Abstract:

The socioeconomic development and decreases of relative benefits in rice production shift the dominant target of breeding from mainly seeking high yield potential to high efficiency in whole cycle in rice. The high efficiency breeding mainly consists of three aspects. The first is high efficiency technology in rice breeding. The molecular marker and gene chip technology can improve selection efficiency of elite genotypes, and the gene editing technology can efficiently create excellent allelic variations, as well as the transgenic technology can transfer outstanding characters cross species barriers. All of them are good approaches to raise breeding efficiency in rice. The second is high efficiency in productive characters of rice. High yield, environment-friendliness, and salubrity is basis for achieving high returns, and the good grain quality is a multiplier to increase per unit output benefit, then multiple resistances are a divisor to reduce the cost of each bushel, as well as the early maturity can ensure two cropping in one year. Only integration of the elite productive characters in one variety can realize the high efficiency output in each acre. The third is high efficiency in farming characters of rice. The direct seeding of rice in double cropping system is an efficient farming technique that requires rice to possess advantageous farming characters, such as cold tolerance at seedling and heading stages, anaerobic germination, and submergence tolerance. Chemical weeding demands herbicide resistance, and mechanical harvesting needs lodging resistance and good seed holding. Only rice with these efficient farming characters can achieve high efficiency tillage in rice production. Overall, high efficiency is a dominant target for current and future rice breeding.

Key words: rice, breeding method, target character, high efficiency

摘要：

社会经济发展和水稻生产比较效益降低,促使水稻育种由过去追求高产为主,转向追求整个过程的高效。全过程高效育种主要体现在三个方面。一是水稻育种技术的高效性。分子标记和基因芯片技术能提高优良基因型的选择效率,基因编辑技术能高效创造优良等位变异,转基因技术能跨物种转移优良性状,都是提高育种效率的好方法。二是水稻产出性状的高效性。高产、卫生和有益健康是获得高收益的基础,优质是提高单位产量效益的乘数,多抗是减少单位产量成本的除数,早熟能保证一年两收,这些性状的整体协同才能实现单位面积稻田产出的高效益。三是水稻耕作性状的高效性。一年两熟制下的水稻直播栽培是高效的耕作技术,它需要水稻具备苗期耐低温、穗期耐低温、厌氧发芽、耐淹涝等特征。化学除草需要水稻具有抗除草剂特征。机械化收割要求水稻具有抗倒、不易落粒的特征。只有具备这些特征的水稻,才能实现水稻耕作过程的高效。总之,高效是当前和今后水稻育种的主导目标。

关键词: 水稻, 育种方法, 目标性状, 高效