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Plant Prime Editing: A New Direction in Crop Breeding SONG Anqi, WU Songquan, MA Qiuyue, BAN Wanning, LIU Xiangguo, JIN Yongmei Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (6): 711-730.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.241005 Abstract （584）   HTML （31）    PDF （2292KB）（462）       Knowledge map    Save Plant Prime Editing (PPE) provides a novel approach for precise genome modification in plants, overcoming the limitations of conventional gene editing methods that rely on double-strand breaks and exogenous donor DNA. It enables not only arbitrary base substitutions, but also precise insertions and deletions of small to large DNA fragments, with reduced off-target effects. This review systematically summarizes the latest research advances in PPE technology globally, including its development history and working mechanism, applications in crop breeding and trait improvement, and representative cases. It also discusses the expansion of prime editing into large-scale genome editing and multiplex gene editing. To address the bottlenecks faced by PPE systems in plant genetic transformation, several potential solutions are proposed. Finally, the broad application prospects of PPE technology in plant genetic improvement and its potential integration with artificial intelligence (AI) in future research are outlined. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Advances in Roles of Different Types of Histone Modifications in Responses of Rice to Abiotic Stresses HAO Wenqian, CAI Xingjing, YANG Haidong, WU Yuyang, TENG Xuan, XUE Chao, GONG Zhiyun Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (5): 575-585.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.250203 Abstract （507）   HTML （33）    PDF （1171KB）（3431）       Knowledge map    Save As one of the most important food crops in the world, the yield and quality of rice are directly related to global food security. However, rice often faces various abiotic stresses during growth, such as salt stress, drought, low and high temperatures, which seriously compromise the growth, development and yield of rice. In recent years, epigenetics research, especially the role of histone modifications in regulating stress tolerance responses of rice, has attracted increasing attention. This review summarizes the latest research progress in histone modifications in abiotic stress responses in rice, to provide a theoretical basis for genetic improvement and stress resistance breeding of rice. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Progress on Physiological and Ecological Mechanisms and Regulation Pathways of Yield, Quality and Stress Resistance Response in Perennial Rice LU Tingting, YAN Wenhui, SU Xinquan, ZENG Luohua, HUA Liqin, CHEN Jianghua, FENG Baohua, WANG Yuexing, HU Jiang, FU Guanfu Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (5): 586-600.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.241012 Abstract （496）   HTML （22）    PDF （1756KB）（460）       Knowledge map    Save Perennial rice, characterized by its "one planting, two or more harvests", has become a crucial component of sustainable agriculture. Significant progress has been made in understanding the physiological and ecological mechanisms and regulation pathways of perennial rice. This study aims to systematically review the current status, yield and quality formation characteristics, physiological and ecological characteristics, and molecular mechanisms of perennial rice, with an in-depth discussion on its response mechanisms to stress conditions. Finally, we summarize the cultivation patterns and regulation strategies of perennial rice, providing theoretical foundations and practical guidance for expanding its planting regions and enhancing the diversity of rice germplasm resources. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Progress of Typical Plant Growth-promoting Microorganism Enhancing Salt Stress Resistance in Rice ZHOU Yang, YE Fan, LIU Lijun Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (4): 529-542.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.240814 Abstract （491）   HTML （19）    PDF （1685KB）（1219）       Knowledge map    Save Soil salinization is one of the main challenges facing global food security. Rice is the preferred grain crop for the reclamation of coastal tidal flats and saline-alkaline land. Enhancing salt tolerance is essential to ensuring stable saline-alkaline soil rice production. Plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPMs) are a crucial part of the biological improvement of saline-alkaline soils. Salt-tolerant PGPMs, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Bacillus, and Pseudomonas, can alleviate the adverse effects of salt stress on the growth and development of rice by activating soil enzyme activity, producing extracellular polysaccharides, enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity, regulating osmotic metabolism osmoprotectants, and regulating plant hormones. This work summarizes different pathways and related mechanisms by which the three aforementioned PGPMs enhance rice resistance under salt stress, highlights the current research gaps in this field, and provides an outlook for future research, thereby offering theoretical and practical bases for the improvement of saline-alkaline soils and high-yield rice production. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Evaluation of SNP Loci for Rice Variety Authenticity Verification XU Qun, WANG Shan, YUAN Xiaoping, JIN Shiqiao, JIN Fang, HAO Wanjun, WU Xiaobi, FENG Yue, YU Hanyong, SUN Yanfei, YANG Yaolong, WEI Xinghua Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (5): 635-642.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.241114 Abstract （473）   HTML （35）    PDF （1365KB）（984）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 A highly discriminative combination of SNP loci is crucial for developing efficient, accurate, and cost-effective rice variety verification technologies, which can be widely applied in seed regulation, variety breeding and other fields.【Method】 This study established fingerprints for 1,383 inbred and 2,702 hybrid rice varieties using the 96 SNP panel from the agricultural industry standard, designated RGIsnp96.【Result】 The results demonstrated that RGIsnp96 exhibited high polymorphism and strong discriminative power for variety identification. For 1,387 inbred varieties, the heterozygous rate, average polymorphic information content (PIC), and average minor allele frequency (MAF) of SNPs in RGIsnp96 were 0.03, 0.30, and 0.27, respectively. For 2702 hybrid varieties, the corresponding values were 0.39, 0.30, and 0.29, respectively. The identification rates, represented by the proportion of distinguishable variety pairs, for inbred and hybrid rice varieties were 99.94% and 99.99%, respectively. A good equivalence between RGIsnp96 and 48 SSRs in agricultural industry standards (designated RGIssr48 in the following) was evaluated by comparing similarities of variety pairs measured by the two marker sets for both inbred and hybrid varieties. Furthermore, combining RGIsnp96 and RGIssr48, representing different types of markers, could generate better results than using a single type of marker for differentiating certain inbred rice varieties, and corresponding strategies were recommended.【Conclusion】 RGIsnp96 demonstrates exceptional capability in rice variety identification, providing robust technical support for improving rice seed quality, regulating the seed market order, and safeguarding farmers' rights and interests. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Functional Study on Aluminum Tolerance of OsAlR1 Gene in Rice WANG Jingbo, SU Chang, FENG Jing, JIANG Sixu, XU Hai, CUI Zhibo, ZHAO Minghui Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (5): 615-623.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.240510 Abstract （472）   HTML （15）    PDF （1429KB）（446）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 With the aggravation of soil acidification, aluminum (Al) toxicity in acidic soil seriously limits the growth and development of rice. Mining Al-tolerant gene resources, analyzing their molecular functions, and breeding Al-tolerant varieties can ensure rice yield in acidic soil. 【Method】 CRISPR/Cas9 technology was used to construct knockout vectors. The overexpression vector was constructed by homologous recombination and Golden Gate seamless cloning. Transgenic materials were obtained by genetic transformation. Homozygous overexpression lines and knockout lines were screened for Al tolerance phenotype analysis and determination of reactive oxygen species (ROS) content and antioxidant enzyme activities.【Result】 qRT-PCR results showed that OsAlR1 expression was induced by Al stress. Knockout of OsAlR1 affected root development in rice. After Al treatment, compared with the wild type, the osalr1-3 and osalr1-6 lines accumulated more Al³⁺ and ROS, while the OE-OsAlR1-5 and OE-OsAlR1-8 lines accumulated less Al³⁺ and ROS. Knockout of OsAlR1 led to decreased glutathione (GSH) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in roots. qRT-PCR results revealed that genes regulating the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway (OsPAL7, OsHCT4, OsCCR18, Os02g0467600, PRX82, and Os06g0522300) showed significant expression changes in the knockout lines after Al treatment.【Conclusion】 OsAlR1 expression is induced by Al stress, and OsAlR1 alleviates ROS-mediated oxidative stress by increasing GSH content and SOD activity. OsAlR1 may affect Al tolerance in rice by regulating the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Directed Improvement of Hybrid Rice Zhuoliangyou 1126 by Heavy Ion Beam Mutagenesis Based on M1TDS Targeted Screening Technology SHAO Ye, HU Yuanyi, PENG Yan, MAO Bigang, LIU Huimin, TANG Chanjuan, LEI Bin, TANG Li, YU Lixia, LI Wenjian, LUO Wuzhong, LUO Zhibin, YUAN Yuantao, LI Yaokui, ZHANG Dan, ZHOU Libin, BAI Lianyang, TANG Wenbang, ZHAO Bingran Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (5): 624-634.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.240106 Abstract （450）   HTML （11）    PDF （2114KB）（1637）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Using the two-line hybrid rice Zhuoliangyou 1126 as the base variety, we aimed to rapidly develop upgraded varieties with traits such as low cadmium accumulation, fragrance, storage tolerance, submergence tolerance, and a low glycemic index.【Method】Zhuo 234S and Xiangnonghui 1126, the parental lines of Zhuoliangyou 1126, were mutagenized using heavy-ion beams. Chimeric mutants of the OsNRAMP5, OsBADH2, OsLOX3, OsPAO5, OsSSIIIa, and OsBEIIb genes were identified in the M1 generation via M1TDS technology. Mutations in the target genes were further detected and isolated in the M2 generation using Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR (KASP) genotyping. Hybrid rice with low cadmium accumulation was developed by crossing parents carrying OsNRAMP5 mutations.【Results】A total of 13 chimeric mutants involving six target genes were identified in the M1 generation. Among these, seven were confirmed to carry homozygous or heterozygous mutations in the M2 generation. The cadmium content in OsNRAMP5 homozygous mutants was significantly lower than in the wild type, while the content of the aromatic compound 2-acetylpyrroline (2-AP) was significantly higher in OsBADH2 homozygous mutants. When the low-cadmium hybrid rice derived from OsNRAMP5-mutated parents was pot-grown in cadmium-contaminated soil (available Cd: 0.677 mg/kg, pH 5.6), the cadmium content in grains remained consistently below 0.05 mg/kg, compared to 0.91 mg/kg in the wild-type control.【Conclusion】The combination of heavy-ion beam mutagenesis and M1TDS technology enabled the rapid improvement of traits such as low cadmium accumulation in Zhuoliangyou 1126. This study provides a successful example and a general technical reference for transitioning from traditional mutagenesis breeding to directed mutagenesis breeding. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Progress in Regulation of Anthocyanin Accumulation in Colored Rice WU Wanting, XU Qian, LIU Dantong, ZHU Changjin, DU Haotian, JU Haoran, HUO Zhongyang, DAI Qigen, LI Guohui, XU Ke Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (5): 601-614.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.241206 Abstract （450）   HTML （17）    PDF （1641KB）（3195）       Knowledge map    Save Colored rice is rich in protein, amino acids, cellulose, and essential minerals for the human body. It also contains active substances such as anthocyanins, which have anti-aging, cancer prevention, and antiviral effects, making it widely valued by consumers. This review focuses on summarizing the nutritional and health value of colored rice, and summarizes the accumulation, biosynthesis, and regulation processes of anthocyanins in colored rice from the perspectives of physiological and molecular regulation, as well as the effects of cultivation conditions such as temperature, light, water, and fertilizer level on the accumulation of anthocyanins. Finally, future research directions for colored rice are discussed. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research on Path Tracking Control Methods for Tractor Operating Units: A Review XIAO Maohua, TIAN Fengyu, WEI Wenbo, ZHU Yejun, LI Dongfang, ZHANG Pengcheng, GENG Guosheng Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (4): 423-439.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.250104 Abstract （412）   HTML （15）    PDF （1823KB）（1795）       Knowledge map    Save The tractor operating unit refers to an agricultural machinery system with a unique articulated tractor structure composed of a tractor and supporting implements, and the path tracking control method is the key technology to realize the unmanned operation of this unit. However, limited by the variability of the agricultural environment and the complex steering structure of the articulated frame, the existing methods still face challenges in terms of adaptability, robustness, and control efficiency. The aim of this work is to provide a systematic overview of current research status on path tracking control methods for tractor operating units by analyzing their models and path tracking control algorithms. In addition, this review discusses the main problems in research on path tracking control methods for tractor operating units and possible solutions, with a view to providing useful references for related research in this field. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Flowering Habits of Rice and Its Application in Breeding japonica Cytoplasmic Male Sterile Lines CHEN Ling, LIN Wenying, LIANG Limei, OUYANG Younan, YE Shenghai, JI Zhijuan Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (6): 731-743.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.241120 Abstract （390）   HTML （21）    PDF （1296KB）（439）       Knowledge map    Save The utilization of heterosis has significantly increased the yield of rice. Hybridization between indica and japonica subspecies exhibits stronger heterosis due to their distant genetic relationships. Consequently, indica-japonica hybrid rice has greater yield potential. Inter-subspecies hybridization between indica and japonica is an important way to enhance rice yields. Currently, indica-japonica hybrid rice mainly refers to the combinations derived from crossing a japonica cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) line with an indica restorer line. These combinations have received widespread attention in production because of their vigorous growth, ideal plant architecture, resistance to premature senescence, and super high yield advantages. However, the japonica CMS line is characterized by its flowering habits, such as low stigma exsertion rate and late flowering time. These habits lead to asynchronous flowering time between the indica and japonica parental lines and low outcrossing rates in the seed production process. Thus, the yield of seed production is low and unstable, which limits further application of indica-japonica hybrid rice. In this work, we review the influencing factors and genetic mechanisms of rice flowering habits. We also summarize and analyze the application research on these mechanisms in japonica CMS lines. This review provides a reference for promoting the breeding, production, and application of indica-japonica hybrid rice and the sustainable development of hybrid rice. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Cloning of Cold6 Conferring Cold Tolerance in Rice TAO Shibo, XU Na, XU Zhengjin, LIU Chang, XU Quan Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (6): 751-759.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.240709 Abstract （375）   HTML （14）    PDF （1726KB）（529）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 Exploring cold-tolerant germplasm and identifying cold-tolerant genes are essential strategies to mitigate cold stress in rice. 【Method】 We treated the japonica rice variety Sasanishiki with ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) to select mutants exhibiting enhanced cold tolerance at the seed germination stage. Candidate genes underwent cloning and functional analysis using fine mapping, CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, expression profiling, and haplotype analysis. 【Result】 We identified the mutant M34, which displayed markedly improved cold tolerance at the seed germination stage. Genetic analysis suggested that a single recessive gene governs this trait. Fine mapping pinpointed Cold6 as the target gene. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of Cold6 confirmed its role in regulating cold tolerance during germination. Cold6 expression was observed in all rice organs, peaking in the panicles, and it encodes a protein containing several functional domains, including SNF2. Evolutionary analysis indicated differentiation of Cold6 between indica and japonica varieties, with haplotype analysis revealing 10 distinct Cold6 haplotypes. The predominant haplotypes are I-III; haplotype I is prevalent in japonica rice, whereas II and III are common in indica rice. 【Conclusion】 This study identified Cold6 as a novel regulator of cold tolerance in rice at the seed germination stage, encoding an SNF2 protein. Investigating the molecular mechanism of Cold6 enhances our understanding of the SNF2 gene family's role in rice, offering a theoretical foundation and germplasm resources for breeding cold-tolerant, high-yield northern japonica rice. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Progress in Molecular Genetic Research on Co-regulation of Grain Yield and Starch Quality in Rice LI Xingyi, CHEN Ling, SHAO Jiantao, XIAO Suqin, LI Jinlu, FU Huixian, YIN Fuyou, ZHANG Jianhong, CHENG Zaiquan, LIU Li Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2026, 40 (1): 1-17.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2026.240901 Abstract （366）   HTML （22）    PDF （1773KB）（357）       Knowledge map    Save High yield and quality are two major goals in rice breeding programs. The key challenges facing breeding and functional genomics research in rice are the compatible improvement of both grain yield and quality. This work provides a comprehensive review of the advances in molecular genetic research on the co-regulation of grain yield and starch quality in rice. We summarize the genetic regulation of starch synthesis, scrutinize the molecular mechanisms of grain yield, examine the molecular mechanisms of co-regulation, and investigate the cloning and functional analysis of genes related to grain yield and quality. New approaches are proposed to address the trade-off between grain yield and quality, based on the discussion of previous research. The information will be valuable in overcoming the challenges related to grain yield and quality in rice using molecular breeding technology and will greatly facilitate the development of super rice varieties with high yield and good quality. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Progress on Biological Functions of Ubiquitin-conjugating Enzymes in Rice WANG Juan, WU Lijuan, HONG Haibo, YAO Zhiwen, WANG Lei, E Zhiguo Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (6): 744-750.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.250316 Abstract （356）   HTML （20）    PDF （794KB）（360）       Knowledge map    Save Ubiquitination is a critical post-translational modification, accounting for 80%-85% of protein degradation in eukaryotes. It regulates protein activity, localization, and function, thereby playing extensive roles in modulating diverse biological processes. The ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2, the second key enzyme in the ubiquitination cascade, acts not only as a ubiquitin carrier but also determines the type of ubiquitin linkages and the length of ubiquitin chains. A total of 48 E2 genes have been identified in rice, all encoding proteins that contain a highly conserved UBC (ubiquitin-conjugating) domain. This domain binds to ubiquitin via a thioester bond and forms a specific interaction interface with ubiquitin ligase E3, ensuring the precision of ubiquitin transfer. Studies have shown that E2 enzymes are widely involved in regulating rice growth and development, as well as responses to biotic stresses such as pathogen infection and abiotic stresses including drought and cold. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Transcriptome Analysis of Top Second Leaf Sheath of Rice Under Different Nitrogen Fertilizer Levels HUANG Fudeng, WU Chunyan, HAO Yuanyuan, HAN Yifei, ZHANG Xiaobin, SUN Huifeng, PAN Gang Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (4): 563-574.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.250306 Abstract （348）   HTML （15）    PDF （2200KB）（2308）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 The leaf sheath is an important organ that simultaneously serves the functions of “source, sink, and transport”, playing a crucial role in the growth and development of rice plants. Identifying important genes in leaf sheaths in response to nitrogen will provide scientific evidence for the genetic improvement of nitrogen use efficiency in rice. 【Method】 The japonica rice cultivar Xiushui 134 was planted in percolation ponds at low nitrogen (LN), medium nitrogen (MN), and high nitrogen (HN) levels. The top second leaf sheaths were collected on the 10th day after heading for transcriptome sequencing analysis to identify important genes involved in the nitrogen response of rice leaf sheaths. 【Result】 Comparative analysis of the transcriptome data revealed 1,791 differentially expressed genes at the three nitrogen levels. The number of upregulated and downregulated genes between HN and MN, MN and LN, and HN and LN were 312 and 155, 263 and 160, and 1,059 and 542, respectively. The common upregulated and downregulated genes at the three nitrogen levels were 15 and 53, respectively, involved in physiological and biochemical processes such as nutrient element absorption and transport, responses to biotic and abiotic stresses, plant hormone responses, and light regulation. Based on GO enrichment analysis, KEGG metabolic pathway analysis, a total of 6 known functional genes related to nitrogen utilization and 4 genes related to photosynthesis, as well as 50 genes of unknown function, were identified. It is speculated that these genes play important roles in the nitrogen response of the second leaf sheath in rice. 【Conclusion】 The research results preliminarily clarify the important genes involved in the leaf sheath's response to different nitrogen levels, which may play significant roles in signal transduction pathways of nitrogen utilization. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Effects of Reducing Hill Density While Maintaining Plant Population on Dry Matter Accumulation and Transport in Rice Stem and Sheath Under Different Light Conditions LIU Yuting, ZHOU Xing, HE Chenyan, LI Qiuping, AI Xiaofeng, YUAN Yujie, LIU Rui, YANG Jingwen, LIU Tingting, WANG Li, CHENG Hong, HUANG Rong, LI Aoyun, HU Wen, HU Zhong, REN Wanjun, DENG Fei Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (5): 665-678.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.240904 Abstract （340）   HTML （13）    PDF （1636KB）（602）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】To clarify the effect of field configuration on dry matter accumulation and transport of culm and sheath under low light stress, and to provide a theoretical and practical basis for improving optimum canopy establishment technology in low light rice growing areas【Methods】Using Yixiangyou 2115 as the material, experiments with different light conditions (natural light and 50% shading) and field configurations [conventional dense planting(CDP) and reducing hill density while maintaining plant population (RHMPP)] were conducted in Hanyuan County and Wenjiang District of Sichuan Province from 2021 to 2022. The effects of field configuration on dry matter accumulation and transport in rice internodes and leaf sheaths under different light conditions were studied.【Result】(1) Except for the Wenjiang site in 2022, low light stress significantly reduced the dry matter weight of individual internode and leaf sheath at maturity, which in turn significantly decreased the total dry matter weight of internodes and leaf sheaths by 22.68%−30.12% and 6.45%−15.64%, respectively, but significantly increased their total dry matter transport amount, transport rate, and contribution rate. (2) Compared with CDP, RHMPP could effectively increase the total dry matter weight of internodes(except at Wenjiang site under low light stress in 2022) and leaf sheaths during different growth stages under different light conditions, and promote the transport and reutilization of dry matter in internodes and leaf sheaths under low light stress, resulting in a 1.51%−6.03% and 5.70%−10.37% increase in single-panicle weight at maturity at Wenjiang and Hanyuan sites, respectively. (3) Under different light conditions, the correlation between grain yield, quality and dry matter accumulation and transport characteristics differed significantly. Under low light stress, the dry matter transport amount, transport rate, and contribution rate of internodes were positively correlated with grain yield, but highly significantly negatively correlated with the chalky grain rate and chalkiness degree. 【Conclusion】Under low light stress, rice maintains assimilate supply to panicles by enhancing the transport and reuse of culm and sheath, especially the dry matter of internodes. RHMPP, by improving pre-heading dry matter accumulation in the internodes and leaves promotes their transport thereby reducing the adverse effects of low light stress on rice yield and quality. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Fertilization Effects of Different Exogenous Organic Materials in Newly Reclaimed Cultivated Land and Its Optimization of Evaluation Indicators YOU Saiya, WANG Xinya, QIN Birong, CAI Wenyan, ZHU Lianfeng, KONG Yali, ZHU Chunquan, TIAN Wenhao, ZHANG Junhua, JIN Qianyu, CAO Xiaochuang Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (5): 690-702.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.240720 Abstract （340）   HTML （11）    PDF （1324KB）（884）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The effects of different exogenous organic materials on soil fertility improvement in newly reclaimed hilly red soil and yellow clayey soil, as well as their minimum data set (MDS) based on the soil quality index (SQI), were investigated to provide theoretical and technical support for soil fertility cultivation in newly reclaimed farmland. 【Method】The experiment included seven fertilization treatments: no fertilizer (CK), chemical fertilizers (NPK) + 2250 kg/hm² straw (NPKS1), NPK + 4500 kg/hm² straw (NPKS2), NPK + 3000 kg/hm² decomposed straw-livestock manure (NPKSM), NPK + 1773 kg/hm² woody peat (NPKW1), and NPK + 3546 kg/hm² woody peat (NPKW2). Parameters including rice yield, soil aggregate structure, various forms of carbon and nitrogen, microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen, and enzyme activities were measured. The MDS for soil quality evaluation was selected, and the evaluation indicators were further optimized and validated.【Result】1) Compared with NPK, NPKSM significantly increased the proportion of large soil aggregates, mean weight diameter, soil organic matter, carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, and activities of soil enzymes (β-1,4-glucosidase (BG) and [β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG)] in the hilly red soil. In the yellow clayey soil, NPKS2 significantly increased the contents of easily oxidizable organic carbon, mineral-associated organic carbon, and microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen, while NPKW2 significantly increased the contents of soil organic matter, particulate organic carbon, mineral-associated organic carbon, and dissolved organic carbon. 2) Principal component analysis showed that the mean weight diameter, ammonium nitrogen, and mineral-associated organic carbon constituted the MDS for soil quality evaluation in the hilly red soil, while the MDS for the yellow clayey soil consisted of the soil carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, mineral-associated organic carbon, and NAG activity. 3) SQI evaluation based on the total data set (TDS) and MDS indicated that the SQI of NPKSM in the hilly red soil, and of NPKS2 and NPKW2 in the yellow clayey soil, were significantly higher than those of the other treatments. 4)Regression analysis showed that the SQI evaluated based on the TDS and MDS were significantly and positively correlated in both soil types, demonstrating that the MDS can serve as an effective indicator for evaluating the fertilization effects of different organic materials.【Conclusion】The fertilization effects and evaluation indicators varied significantly among fertilization modes and soil types. The application of decomposed straw-livestock manure improved the SQI of the hilly red soil by significantly increasing organic matter, easily oxidizable organic carbon content, enzyme activities (BG and NAG), and aggregate stability, while woody peat enhanced soil quality mainly by increasing organic matter and mineral-associated organic carbon in the yellow clayey soil. In conclusion, the application of 3000 kg/hm² decomposed straw-livestock manure and 3546 kg/hm² woody peat can be recommended as suitable organic fertilization practices for newly reclaimed hilly red soil and yellow clayey soil, respectively. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Effects of Weed Control Methods on Grain Yield and Quality of Herbicide-resistant Rice Under Direct Seeding ZHU Peng, LING Xitie, WANG Jinyan, ZHANG Baolong, YANG Yuwen, XU Ke, QIU Shi Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (4): 501-515.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.241001 Abstract （326）   HTML （12）    PDF （1819KB）（1222）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different weed control methods on herbicide-resistant rice growth and yield formation. 【Method】 Field experiments were carried out with the ALS herbicide-resistant varieties of conventional glutinous rice Zhennuo 19 (Z19), indica restorer line rice Huazhan (HZ), conventional japonica rice Zhendao 18 (Z18), soft rice K6 (K6) and their corresponding herbicide sensitive wild-type varieties as materials. The method of direct seeding was adopted. Three weeding methods were employed, including, artificial-weeding (T1), imazamox-weeding (T2) and conventional-weeding (T3). 【Result】 The control effect of artificial weeding was the best, followed by metomiazol treatment, with weed control efficacies of 95.43% and 86.34%, which were 34.32% and 24.23% higher than that of conventional weeding at 40-day after treatment. In addition, the agronomic traits of tested rice varieties (number of tillers, heading rate, leaf area index, leaf area decay rate and dry matter accumulation) increased to different degrees, with no significant effect on SPAD value or rice quality. Compared with the conventional-weeding(T3), the yield of Zhennuo 19, Huazhan, Zhendao 18 and K6 in T1 increased by 35.0%, 34.8%, 31.9% and 28.8%, respectively, and the yield of corresponding rice varieties in T2 increased by 17.6%, 15.9%, 14.1% and 15.2%, respectively. 【Conclusion】 The above results indicate that selecting ALS herbicide-resistant rice varieties and applying corresponding herbicide control technology under mechanical direct seeding conditions can effectively control weeds and maintain high grain yield, which is a high-yield cultivation method worthy of promotion. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Preliminary Analysis of Function and Mechanism of OsRDR5 Gene in Rice HOU Guihua, ZHOU Liguo, LEI Jianguo, CHEN Hong, NIE Yuanyuan Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (6): 779-788.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.250208 Abstract （320）   HTML （15）    PDF （1908KB）（364）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 Drought is a major constraint on rice production, and drought avoidance is the most important mechanism for drought resistance of crops. Understanding the mechanism of OsRDR5, a candidate gene of drought tolerance in rice, can provide a theoretical basis for the improvement of drought tolerance in rice.【Method】 The nucleotide sequence, protein domain and phylogenetic relationship of RDR5 were analyzed using the NCBI database. The tissue expression pattern was analyzed by qRT-PCR. An OsRDR5 gene knockout mutant was constructed by the CRISPR/Cas9 system. The effect of OsRDR5 on rice deep root ratio was evaluated by the "basket method".【Result】OsRDR5 has a Coa3_cc domain, belonging to the cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor 3 gene family. OsRDR5 is located in the endoplasmic reticulum and is expressed in roots, stems and leaves of rice. Phenotypic identification of deep root ratio showed that the wild type had a deep root ratio of 53.7%, while the mutant lines had a deep root ratio of 63.3% and 64.9%, respectively. The deep root ratio of the mutant was significantly increased. A total of 1434 differentially expressed genes were identified by root transcriptomic analysis. GO enrichment analysis revealed significant enrichment of these genes in pathways related to drought stress, including response to water deprivation, abscisic acid and reactive oxygen species, among which several NAC genes(OsNAC016, OsNAC45, etc.) related to drought stress were up-regulated in the water deprivation pathway.【Conclusion】OsRDR5 knockout affects the deep root ratio of rice and plays an important role in drought avoidance of rice. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Design and Testing of an Adaptive Rear-hitch Leveling Control System for Tillage Depth Using Fuzzy PID Algorithm LI Huijie, YUAN Haoyu, XIE Chenshuo, XIAO Maohua, HUANG Weixing, CAO Yuxuan, TANG Cungan Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (4): 440-450.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.250317 Abstract （319）   HTML （8）    PDF （1756KB）（659）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 In response to the current challenges in agricultural production, where traditional tillage implements are susceptible to variations in terrain and workload, leading to limited terrain adaptability and in accurate leveling control. 【Method】 This work proposes an intelligent adaptive leveling control method for tillage depth based on a fuzzy PID algorithm. A four-bar electronically controlled hydraulic rear-hitch leveling device is designed to achieve adaptive tillage depth regulation, and ensure depth uniformity during rotary tiller operations. The four-bar hydraulic rear-hitch leveling device is modeled using 3D modeling software, and simulation analysis is conducted to verify its safe and stable operation under apecified load conditions. Field operation tests are carried out to validate the system's performance. 【Result】 The results show that when the tractor operates at low, medium, and high speeds in the field, the hydraulic rear-hitch leveling device using the fuzzy PID algorithm achieves average leveling response times of 2.2 s and 5.3 s on slopes of 10° and 20°, respectively, with leveling errors less than 0.5° and no overshoot. 【Conclusion】 The system effectively ensures the qualified rate and uniformity of tillage depth, enabling real-time adaptive control of tillage depth during rotary tiller operations. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Quality Traits Affecting Eating Quality in indica Rice Under Different Nitrogen Application Levels in Early and Late Seasons in South China ZHANG Lanlan, LIU Dilin, MA Xiaozhi, HUO Xing, KONG Le, LI Jinhua, FU Chongyun, LIAO Yilong, ZHU Manshan, ZENG Xueqin, LIU Wuge, WANG Feng Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (6): 832-846.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.240203 Abstract （318）   HTML （12）    PDF （2179KB）（300）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 The taste of cooked rice is the most critical factor determining grain quality, which is influenced not only by the genetic background of variety but also by environmental factors such as fertilizer application rate and growing season. Systematically investigating the relationship between rice taste and other quality traits—including appearance, processing, cooking, and nutritional properties—under different nitrogen application levels and planting seasons can provide an important scientific reference for breeding new rice varieties with good taste under various production conditions. 【Method】 In 2021, 17 types of rice varieties (lines) from South China were used as test materials. Four nitrogen application treatments were applied: 0 kg/hm² (N0), 90 kg/hm² (N1), 135 kg/hm² (N2), and 180 kg/hm² (N3), in a field in both early and late seasons in Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province. Three-way ANOVA, stepwise multiple regression analysis, and path analysis were used to explore the relationship between rice taste and other major quality traits related to appearance, processing, cooking, and nutrition. 【Result】 The results showed that: (1) Chalky grain rate (CGR), chalkiness degree (CD), gel consistency (GC), and protein content (PC) were simultaneously influenced by seven factors: season, nitrogen application rate, variety, the interaction between growing season and nitrogen level, the interaction between season and variety, and the three-way interaction among growing season, nitrogen level and variety. These are the most unstable traits. In contrast, alkali spreading value (ASV) was significantly influenced only by growing season and variety, making it the most stable trait. The other six traits—brown rice rate (BRR), milled rice rate (MRR), length-to-width ratio (LWR), transparency (TR), and amylose content (AC)—exhibited moderate instability. (2) A total of 11 quality traits significantly affecting the taste value (TV) of cooked rice were identified across different nitrogen treatments in both early and late seasons. Among them, AC and PC were consistently detected in both seasons and in the comprehensive combined analysis, both exerting negative effects on TV. MRR, CGR, CD, TR and GC were repeatedly detected in the late season and in the combined analysis. BRR, head rice recovery (HRR), and ASV were only detected under the N0 treatment in the late season and in the combined analysis, respectively, while LWR was only identified in the combined analysis. (3) Among the 11 traits significantly influencing TV, only GC and LWR showed positive direct path coefficients and overall effects, indicating a positive regulatory role on TV. Although ASV and BRR exhibited positive direct path coefficients toward TV, their overall effects were negative, implying a net negative regulatory role. The other seven traits all functioned as negative regulators of TV. 【Conclusion】 Based on the magnitude and direction of the effects of these quality traits on TV, the target profile for developing new high-taste indica rice varieties should include: LWR ≥ 3.5, HRR ≥ 58%, TR = Grade 1, CGR ≤ 10%, CD ≤ 1%, AC = 13%-17%, ASV ≥ Grade 6.0, GC ≥ 60 mm, and PC of polished rice ≤ 6.4% Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）