understanding of M. oryzae effectors and their interaction mechanisms with rice holds significant potential to inform strategies for rice blast control. This review summarizes recent advances in elucidating the mechanisms of effector secretion into rice cells, the intricate regulatory mechanisms of effector-mediated rice blast resistance, and the classification of M. oryzae effectors. Additionally, it discusses the current challenges in effector research and outlines future research directions, aiming to provide a reference for the prevention and management of rice blast caused by M. oryzae. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Analysis of QTL Controlling Cold Tolerance at Seedling Stage by Using a High-Density SNP Linkage Map in japonica Rice YANG Chuanming, WANG Lizhi, ZHANG Xijuan, YANG Xianli, WANG Yangyang, HOU Benfu, CUI Shize, LI Qingchao, LIU Kai, MA Rui, FENG Yanjiang, LAI Yongcai, LI Hongyu, JIANG Shukun Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (1): 82-91.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.240111 Abstract （299）   HTML （2）    PDF （2570KB）（664）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Low temperature is a primary abiotic stress that inhibits rice development and growth, ultimately reducing its yield. Identifying and utilizing cold tolerance genes to breed cold tolerant cultivars is a simple and effective way to address this issue.【Method】A recombinant inbred line (RIL) population consisting of 144 lines derived from the cross between ‘Lijiang Xintuan Heigu’ (LTH) and ‘Shennong 265’ (SN265) was used to evaluate cold tolerance at the seedling stage in a phytotron. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) for cold tolerance at the seedling stage were detected using a high-density linkage map comprising 2818 markers.【Result】A total of four cold tolerance QTLs at the seedling stage were identified on chromosomes 1, 8, 10, and 12 using the composite interval mapping (CIM) method. The phenotypic variations of these QTL ranged from 5.33% to 19.86%. Among them, the cold tolerance alleles of qCTS1, qCTS10, and qCTS12 were derived from the cold-tolerant parent LTH, while the cold tolerance allele of qCTS8 was from SN265. The major QTL, qCTS12, was located in a 396.67 kb interval from 15.98 Mb to 16.37 Mb on chromosome 12. The qCTS1 was located in a 299.85 kb interval from 9.20 Mb to 9.50 Mb on chromosome 1. The qCTS8 was located in a 55.05 kb interval from 26.09 Mb to 26.15 Mb on chromosome 8. The qCTS10 was located in an 85.82 kb interval from 11.13 Mb to 11.21 Mb on chromosome 10. Further analysis indicated that most interactions between QTLs are additive, except for the negative interaction between qCTS1 and qCTS8. 【Conclusion】Four cold tolerance QTLs were identified using the LTH/SN265 RIL population and its linkage map of 2818 markers at the seedling stage. Three cold tolerance alleles were derived from the cold-tolerant parent LTH. These results not only provide valuable genetic resources for breeding cold-tolerant rice but also offer references for elucidating the genetic and molecular mechanisms of cold tolerance in rice seedlings. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Effect of Nitrogen Management Strategies on Yield and Grain Quality of High-quality Hybrid Mid-season Rice SHU Ao, XIE Jiaxin, CAO Wei, ZHOU Chuanming, LI Beilei, CHEN Jiaxin, LI Li, CAO Fangbo, CHEN Jiana, HUANG Min Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (2): 255-263.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.240802 Abstract （292）   HTML （23）    PDF （736KB）（518）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 The objective of this study was to identify the most suitable nitrogen (N) management strategy for improving the quality of premium hybrid mid-season rice. 【Methods】 A field experiment was conducted to compare the differences in yield and its components, biomass production, and grain quality of high-quality hybrid mid-season rice among three N split-application regimes at basal, early tillering, and panicle initiation stages (5:2:3, N1; 4:2:4, N2; and 3:2:5, N3). 【Results】The yield of N1 was significantly higher than that of N2 and N3 for the tested varieties, primarily due to a significant increase in the number of panicles and spikelets per square meter. In terms of biomass production, the total biomass accumulation for N1 was significantly greater than that for N2 and N3. This increase in total biomass mainly occurred during the tillering and panicle initiation stages. The head rice rate, amylose content, and protein content were significantly lower in N1 compared to N2 and N3; However, there was no significant difference in head rice yield. Additionally, no significant difference was observed in the chalky grain rate and chalkiness among different N management strategies. 【Conclusion】These results suggest that for high-quality hybrid mid-season rice varieties, the N1 treatment significantly increases grain yield while maintaining a stable head rice yield. N1 also preserves superior appearance quality and is beneficial for improving eating quality. Therefore, N1 is identified as the optimal N management strategy for high-quality hybrid mid-season rice. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Effects of Nitrification Inhibitors on Rice Growth, Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency Under Oxygenated Irrigation CHEN Shurong, ZHU Lianfeng, QIN Birong, WANG Jie, Zhu Xuhua, TIAN Wenhao, ZHU Chunquan, CAO Xiaochuang, KONG Yali, ZHANG Junhua, JIN Qianyu Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (1): 92-100.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.240202 Abstract （273）   HTML （6）    PDF （419KB）（708）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of nitrification inhibitor application under aerated irrigation on rice growth, yield formation, and nitrogen fertilizer utilization. 【Method】The experiment was carried out with the rice variety Zhongzheyou 8 as material under two irrigation treatments, including: conventional flood irrigation (CF) and micro-nano bubble water oxygenation irrigation (MB). Additionally, two nitrogen fertilizer treatments were applied: urea alone (U) and urea combined with a nitrification inhibitor (NI). The study compared and analyzed the yield and its components, tillering dynamics, leaf area, leaf chlorophyll content, nitrogen accumulation in various parts of rice plants (stems, leaves, grains), and nitrogen utilization at different growth stages.【Result】The results indicated that the application of nitrification inhibitors under aerated irrigation significantly increased rice yield, with the aerated irrigation treatment yielding an increase of 7.3% to 10.0%. Compared to urea alone, the yield with the nitrification inhibitor treatment increased significantly by 2.9% to 5.6%. The highest yield recorded for the aerated irrigation and nitrification inhibitor treatment was 6756.4 kg·ha−1. In terms of yield components, both aerated irrigation and the addition of nitrification inhibitors primarily affected the number of effective panicles and the seed setting rate, with minimal impact on the number of grains per panicle and 1000-grain weight. Compared to the CF+U treatment, the effective panicle count and seed setting rate increased by 9.4% and 11.0%, respectively. The application of nitrification inhibitors under aerated irrigation significantly enhanced nitrogen accumulation in rice. At the full heading stage, stem nitrogen accumulation and leaf nitrogen accumulation in the MB+U+NI treatment increased by 4.5% and 6.1%, respectively, compared to the CF+U treatment. Aerated irrigation increased nitrogen accumulation and total nitrogen accumulation per panicle by 8.6% and 9.3%, respectively, compared to flooded irrigation under the same nitrogen fertilizer treatment at maturity. Furthermore, the combined application of nitrification inhibitors increased nitrogen accumulation per panicle by 3.4% and total nitrogen accumulation by 2.9% compared to urea alone under the same irrigation conditions. The MB+U+NI treatment significantly improved the nitrogen harvest index, nitrogen grain production efficiency, nitrogen partial productivity, and nitrogen use efficiency compared to other treatments.【Conclusion】The application of nitrification inhibitors under aerated irrigation promotes rice tillering and increases the number of effective panicles, which aids in dry matter accumulation and enhances grain filling in the later stages. This, in turn, significantly improves the seed setting rate and yield of rice, increases nitrogen accumulation, and enhances nitrogen use efficiency. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Effect of Free-air CO2 Enrichment and Temperature Increase on Grain Quality of Rice Cultivar Yangdao 6 WANG Xiaoxi, CAI Chuang, SONG Lian, ZHOU Wei, YANG Xiong, GU Xinyue, ZHU Chunwu Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (1): 115-127.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.240309 Abstract （265）   HTML （3）    PDF （1657KB）（767）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】To elucidate the impact and mechanism of elevated CO2 and elevated temperature on the quality of indica rice.【Methods】Using the free-air CO2 enrichment and temperature increase (T-FACE) system, the rice cultivar Yangdao 6 (indica) was used to assess the effects of elevated CO2 (increased by 200 μmol/mol) and elevated temperature (increased by 2 ℃, with both night-time and day-time temperatures elevated in 2021, and only day-time temperature elevated in 2022) on rice processing, appearance, nutritional quality, eating quality, starch synthesis enzyme activities, and non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) content.【Results】Generally, under the treatment combining elevated CO2 and elevated night-time and day-time temperatures, rice processing and nutritional quality were not affected. However, eating quality improved as the amylose content decreased by 31.57%. The appearance quality of rice also improved, evidenced by a decrease in both the percentage of chalky grains and the degree of chalkiness under elevated CO2 and/or elevated temperature. Specifically, under the combination of elevated CO2 and elevated night-time and day-time temperatures, the percentage of chalky grains and the degree of chalkiness decreased by 25.98% and 34.82%, respectively. The degree of chalkiness showed a significantly positive correlation with the sucrose synthase (SuSy) activity and the cell wall invertase (CWI) activity, but a significantly negative correlation with NSC content and starch synthase (SS) activity. The potential mechanisms underlying the reduction in chalkiness under elevated CO2 and elevated temperature include: (i) elevated CO2 could increase NSC content and SS activity, providing adequate substrates for rice grain filling; and (ii) elevated temperature, along with the combination of elevated CO2 and elevated temperature, decreased both SuSy activity and CWI activity during the later stages of grain filling, which could slow down the grain-filling rate.【Conclusion】Under the combined conditions of elevated CO2 and elevated night-time and day-time temperatures, the chalkiness and amylose content of rice grain of Yangdao 6 decreased, and the rice appearance quality and eating quality improved. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Evaluation of Blast Resistance and Identification of Superior Haplotype of OsDR8 in Rice ZHANG Bintao, LIU Congcong, GUO Mingliang, YANG Shaohua, WU Shiqiang, GUO Longbiao, ZHU Yiwang Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (3): 343-351.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.240509 Abstract （261）   HTML （10）    PDF （1155KB）（469）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a crucial staple crop globally. Its production is severely threatened by rice blast disease. Identifying resistance materials and analyzing resistance genes are essential for understanding the mechanisms behind rice blast resistance. This study aims to systematically generate and identify genetic materials of the rice blast resistance gene OsDR8, conduct haplotype and evolutionary analyses to select superior haplotypes, and investigate their subpopulation differentiation. These efforts will lay a theoretical basis for the application of OsDR8 in rice blast resistance breeding programs.【Method】We developed transgenic lines overexpressing the OsDR8 gene and its knockout mutants. We conducted rice blast resistance assays on the overexpression lines, homozygous knockout lines, and corresponding wild-type materials using Magnaporthe oryzae isolates RO1-1 and RB22. Meanwhile, haplotype and evolutionary analyses of the OsDR8 gene were conducted based on the rice super pan-genome variation map.【Result】Disease symptom observation and disease resistance evaluation indicated that knockout mutants had significantly larger lesion sizes and a higher proportion of diseased leaf area compared to the wild-type. In contrast, the overexpression lines showed reduced lesion sizes and a lower proportion of diseased leaf area. Combined with haplotype and evolutionary analyses, the results indicated that materials of the superior haplotype Hap2 show stronger disease resistance, with 95.52% of the indica rice subpopulation being the Hap2 haplotype.【Conclusion】The OsDR8 gene positively regulates resistance to rice blast, and that the superior haplotype Hap2 may be associated with stronger resistance in indica rice. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Effects of Hybrid Rice Seedling Quality in Drill-seeding Nursery on Grain Yield in Mechanical Transplanting TANG Chenghan, WANG Jingqing, CHEN Huizhe, ZHANG Yuping, XIANG Jing, ZHANG Yikai, WANG Zhigang, HUAI Yan, CHEN Jiafeng, WANG Yaliang Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (2): 245-254.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.240405 Abstract （256）   HTML （12）    PDF （498KB）（531）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Precision drill sowing improves the quality of machine-transplanted seedlings and enhances population uniformity. This study aims to clarify the relationship between seedling quality of hybrid rice under drill sowing and yield formation in mechanized transplanting, thereby guiding the establishment of high-yield populations. 【Method】Using indica-japonica hybrid rice “Yongyou 1538”, three drill specifications (D1: 16 rows, D2: 18 rows, D3: 20 rows) and three seed usages (seeds per hole, S1: 3, S2: 4, S3: 5) were tested. Each seeding tray was sown 40 times horizontally, with vertical sowing times matching the drill number. Seedling quality, tillering dynamics, leaf area index (LAI), dry matter accumulation, panicle traits, yield, and their components were analyzed. 【Result】 (1) Few drill rows and fewer seeds per hole improved seedling quality, promoting tillering at the 2nd and 3rd leaf positions. The more seeds per hole reduced productive panicle rate. (2) Fewer drills increased LAI and dry matter accumulation. Higher seeds per hole lowered harvest index. (3) Fewer seeds per hole increased grains per panicle and partially improved seed-setting rate. Fewer drills enhanced seed-setting rate of secondary branches. (4) D1 yield exceeded D2 and D3 by 5.0% and 10.8%, respectively; S2 (4 seeds per hole) yield surpassed S1 and S3 by 6.0% and 7.1%. (5) Yield correlated most strongly with seedling fullness (13.94 g increase per 1 mg/cm). 【Conclusion】Robust seedlings enhance low-position tillering. Seedling fullness is a key indicator of seedling vigor, achievable through reduced seeding rates. Under identical basic seedlings, robust seedlings improve LAI and dry matter accumulation, increasing yield via productive panicles. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）