Recent Advances in Mechanisms of Adaptation of Planthoppers to Rice Resistance

doi:10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.240812

Abstract

Abstract:

The rice planthoppers, including the brown planthopper, white-backed planthopper, and small brown planthopper, are major threats to global rice production. To combat these pests, rice has evolved defense mechanisms, including antibiosis, antixenosis or non-preference, and tolerance. In response, rice planthoppers have developed various adaptive strategies, such as possessing a complex chemosensory system to detect different chemicals, secreting salivary proteins that finely regulate plant defense responses, detoxifying harmful substances through gut-specific enzymes, enhancing adaptability to ecosystems via symbiotic bacteria, and exhibiting wing polyphenism to modulate growth and development according to the nutritional status of the host plant. Based on the latest scientific discoveries on the adaptation mechanisms of rice planthoppers to rice resistance, this paper summarized the genes for rice resistance to planthoppers and the virulence mechanisms of planthoppers. The review focuses on the areas of chemical communication between rice and planthoppers, salivary components, detoxification enzymes, symbiotic bacteria, and wing dimorphism regulation. Studies have shown that biotype evolution of brown planthopper and the loss of resistance in pest-resistant varieties after their promotion remain major challenges in pest management. Future research should prioritize elucidating the molecular mechanisms of adaptability of brown planthoppers and develop new, more effective management strategies to achieve long-term goals and sustainable control of brown planthopper. Additionally, this paper discusses how modern biotechnologies such as genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, and epigenetics can be used to deepen the understanding of the interaction network between brown planthoppers and rice, and how this knowledge can be used to formulate more effective pest management strategies.

Key words: planthopper, rice resistance, virulence, salivary protein, detoxify enzyme, symbiont

摘要：

稻飞虱包括褐飞虱、白背飞虱和灰飞虱，是全球水稻生产的主要威胁之一。为了抵抗这些害虫，水稻进化出了一系列防御机制，包括抗生性、趋避性或不选择性、耐害性。与此同时，稻飞虱也进化出多种适应机制，如复杂的化学感受系统识别各类化学物质，分泌的唾液蛋白精细调控植物防御反应，肠道内的解毒酶代谢各类有毒物质，体内的共生菌提高对生态系统的适应性，翅型分化使其根据寄主营养状况进行生长发育等。本文依据稻飞虱适应水稻抗性机制的最新发现，总结了水稻抗稻飞虱基因和稻飞虱致害性机理，重点就稻飞虱与水稻的化学通讯、唾液成分、解毒酶、共生菌和翅型分化方面进行综述。稻飞虱的生物型进化和抗虫品种的推广后易失去抗性问题是当前稻飞虱防控面临的主要挑战。未来研究需要进一步探索稻飞虱适应性变化的分子机制，并开发新型的、更有效的管理策略，以实现稻飞虱防控的长远目标和可持续性。此外，本文还探讨了如何通过基因组学、转录组学、代谢组学和表观遗传学等现代生物技术，深化对稻飞虱与水稻互作网络的理解，以及如何利用这些知识制定更有效的害虫管理策略。

关键词: 稻飞虱, 水稻抗性, 毒力唾液蛋白, 解毒酶, 共生菌

WANG Yaxuan, WANG Xinfeng, YANG Houhong, LIU Fang, XIAO Jing, CAI Yubiao, WEI Qi, FU Qiang, WAN Pinjun. Recent Advances in Mechanisms of Adaptation of Planthoppers to Rice Resistance[J]. Chinese Journal OF Rice Science, 2025, 39(3): 306-321.

王雅宣, 王新峰, 杨后红, 刘芳, 肖晶, 蔡玉彪, 魏琪, 傅强, 万品俊. 稻飞虱适应水稻抗性机制的研究进展[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2025, 39(3): 306-321.

Figures/Tables 1

Fig. 1. Multidimensional adaptation mechanism behind rice planthopper-rice interaction Chemical Communications: OBPs, Odorant binding proteins; GRs, Gustatory receptors; NlGr11, Nilaparvata lugens gustatory receptor 11; InR, Insulin receptor; Gβγ, G-protein; PI3K, Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; AKT, Protein kinase B; PFK, Phosphofructokinase; AMPK, Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase. Salivary Protein: NlMLP, Nilaparvata lugens mucin-like protein; LsECP1, Laodelphax striatellus EF-hand Ca2+-binding protein 1; NlSP1, Nilaparvata lugens salivary protein 1; LsMLP, Laodelphax striatellus mucin-like protein; LsSP1, Laodelphax striatellus sheath protein 1; BISP: BPH14-Interacting salivary protein; DNaseⅡ, Deoxyribonuclease II; NlSEF1, Nilaparvata lugens salivary EF-hand 1; CaM, Calmodulin protein; NlVgN, Nilaparvata lugens N-terminal subunit of vitellogenin; LsVgC, Laodelphax striatellus C-terminal subunit of vitellogenin; OsbZIP43, Oryza sativa bZIP transcription factor 43. Secondary metabolic detoxification: P450, Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases; GST, Glutathione S-transferases; CarE, Carboxylesterases; ACE, Acetylcholinesterase; NQO, NADH-Quinone oxidoreductase; TRY, Trypsin. Ultrabithorax Differentiation: NlInR1, Nilaparvata lugens insulin receptor 1; NlInR2, Nilaparvata lugens insulin receptor 2; NlInR1-p, Phosphorylating Nilaparvata lugens insulin receptor 1; NlFoxO, Nilaparvata lugens forkhead transcription factor; NlFoxO-p, Phosphorylating Nilaparvata lugens forkhead transcription factor; NlUbx, Nilaparvata lugens ultrabithorax.

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