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Mechanisms of Arsenic Uptake and Transport in Rice and Agronomic Mitigation Strategies WU Jinshui, TANG Jiangying, TAN Li, GUO Zhiqiang, YANG Juan, ZHANG Xinzhen, CHEN Guifang, WANG Jianlong, SHI Wanju Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (2): 143-155.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.240402 Abstract （730）   HTML （67）    PDF （1329KB）（1400）       Knowledge map    Save In recent years, the issue of arsenic contamination in soils has become increasingly severe. Arsenic not only negatively impacts the yield and quality of rice, but also enters the human body through the food chain, posing a serious threat to human health. Therefore, reducing arsenic accumulation in rice has become an urgent problem in order to ensure food safety and promote the development of the rice industry. In-depth research into the mechanisms of arsenic uptake, translocation, and accumulation in rice, along with the active exploration of agronomic cultivation measures to reduce arsenic accumulation, represents an effective approach to addressing excessive arsenic levels in rice grains. This paper provides an overview of the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying the uptake of different forms of arsenic from soil by rice roots, as well as its translocation and accumulation within rice plants. Factors influencing arsenic uptake and accumulation in rice, such as rice varieties, soil physicochemical properties, soil nutrients, and microorganisms, are discussed. Additionally, the regulatory effects and mechanisms of cultivation practices, particularly water and nutrient management, on reducing arsenic uptake and accumulation in rice are highlighted. Building on existing research findings, future directions for arsenic pollution prevention and control in rice are proposed, aiming to provide a reference for studies focused on reducing arsenic content in rice grains. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Advances of Fragrance Substances in Rice ZHANG Laitong, YANG Le, LIU Hong, ZHAO Xueming, CHENG Tao, XU Zhenjiang Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (2): 171-186.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.240301 Abstract （677）   HTML （34）    PDF （1042KB）（3448）       Knowledge map    Save The distinctive fragrance of rice is regarded as an invaluable trait, and fragrant rice commands a premium price in the market and is highly favored by consumers. The production of flavor is associated with mutations in the Bahd2 gene, which results in the inactivation of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase, leading to an increase in the 2-AP precursor substance and ultimately to the accumulation of 2-AP and the formation of flavor. Nevertheless, the genetic background of flavor production in rice and the physiological and biochemical mechanisms of flavor substance formation remain incompletely elucidated. This paper presents a summary of the genetic background, gene function, and synthesis pathway of fragrance substances that have been identified thus far. Furthermore, the status of rice breeding in recent years and the response of fragrant rice under different environmental conditions and cultivation techniques are comprehensively sorted out and summarized. This is done with the objective of providing a scientific reference for breeding new fragrant rice varieties. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Recent Advances in Mechanisms of Adaptation of Planthoppers to Rice Resistance WANG Yaxuan, WANG Xinfeng, YANG Houhong, LIU Fang, XIAO Jing, CAI Yubiao, WEI Qi, FU Qiang, WAN Pinjun Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (3): 306-321.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.240812 Abstract （582）   HTML （19）    PDF （1373KB）（742）       Knowledge map    Save The rice planthoppers, including the brown planthopper, white-backed planthopper, and small brown planthopper, are major threats to global rice production. To combat these pests, rice has evolved defense mechanisms, including antibiosis, antixenosis or non-preference, and tolerance. In response, rice planthoppers have developed various adaptive strategies, such as possessing a complex chemosensory system to detect different chemicals, secreting salivary proteins that finely regulate plant defense responses, detoxifying harmful substances through gut-specific enzymes, enhancing adaptability to ecosystems via symbiotic bacteria, and exhibiting wing polyphenism to modulate growth and development according to the nutritional status of the host plant. Based on the latest scientific discoveries on the adaptation mechanisms of rice planthoppers to rice resistance, this paper summarized the genes for rice resistance to planthoppers and the virulence mechanisms of planthoppers. The review focuses on the areas of chemical communication between rice and planthoppers, salivary components, detoxification enzymes, symbiotic bacteria, and wing dimorphism regulation. Studies have shown that biotype evolution of brown planthopper and the loss of resistance in pest-resistant varieties after their promotion remain major challenges in pest management. Future research should prioritize elucidating the molecular mechanisms of adaptability of brown planthoppers and develop new, more effective management strategies to achieve long-term goals and sustainable control of brown planthopper. Additionally, this paper discusses how modern biotechnologies such as genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, and epigenetics can be used to deepen the understanding of the interaction network between brown planthoppers and rice, and how this knowledge can be used to formulate more effective pest management strategies. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Functional Characterization of Rice Leaf Color Gene OsClpP6 GONG Mengmeng, SONG Shufeng, QIU Mudan, DONG Hao, ZHANG Longhui, LI Lei, LI Bin, CHEN Weijun, LI Yixing, WANG Tiankang, LEI Dongyang, LI Li Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (2): 197-208.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.240201 Abstract （529）   HTML （32）    PDF （19480KB）（823）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】This study aimed to investigate the function of OsClpP6 in chloroplast development, providing new genetic resources for improving plant photosynthetic rate. 【Method】Bioinformatics analyses were conducted to characterize the OsClpP6 gene and protein. The expression pattern of OsClpP6 was assessed through real-time quantitative PCR and subcellular localization techniques. Targeted editing of the OsClpP6 gene was carried out using CRISPR/Cas9 technology to generate targeted mutations in the OsClpP6 gene. The chloroplast structure in leaf mesophyll cells of mutants was examined using a transmission electron microscopy. Additionally, RNA-seq analysis was conducted to elucidate the impact of OsClpP6 on leaf color-related pathways. 【Result】The Clp gene family plays a crucial role in the early development of chloroplast in rice and is highly conserved during plant evolution. Oryza sativa L. caseinolytic protease P6 (OsClpP6) is an important member of the rice Clp gene family. Spatial and temporal expression pattern analysis revealed that OsClpP6 is predominantly expressed in the aerial parts of seedlings and stems during the vegetative growth stage, with subcellular localization in chloroplasts confirmed through experiments in rice protoplasts. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout mutants of OsClpP6, clpp6-6s-ko-1 and clpp6-6s-ko-2, were generated in the background of Huazhan. These mutants exhibited phenotypic characteristics including reduced plant height, lighter leaf color, and decreased thousand-grain weight compared to the wild type. Transmission electron microscopy observation of flag leaves during the grain-filling stage revealed significantly fewer chloroplasts, thylakoid membrane layers, and starch granules in mutant leaf mesophyll cells compared to the wild type. Transcriptome analysis showed that differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in the photosynthetic pathway, with significant changes in the expression of key proteins involved in chloroplast development. 【Conclusion】OsClpP6 participates in chloroplast development, affecting the balance of the rice source-sink relationship and subsequently influencing thousand-grain weight. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Progress in Effects of Salt and Drought Stresses on Rice Quality Formation and Associated Physiological Mechanisms MA Weiyi, ZHU Jizou, ZHU Wang, GENG Xiaoyu, ZHANG Xiang, DIAO Liuyun, WANG Lulu, MENG Tianyao, GAO Pinglei, CHEN Yinglong, DAI Qigen, WEI Huanhe Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (2): 156-170.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.240607 Abstract （478）   HTML （27）    PDF （900KB）（559）       Knowledge map    Save China is vigorously developing and utilizing coastal saline-alkaline land to boost rice production. Restricted by freshwater resources and water conservancy foundation, coastal saline-alkaline rice production is very susceptible to composite salt-drought stress, which significantly diminishes rice yield and deteriorates rice quality, and seriously restricts the realization of the goal of abundant production and quality improvement of coastal saline-alkaline rice. This paper summarizes the effects of salt damage, drought and its compound stress on the formation of processing quality, appearance quality, cooking flavor quality and nutritional quality of rice, describes the mechanism of its influence on the formation of rice quality from the aspects of osmotic stress, ionic balance, photosynthesis, antioxidant protection, endogenous hormones, carbon and nitrogen metabolism, metabolites, gene regulation, and so on, and proposes a new method to mitigate salt/drought stress in rice, which is based on the selection and breeding of salt-drought-tolerant varieties, and the cultivation and control of the response to salt/drought stress. It puts forward the control measures to alleviate salt/drought stress in rice, and suggests the next step to carry out the research on the physiological mechanism of the formation of rice quality affected by compound salt-drought stress. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Progress in Effectors of Magnaporthe oryzae LU Yezi, QIU Jiehua, JIANG Nan, KOU Yanjun, SHI Huanbin Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (3): 287-294.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.240611 Abstract （446）   HTML （30）    PDF （911KB）（786）       Knowledge map    Save Rice blast, caused by the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae, is among the most devastating rice diseases worldwide. During infection, M. oryzae deploys an arsenal of effectors into rice cells, altering their physiology and metabolism, and suppressing immune responses to facilitate colonization. A thorough understanding of M. oryzae effectors and their interaction mechanisms with rice holds significant potential to inform strategies for rice blast control. This review summarizes recent advances in elucidating the mechanisms of effector secretion into rice cells, the intricate regulatory mechanisms of effector-mediated rice blast resistance, and the classification of M. oryzae effectors. Additionally, it discusses the current challenges in effector research and outlines future research directions, aiming to provide a reference for the prevention and management of rice blast caused by M. oryzae. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Allele Mining and Breeding Application of Grain Number per Panicle Gene Gn1a in Rice LIU Zhichao, CHANG Longxue, AI Xin, JIN Long, ZHANG Fengyong, LI Zhiyong, WANG Yifeng, TONG Xiaohong, HUANG Jie, ZHANG Jian, JIN Jian, YING Jiezheng Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (2): 220-230.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.240105 Abstract （423）   HTML （39）    PDF （6499KB）（2982）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Based on advances in rice functional genomics, this study aimed to screen favorable alleles of the Gn1a gene controlling grain number per panicle, providing technical support for modern rice variety improvement. 【Method】Advanced genetic populations were developed through backcrossing and self-crossing for QTL mapping. Near-isogenic lines (NILs) were constructed to validate QTL effects. Target gene sequences were amplified and aligned, followed by designing functional markers for genotyping. 【Result】A major quantitative trait locus (QTL) controlling secondary branch number and grains per panicle was co-localized with the Gn1a locus on chromosome 1 short arm. This mapping utilized four BC3F3 populations derived from crosses between the japonica donor parent Jizi 1560 and recurrent parents, including early indica varieties (Zhongjiazao 17, Zhongzao 39) and three-line restorer lines (Huazhan, R173). Sequence analysis revealed an unreported indica-specific allele (Gn1a-i) in Zhongjiazao 17 and Zhongzao 39, characterized by a ‌16-bp deletion in the 5' UTR‌ compared to the japonica allele (Gn1a-j). Comparative analyses of four near-isogenic line (NIL) populations confirmed that Gn1a-i significantly increased grains per panicle and yield. A functional marker (ZC51) targeting the 16-bp deletion was developed to genotype 39 rice materials, which were categorized into nine types: conventional early/late indica varieties, three-line maintainers/restorers, two-line sterile lines, northern/southern japonica varieties, landraces, and wild rice. All modern indica materials (cultivars and hybrid parents) carried Gn1a-i, whereas landraces and wild rice retained Gn1a-j. Notably, both southern and northern japonica varieties exhibited biallelic Gn1a-i and Gn1a-j‌. 【Conclusion】It was confirmed that Gn1a-i allele increased grain yield by increasing number of primary branches, secondary branches and grains per panicle. The favorable allele of Gn1a-i has great potentials in the improvement of japonica rice varieties, and the functional gene marker of ZC51 can be directly used in the marker-assisted selection of Gn1a. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Effect of Nitrogen Management Strategies on Yield and Grain Quality of High-quality Hybrid Mid-season Rice SHU Ao, XIE Jiaxin, CAO Wei, ZHOU Chuanming, LI Beilei, CHEN Jiaxin, LI Li, CAO Fangbo, CHEN Jiana, HUANG Min Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (2): 255-263.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.240802 Abstract （384）   HTML （24）    PDF （736KB）（678）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 The objective of this study was to identify the most suitable nitrogen (N) management strategy for improving the quality of premium hybrid mid-season rice. 【Methods】 A field experiment was conducted to compare the differences in yield and its components, biomass production, and grain quality of high-quality hybrid mid-season rice among three N split-application regimes at basal, early tillering, and panicle initiation stages (5:2:3, N1; 4:2:4, N2; and 3:2:5, N3). 【Results】The yield of N1 was significantly higher than that of N2 and N3 for the tested varieties, primarily due to a significant increase in the number of panicles and spikelets per square meter. In terms of biomass production, the total biomass accumulation for N1 was significantly greater than that for N2 and N3. This increase in total biomass mainly occurred during the tillering and panicle initiation stages. The head rice rate, amylose content, and protein content were significantly lower in N1 compared to N2 and N3; However, there was no significant difference in head rice yield. Additionally, no significant difference was observed in the chalky grain rate and chalkiness among different N management strategies. 【Conclusion】These results suggest that for high-quality hybrid mid-season rice varieties, the N1 treatment significantly increases grain yield while maintaining a stable head rice yield. N1 also preserves superior appearance quality and is beneficial for improving eating quality. Therefore, N1 is identified as the optimal N management strategy for high-quality hybrid mid-season rice. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Evaluation of Blast Resistance and Identification of Superior Haplotype of OsDR8 in Rice ZHANG Bintao, LIU Congcong, GUO Mingliang, YANG Shaohua, WU Shiqiang, GUO Longbiao, ZHU Yiwang Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (3): 343-351.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.240509 Abstract （362）   HTML （16）    PDF （1155KB）（560）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a crucial staple crop globally. Its production is severely threatened by rice blast disease. Identifying resistance materials and analyzing resistance genes are essential for understanding the mechanisms behind rice blast resistance. This study aims to systematically generate and identify genetic materials of the rice blast resistance gene OsDR8, conduct haplotype and evolutionary analyses to select superior haplotypes, and investigate their subpopulation differentiation. These efforts will lay a theoretical basis for the application of OsDR8 in rice blast resistance breeding programs.【Method】We developed transgenic lines overexpressing the OsDR8 gene and its knockout mutants. We conducted rice blast resistance assays on the overexpression lines, homozygous knockout lines, and corresponding wild-type materials using Magnaporthe oryzae isolates RO1-1 and RB22. Meanwhile, haplotype and evolutionary analyses of the OsDR8 gene were conducted based on the rice super pan-genome variation map.【Result】Disease symptom observation and disease resistance evaluation indicated that knockout mutants had significantly larger lesion sizes and a higher proportion of diseased leaf area compared to the wild-type. In contrast, the overexpression lines showed reduced lesion sizes and a lower proportion of diseased leaf area. Combined with haplotype and evolutionary analyses, the results indicated that materials of the superior haplotype Hap2 show stronger disease resistance, with 95.52% of the indica rice subpopulation being the Hap2 haplotype.【Conclusion】The OsDR8 gene positively regulates resistance to rice blast, and that the superior haplotype Hap2 may be associated with stronger resistance in indica rice. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Development of a New High-Quality and Multi-Resistant japonica Rice Variety, Huxianggeng 216, Through Molecular Pyramiding Breeding YAN Ying, WANG Kai, ZHANG Lixia, HU Zejun, YE Junhua, YANG Hang, GU Chunjun, WU Shujun Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (2): 209-219.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.240204 Abstract （346）   HTML （19）    PDF （1864KB）（978）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 Good eating quality and comprehensive resistance have always been important directions in the breeding of high-quality japonica varieties. To meet the demand for high-quality and multi-resistant rice varieties in production, it is urgent to enhance the synergistic improvement of quality and resistance and correct unfavorable traits in the breeding process. 【Method】Nangeng 46, a high-quality japonica rice variety harboring the fragrance gene badh2-E2 and the low-amylose-content gene Wxmp, was employed as the female parent, while Wuxianggeng 1, a Luzon-flavor high-quality japonica variety, served as the male parent for cross-breeding. During the self-breeding process, molecular marker-assisted selection was carried out using badh2-E2 and Wxmp, and seed selection was conducted based on field performance. The line with the most favorable comprehensive traits was chosen from the stable lines of F8 and designated as Hu 12-30. Subsequently, Xiushui 114, a blast-resistant variety suitable for direct seeding and carrying the Pita and Pik-m genes, was used as the female parent, and Hu 12-30 as the male parent for cross-breeding. In the course of backcrossing and self-crossing, molecular marker-assisted selection was performed using badh2-E2, Wxmp, Pita, and Pik-m. By integrating quality determination, blast resistance identification, and identification of suitability for direct seeding, a new high-quality and resistant japonica rice variety, Huxianggeng 216, was developed. 【Result】Huxianggeng 216 contains the fragrance gene badh2-E2, the low-amylose-content gene Wxmp, and the blast-resistance genes Pita and Pik-m. This variety has a fragrant aroma, a soft and elastic texture, with the amylose content ranging from 9.2% to 10.4%. The comprehensive resistance index for rice blast is 2.5, and the disease grade is 3, indicating moderate resistance. The resistance grade for rice stripe leaf blight is 3, showing resistance. Huxianggeng 216 has a high direct-seeding rate, with a plant height of 87 cm. It has strong lodging resistance and a yield of 650 kg per 667 m².【Conclusion】Molecular marker-assisted selection combined with phenotypic identification of target traits is an important means to achieve multi-target trait aggregation breeding, which can accurately and effectively develop high-quality multi-resistant japonica rice varieties. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Effects of Straw Returning Methods on Soil Characteristics and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Paddy Fields and Their Regulation Through Water-fertilizer Interactions WANG Chaorui, ZHOU Yukun, WEN Ya, ZHANG Ying, FA Xiaotong, XIAO Zhilin, ZHANG Hao Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (3): 295-305.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.240703 Abstract （341）   HTML （21）    PDF （1186KB）（654）       Knowledge map    Save The rational utilization of crop straw is of great significance to sustain agricultural development, and remarkable progress has been made in the comprehensive utilization of crop straw in China. Returning straw to fields is an effective method for utilizing straw resources, positively impacting grain productivity and promoting a virtuous cycle in soil health. At the same time, returning straw to fields alters the soil characteristics of paddy fields, which in turn changes the composition and activity of soil microorganisms, ultimately affecting greenhouse gas emissions. This work reviewed the effects and mechanisms of straw tillage, no-tillage mulch, and carbonization on soil characteristics and greenhouse gas emissions in paddy fields. It summarized measures for managing water and fertilizer under straw tillage conditions and discussed existing problems and future research priorities. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Differences in Endogenous Hormone Levels and Their Relationship with Yield and Phosphorus Use Efficiency in Rice Varieties With Various Tolerance to Low Phosphorus Stress XU Yuemei, PENG Shiyan, SUN Zhiwei, WANG Zhiqin, ZHU Kuanyu, YANG Jianchang Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (2): 231-244.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.241004 Abstract （328）   HTML （15）    PDF （3291KB）（1493）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】This study aimed to investigate the differences in endogenous hormone levels among rice varieties with varying tolerance to low phosphorus (P) stress and their relationship with grain yield, P uptake, and utilization. 【Method】Two rice varieties with strong tolerance to low P (STVs, low P tolerance index > 0.9) and two varieties with weak tolerance to low P (WTVs, low P tolerance index < 0.5) were grown hydroponically under normal P level (NP, 8.02 mg /L) and low P level (LP, 0.401 mg/ L). 【Results】Compared to NP, LP significantly reduced grain yield and P uptake in both types of rice varieties but increased dry matter production per unit of P and internal P use efficiency. Under LP treatment, the STVs exhibited higher grain yield, P uptake and utilization efficiency, root dry weight, and root oxidation activity compared to the WTVs. Additionally, the STVs had higher content of indole-3-acetic acid, zeatin + zeatin riboside, abscisic acid, jasmonates (jasmonic acid and methyl jasmonate), and brassinosteroids (24-epibrassinolide and 28-homobrassinolide) in both roots and leaves, as well as higher content of strigolactones in roots. These hormone levels were significantly or very significantly positively correlated with grain yield, P uptake and utilization efficiency, root dry weight, and root oxidation activity. Furthermore, a lower ethylene emission rate and lower 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid content were observed in both roots and leaves of the STVs compared to the WTVs, which were significantly or very significantly negatively correlated with grain yield and P use efficiency. Random forest analysis indicated that jasmonates and brassinosteroids served as the predominant contributors to grain yield and P use efficiency. 【Conclusion】Under LP stress, the balance among endogenous hormones, particularly higher levels of jasmonates and brassinosteroids, plays a key role in optimizing root morphology, maintaining higher root activity, promoting P uptake and utilization, and achieving a higher grain yield in STVs. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Development and Application of KASP Marker for Broad-Spectrum Resistance Gene PigmR to Rice Blast LI Wenqi, XU Yang, WANG Fangquan, ZHU Jianping, TAO Yajun, LI Xia, FAN Fangjun, JIANG Yanjie, CHEN Zhihui, YANG Jie Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (3): 365-372.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.240104 Abstract （324）   HTML （8）    PDF （1529KB）（491）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The broad-spectrum resistance gene PigmR has important breeding value for the genetic improvement of rice blast resistance. Developing kompetitive allele specific PCR (KASP) markers based on its coding region variation sites is beneficial for improving the accuracy and efficiency of PigmR utilization in breeding.【Method】This study identified single nucleotide variations in the coding region of PigmR through sequence alignment, developed the KASP molecular marker PigmR-K, conducted genotype analysis using rice varieties and F2 segregating populations, combined these results with rice blast symptom identification, and carried out molecular marker assisted selection breeding to verify the precision and efficiency of this marker.【Result】Based on an A-to-C mutation at position 2503 in the PigmR gene coding region sequence, a precise and efficient PigmR genotyping technology system based on KASP markers was established. The genotyping of 159 rice varieties, 270 F2 individuals, and 247 BC1F3 population lines demonstrated that PigmR-K reliably distinguished the homozygous resistant, homozygous susceptible and heterozygous genotypes of PigmR. These results were completely consistent with disease symptoms from artificial panicle blast inoculation.【Conclusion】The KASP marker PigmR-K developed based on the variation site of on the coding region has advantages such as precision and efficiency, which is beneficial for genetic improvement of rice blast resistance. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Effects of Hybrid Rice Seedling Quality in Drill-seeding Nursery on Grain Yield in Mechanical Transplanting TANG Chenghan, WANG Jingqing, CHEN Huizhe, ZHANG Yuping, XIANG Jing, ZHANG Yikai, WANG Zhigang, HUAI Yan, CHEN Jiafeng, WANG Yaliang Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (2): 245-254.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.240405 Abstract （316）   HTML （13）    PDF （498KB）（620）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Precision drill sowing improves the quality of machine-transplanted seedlings and enhances population uniformity. This study aims to clarify the relationship between seedling quality of hybrid rice under drill sowing and yield formation in mechanized transplanting, thereby guiding the establishment of high-yield populations. 【Method】Using indica-japonica hybrid rice “Yongyou 1538”, three drill specifications (D1: 16 rows, D2: 18 rows, D3: 20 rows) and three seed usages (seeds per hole, S1: 3, S2: 4, S3: 5) were tested. Each seeding tray was sown 40 times horizontally, with vertical sowing times matching the drill number. Seedling quality, tillering dynamics, leaf area index (LAI), dry matter accumulation, panicle traits, yield, and their components were analyzed. 【Result】 (1) Few drill rows and fewer seeds per hole improved seedling quality, promoting tillering at the 2nd and 3rd leaf positions. The more seeds per hole reduced productive panicle rate. (2) Fewer drills increased LAI and dry matter accumulation. Higher seeds per hole lowered harvest index. (3) Fewer seeds per hole increased grains per panicle and partially improved seed-setting rate. Fewer drills enhanced seed-setting rate of secondary branches. (4) D1 yield exceeded D2 and D3 by 5.0% and 10.8%, respectively; S2 (4 seeds per hole) yield surpassed S1 and S3 by 6.0% and 7.1%. (5) Yield correlated most strongly with seedling fullness (13.94 g increase per 1 mg/cm). 【Conclusion】Robust seedlings enhance low-position tillering. Seedling fullness is a key indicator of seedling vigor, achievable through reduced seeding rates. Under identical basic seedlings, robust seedlings improve LAI and dry matter accumulation, increasing yield via productive panicles. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Cloning and Functional Verification of Rice-Blast Resistance Gene Pi-kf2(t) in Kangfeng B WEI Xinyu, ZENG Yuehui, XIAO Changchun, HUANG Jianhong, RUAN Hongchun, YANG Wangxing, ZOU Wenguang, XU Xuming Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (3): 352-364.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.240502 Abstract （312）   HTML （7）    PDF （3338KB）（380）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Rice blast is a worldwide disease caused by filamentous ascomycete fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, which seriously affects the quality and yield of rice. At present, cultivating and planting disease-resistant varieties is the most economical and effective strategy to control rice blast, and the mining and utilization of blast-resistance genes is the key to disease-resistant rice breeding. In this study, Kangfeng B (KFB), an elite maintainer line of indica hybrid rice with broad-spectrum resistance derived from Sanming Academy of Agricultural Sciences was used as the test material, and the Pi-kf2(t) gene in which was used to conduct resistance spectrum analysis, cloning and functional verification.【Method】For resistance spectrum analysis, KFB (Pi-kf2(t)), 75-1-127 (Pi9), C101A51 (Pi2), IRBLzt-T (Piz-t), EBZ (Pi50) and GM-4 (Pigm) seedlings were inoculated with 100 rice blast isolates from different regions of China during 3-4 leaf stages; The expression analysis of two Pi-kf2(t) candidate genes, Pi-kf2(t)-NBS2 and Pi-kf2(t)-NBS4, were determined by semi-quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR); Pi-kf2(t) gene was cloned by homologous cloning strategy and a phylogenetic tree was constructed to investigate the possible relationships between Pi-kf2(t) and Pi9, Pi2, Piz-t, Pi50, and Pigm proteins in evolutionary history. Moreover, sequence and expression analyses revealed Pi-kf2(t)-NBS2 as the candidate Pi-kf2(t) gene, which was verified by transgenic complementation test.【Result】The resistance spectrum of Pi-kf2(t), Pi9, Pi2, Piz-t, Pi50 and Pigm were 93%, 90%, 91%, 78%, 95% and 96%, respectively. The candidate gene Pi-kf2(t)-NBS2 exhibited a high expression level in the leaves of KFB seedlings and was not induced by isolates of rice blast, which showed a constitutive expression, while Pi-kf2(t)-NBS4 exhibited an extremely poor expression. Multiple amino acid sequence alignment analysis revealed that there were 45, 31, 34, 2, and 2 amino acids differences between Pi-kf2(t)-NBS2 and Pi9, Pi2, Piz-t, Pi50, and Pigm proteins, respectively. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that Pi-kf2(t)-NBS2 exhibited a closer genetic relationship and a higher homology with Pi50 and Pigm. Furthermore, genetic complementation test verified that the candidate gene Pi-kf2(t)-NBS2 was the Pi-kf2(t).【Conclusion】The rice blast-resistance gene Pi-kf2(t) is a novel member of the Pi2/Pi9 multigene family. This work provided a theoretical basis for further disease resistance mechanism study of Pi-kf2(t), and also provided an important germplasm resource for rice blast-resistance breeding. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Development Status and Regional Differences of japonica Rice Quality in the Yangtze River Delta Region from 2002 to 2022 SHAO Yafang, ZHU Dawei, ZHENG Xin, MOU Renxiang, ZHANG Linping, CHEN Mingxue Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (2): 264-276.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.240408 Abstract （308）   HTML （12）    PDF （9436KB）（828）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The aim of this study is to analyze and understand the development status of japonica rice quality in the Yangtze River Delta region of China, as well as the differences of rice qualities among Anhui, Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. 【Method】After collecting a total of 11 310 japonica rice varieties grown in Jiangsu, Anhui, and Zhejiang provinces between 2002 and 2022, grain length, length-to-width ratio, brown rice rate, milled rice rate, head rice rate, chalkiness, chalky grain rate, transparency, apparent amylose content, gel consistency, alkali spreading value and protein content were analyzed. Principal component analysis was carried out to explore the quality characteristics of japonica rice cultivated in Anhui, Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. 【Results】The results revealed that the grain shape and head rice rate of japonica rice planted in Jiangsu Province were relatively stable during 2002−2022. The chalkiness level fluctuated between 3.06% and 4.93% from 2002 to 2019, and their average value and variation range decreased significantly from 2020 to 2022. The average apparent amylose content in 2012 and 2013 decreased by approximately 2% than the last year, and eventually stabilized between 13.2% and 14.8%. In Zhejiang Province, the grain shape of japonica rice gradually shifted towards longer grains since 2012. The head rice rate exhibited a zigzag pattern, with higher annual averages occurring between 2011 and 2014, and lowers between 2018 and 2022. The chalkiness level showed a zigzag fluctuation from 2002 to 2006, peaked between 2007 and 2015, and then gradually declined in 2016−2018 and 2019−2022. Except for the period from 2013 to 2017, the average apparent amylose content fluctuated between 15.3% and 16.8%, and japonica rice varieties with lower apparent amylose content emerged since 2016. In Anhui Province, the grain shape of japonica rice began to shift towards longer grains from 2020. The decline in head rice rate could be clearly divided into three stages: 2003−2009, 2010−2014, and 2018−2022. The chalkiness level initially rose and then fell, peaking between 2008 and 2014. The apparent amylose content undergone two distinct stages: a period of significant fluctuations from 2002 to 2012, followed by a phase of minor fluctuations and stabilization from 2013 to 2022. The high quality rate of transparency exceeded 80% in most years across all three provinces. Other indicators such as protein content, brown rice rate, milled rice rate, alkali spreading value, and gel consistency did not show significant differences among japonica rice varieties cultivated in the Yangtze River Delta region. 【Conclusions】The quality of japonica rice in the Yangtze River Delta is gradually improving in appearance and palatability. The japonica rice in Jiangsu Province had shorter grain length, lower apparent amylose content and longer gel consistency with excellent processing and appearance qualities. The japonica rice in Zhejiang Province had poor appearance and processing quality, with the grain shape gradually becoming longer and gel consistency and alkali spreading value being relatively small. Anhui Province is intermediate between Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces in grain shape and other quality traits. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research on Path Tracking Control Methods for Tractor Operating Units: A Review XIAO Maohua, TIAN Fengyu, WEI Wenbo, ZHU Yejun, LI Dongfang, ZHANG Pengcheng, GENG Guosheng Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (4): 423-439.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.250104 Abstract （306）   HTML （13）    PDF （1823KB）（1125）       Knowledge map    Save The tractor operating unit refers to an agricultural machinery system with a unique articulated tractor structure composed of a tractor and supporting implements, and the path tracking control method is the key technology to realize the unmanned operation of this unit. However, limited by the variability of the agricultural environment and the complex steering structure of the articulated frame, the existing methods still face challenges in terms of adaptability, robustness, and control efficiency. The aim of this work is to provide a systematic overview of current research status on path tracking control methods for tractor operating units by analyzing their models and path tracking control algorithms. In addition, this review discusses the main problems in research on path tracking control methods for tractor operating units and possible solutions, with a view to providing useful references for related research in this field. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Functional Study on Aluminum Tolerance of OsAlR1 Gene in Rice WANG Jingbo, SU Chang, FENG Jing, JIANG Sixu, XU Hai, CUI Zhibo, ZHAO Minghui Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (5): 615-623.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.240510 Abstract （302）   HTML （10）    PDF （1429KB）（276）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 With the aggravation of soil acidification, aluminum (Al) toxicity in acidic soil seriously limits the growth and development of rice. Mining Al-tolerant gene resources, analyzing their molecular functions, and breeding Al-tolerant varieties can ensure rice yield in acidic soil. 【Method】 CRISPR/Cas9 technology was used to construct knockout vectors. The overexpression vector was constructed by homologous recombination and Golden Gate seamless cloning. Transgenic materials were obtained by genetic transformation. Homozygous overexpression lines and knockout lines were screened for Al tolerance phenotype analysis and determination of reactive oxygen species (ROS) content and antioxidant enzyme activities.【Result】 qRT-PCR results showed that OsAlR1 expression was induced by Al stress. Knockout of OsAlR1 affected root development in rice. After Al treatment, compared with the wild type, the osalr1-3 and osalr1-6 lines accumulated more Al³⁺ and ROS, while the OE-OsAlR1-5 and OE-OsAlR1-8 lines accumulated less Al³⁺ and ROS. Knockout of OsAlR1 led to decreased glutathione (GSH) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in roots. qRT-PCR results revealed that genes regulating the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway (OsPAL7, OsHCT4, OsCCR18, Os02g0467600, PRX82, and Os06g0522300) showed significant expression changes in the knockout lines after Al treatment.【Conclusion】 OsAlR1 expression is induced by Al stress, and OsAlR1 alleviates ROS-mediated oxidative stress by increasing GSH content and SOD activity. OsAlR1 may affect Al tolerance in rice by regulating the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Progress in Regulation of Anthocyanin Accumulation in Colored Rice WU Wanting, XU Qian, LIU Dantong, ZHU Changjin, DU Haotian, JU Haoran, HUO Zhongyang, DAI Qigen, LI Guohui, XU Ke Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (5): 601-614.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.241206 Abstract （298）   HTML （11）    PDF （1641KB）（1360）       Knowledge map    Save Colored rice is rich in protein, amino acids, cellulose, and essential minerals for the human body. It also contains active substances such as anthocyanins, which have anti-aging, cancer prevention, and antiviral effects, making it widely valued by consumers. This review focuses on summarizing the nutritional and health value of colored rice, and summarizes the accumulation, biosynthesis, and regulation processes of anthocyanins in colored rice from the perspectives of physiological and molecular regulation, as well as the effects of cultivation conditions such as temperature, light, water, and fertilizer level on the accumulation of anthocyanins. Finally, future research directions for colored rice are discussed. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Molecular Characterization and Biological Function of Serine/Arginine-rich Alternative Splicing Factors in Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera:Delphacidae) JIA Yifan, WANG Xinfeng, WANG Yaxuan, LIU Fang, XIAO Jing, WEI Qi, FU Qiang, WAN Pinjun Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2025, 39 (2): 277-286.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.240804 Abstract （297）   HTML （7）    PDF （1667KB）（953）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 Serine/arginine-rich (SR) proteins are a class of alternative splicing factors that regulate gene splicing in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. This study aimed to clone five NlSR genes from N. lugens and identify their molecular characteristics, expression patterns, and biological functions, providing new insights for controlling brown planthoppers. 【Method】Based on the genomic data of N. lugens, the cDNA sequences of five NlSR genes were cloned using RT-PCR. Their sequence characteristics were analyzed. The expression profiles of NlSRs in different developmental stages (egg, 1st-5th instar nymphs, and male and female adults) and tissues (salivary glands, integument, fat body, ovaries, and midgut) of N. lugens were detected using qRT-PCR. RNA interference (RNAi) technology was utilized to interfere with the relative expression levels of the NlSR genes. The expression of NlSRs, survival rates, honeydew production, and body weight gains of N. lugens after RNAi were measured. 【Results】Five cDNA sequences of NlSR genes were cloned, which were designated as NlSRSF1, NlSRSF2.1, NlSRSF2.2, NlSRSF7.1, and NlSRSF7.2. Based on phylogenetic tree analysis, the deduced proteins were classified into three subfamilies: SRSF1, SRSF2, and SRSF7. The open reading frames of the NlSR genes ranged from 495 to 508 bp, encoding proteins with 164－235 amino acids. The predicted molecular weights ranged from 19.54 to 26.76 kD, with isoelectric points ranging from 9.53 to 11.83. These proteins were hydrophilic and alkaline, with instability indices ranging from 63.55 to 131.97. The encoded proteins contained an N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM) and a C-terminal arginine/serine-rich domain (RS). NlSRSF7.1 and NlSRSF7.2 also contained a ZnF_C2HC domain. NlSRs were expressed in various tissues of N. lugens, including salivary glands, integument, fat body, ovaries, and midgut. Among them, NlSRSF1 and NlSRSF2.1 exhibited high relative expression levels in salivary glands. NlSRSF1 was primarily expressed in eggs and 1st instar nymphs, while the remaining NlSR genes were predominantly expressed in adults. RNAi experiments showed that targeting NlSRSF1, NlSRSF2.1, and NlSRSF7.2 significantly reduced the survival rate of N. lugens compared to the control group (dsGFP). However, interference with NlSRSF2.2 and NlSRSF7.1 did not significantly affect survival rates. Interference with all NlSRs significantly reduced honeydew production and body weight gains in N. lugens. 【Conclusion】This study successfully cloned five NlSR genes from N. lugens, analyzed their sequence and expression characteristics, and determined their effects on the life activities of N. lugens through interference. This provides a foundation for further investigation into the biological functions of NlSRs in N. lugens. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）