关键栽培措施对优质超级稻华浙优261产量、品质形成及生育特性的影响

doi:10.16819/j.1001-7216.2026.250715

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探究关键栽培措施(播期、密度、施氮量)对优质超级稻华浙优261产量、品质形成及生长发育特性的影响，为其制定高产、优质、高效的栽培技术方案提供理论依据。【方法】于2022−2023年，以优质超级稻华浙优261为供试品种，进行单因素大田试验，设4个播期(5月15日、5月28日、6月10日和6月23日，记为S1、S2、S3和S4)、5个移栽密度(株距依次为27.0、22.5、19.3、16.9和15.0 cm，记为D1、D2、D3、D4和D5，行距固定30 cm)和5个施氮量(0、135、180、225和270 kg/hm²，记为N0、N1、N2、N3和N4)处理，测定不同处理下水稻的产量、品质及生育特性，分析产量与干物质积累量、温光资源的相关性，并综合评价各处理下稻米品质。【结果】播期、密度和施氮量均显著影响水稻产量、品质及生育特性。各栽培措施下，产量和稻米品质综合判定等级均呈先升高后降低的变化趋势，S3、D3、N3处理的产量最高，S3、D3、N2处理的品质最优。产量与播期、密度、施氮量均呈显著的二次曲线关系；产量构成因素和稻米品质指标的变化趋势因栽培措施不同而异。随播期推迟、密度降低、施氮量增加，生育时期延迟且全生育期延长；分蘖数增加但茎蘖成穗率(密度处理除外)降低，叶片SPAD值升高；高效叶面积指数、粒叶比(施氮量处理除外)、齐穗至成熟期干物质积累量、收获指数及温光生产效率均呈先增后减趋势。统计分析表明，产量与总颖花量和干物质积累量均显著正相关，其中总颖花量对产量的贡献最大；主成分分析揭示，精米率、整精米率、垩白粒率、垩白度、碱消值和胶稠度是评价稻米品质的关键指标。【结论】本研究条件下，浙东南地区种植华浙优261，建议于5月28日−6月15日播种，采用行距30 cm、株距19.3~23.3 cm的移栽密度，配施176.6~209.8 kg/hm²的氮肥，可实现其产量与品质的协同提升。

关键词: 播期, 移栽密度, 施氮量, 优质超级稻, 产量, 品质, 生育特性

Abstract:

【Objective】This study aims to investigate the effects of key cultivation measures (sowing date, planting density, and nitrogen application rate) on grain yield, rice quality formation, and growth characteristics of the high-quality super rice variety Huazheyou 261. The results are expected to provide a theoretical basis for developing high-yield, high-quality, and high-efficiency cultivation techniques.【Method】A single-factor field experiment was conducted using Huazheyou 261 as the test material. The treatments included four sowing dates (May 15, May 28, June 10, and June 23, denoted as S1, S2, S3, and S4), five transplanting densities (plant spacing of 27.0, 22.5, 19.3, 16.9, and 15.0 cm, denoted as D1 to D5, with a fixed row spacing of 30 cm), and five nitrogen application rates (0, 135, 180, 225, and 270 kg/hm², denoted as N0 to N4). Grain yield, rice quality, and growth characteristics were measured under different treatments. The correlations between yield and dry matter accumulation, as well as temperature and light resources, were analyzed. A comprehensive evaluation of rice quality under each treatment was also performed.【Result】Sowing date, density and nitrogen application rate significantly affected grain yield, rice quality and growth characteristics of rice. Under each cultivation measure, the grain yield and comprehensive evaluation grade of rice quality showed an initial increase followed by a decrease. The grain yield of S3, D3 and N3 treatments was the highest, and the rice quality of S3, D3 and N2 treatments was the best. There was a significant quadratic relationship between grain yield and sowing date, density and nitrogen application rate. The trend of yield components and rice quality indexes varied with different cultivation measures. With the delay of sowing date, the decrease of density and the increase of nitrogen application rate, the growth period was delayed and the whole growth period was prolonged. The number of tillers increased, but the productive tiller percentage (except density treatment) decreased, and the SPAD value of leaves increased. The effective leaf area index, grain-leaf ratio (except under nitrogen treatments), dry matter accumulation from heading to maturity, harvest index, and temperature-light production efficiency all exhibited a trend of initial increase followed by decrease. Statistical analysis indicated that grain yield was significantly positively correlated with total spikelets and dry matter accumulation, with total spikelets contributing the most to grain yield. Principal component analysis identified milled rice rate, head milled rice rate, chalky grain rate, chalkiness, alkali spreading value, and gel consistency as key indicators for evaluating rice quality.【Conclusion】Under the experimental conditions, synergistic optimization of grain yield and rice quality for Huazheyou 261 in southeastern Zhejiang Province was achieved with the following practices: sowing between May 28 and June 15, transplanting at a row spacing of 30 cm and a plant spacing of 19.3−23.3 cm, and applying nitrogen at a rate of 176.6−209.8 kg/hm².

Key words: sowing date, transplanting density, nitrogen application rate, high-quality super rice, grain yield, rice quality, growth characteristics

马义虎, 周翠, 朱练峰, 余山红. 关键栽培措施对优质超级稻华浙优261产量、品质形成及生育特性的影响[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2026, 40(4): 502-518.

MA Yihu, ZHOU Cui, ZHU Lianfeng, YU Shanhong. Effects of Key Cultivation Measures on Grain Yield Formation, Quality and Growth Characteristics of High-quality Super Rice Huazheyou 261[J]. Chinese Journal OF Rice Science, 2026, 40(4): 502-518.

图/表 17

参考文献 41

[1]	缪添惠, 蔡芸菲, 王晓峰, 刘鑫, 俞琦英, 韩展誉, 王仁杯. 浙江省优质稻品种发展现状与对策[J]. 中国稻米, 2024, 30(6): 82-86, 90.
	Miao T H, Cai Y F, Wang X F, Liu X, Yu Q Y, Han Z Y, Wang R B. Development status and countermeasures of high quality rice varieties in Zhejiang Province[J]. China Rice, 2024, 30(6): 82-86, 90. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[2]	Zhu D W, Zhang H C, Guo B W, Xu K, Dai Q G, Wei H Y, Gao H, Hu Y J, Cui P Y, Huo Z Y. Effects of nitrogen level on yield and quality of japonica soft super rice[J]. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2017, 16(5): 1018-1027.
[3]	李艳兰, 杨进成, 李竑阳, 沈祥宏, 张钟, 李祥, 朱自芬, 李灶福, 李红云, 刘坚坚, 胡新洲, 史兰芬, 邓争. 播期、密度和施氮量对旱种杂交稻产量和构成因子的影响[J]. 农学学报, 2023, 13(12): 1-7.
	Li Y L, Yang J C, Li H Y, Shen X H, Zhang Z, Li X, Zhu Z F, Li Z F, Li H Y, Liu J J, Hu X Z, Shi L F, Deng Z. Effects of sowing date, density and nitrogen application on yield and component factors of dry cultivation of hybrid rice[J]. Journal of Agriculture, 2023, 13(12): 1-7. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]	马义虎, 何贤彪, 朱练峰, 余山红, 张中熙. 播期对浙东南地区直播晚粳稻产量、生育期及温光利用的影响[J]. 核农学报, 2022, 36(12): 2462-2473.
	Ma Y H, He X B, Zhu L F, Yu S H, Zhang Z X. Effects of seeding dates on grain yield, growth period and utilization of temperature and sunshine of late japonica rice under the direct seeding in southeastern Zhejiang Province[J]. Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, 2022, 36(12): 2462-2473. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]	彭福燕, 杨罗浩, 高俊阳, 夏方招, 曹志刚, 陈杰, 姚璇, 杨特武. 播期及秧龄对湖北二季晚粳产量和品质的影响[J]. 华中农业大学学报, 2021, 40(3): 105-112.
	Peng F Y, Yang L H, Gao J Y, Xia F Z, Cao Z G, Chen J, Yao X, Yang T W. Effects of sowing date and seedling age on the yield and quality of two-season late japonica rice in Hubei Province[J]. Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University, 2021, 40(3): 105-112. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]	Deng F, Zhang C, He L H, Liao S, Li Q P, Li B, Zhu S L, Gao Y T, Tao Y F, Zhou W, Lei X L, Wang L, Hu J F, Chen Y, Ren W J. Delayed sowing date improves the quality of mechanically transplanted rice by optimizing temperature conditions during growth season[J]. Field Crops Research, 2022, 281: 108493.
[7]	Tian J Y, Li S P, Cheng S, Liu Q Y, Zhou L, Tao Y, Xing Z P, Hu Y J, Guo B W, Wei H Y, Zhang H C. Increasing the appropriate seedling density for higher yield in dry direct-seeded rice sown by a multifunctional seeder after wheat straw return[J]. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2023, 22(2): 400-416.
[8]	Zhang H, Zhang J H, Yang J C. Improving nitrogen use efficiency of rice crop through an optimized root system and agronomic practices[J]. Crop and Environment, 2023, 2(4): 192-201.
[9]	Luo J, Hang J N, Wu B L, Wei X L, Zhao Q Z, Fang Z M. Co-overexpression of genes for nitrogen transport, assimilation, and utilization boosts rice grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency[J]. The Crop Journal, 2023, 11(3): 785-799.
[10]	Ishfaq M, Wang Y Q, Xu J L, Hassan M U, Yuan H, Liu L L, He B Y, Ejaz I, White P J, Cakmak I, Chen W S, Wu J C, Wopke V D W, Li C J, Zhang F S, Li X X. Improvement of nutritional quality of food crops with fertilizer: A global meta-analysis[J]. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 2023, 43(6): 43-74.
[11]	Zhou N B, Zhang J, Fang S L, Wei H Y, Zhang H C. Effects of temperature and solar radiation on yield of good eating-quality rice in the lower reaches of the Huai River Basin, China[J]. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2021, 20(7): 1762-1774.
[12]	Zhou Q, Yuan R, Zhang W Y, Gu J F, Liu L J, Zhang H, Wang Z Q, Yang J C. Grain yield, nitrogen use efficiency and physiological performance of indica/japonica hybrid rice in response to various nitrogen rates[J]. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2023, 22(1): 63-79.
[13]	张玮, 严玲玲, 傅志强, 徐莹, 郭慧娟, 周梦瑶, 龙攀. 播期对湖南省双季稻产量和光热资源利用效率的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2023, 56 (1): 31-45.
	Zhang W, Yan L L, Fu Z Q, Xu Y, Guo H J, Zhou M Y, Long P. Effects of sowing date on yield of double cropping rice and utilization efficiency of light and heat energy in Hunan Province[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56 (1): 31-45. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]	Guo N H, An R H, Ren Z L, Jiang J, Cai B N, Hu S K, Shao G N, Jiao G A, Xie L H, Wang L, Zhao F L, Tang S Q, Sheng Z H, Hu P S. Developing super rice varieties resistant to rice blast with enhanced yield and improved quality[J]. Plant Biotechnology Journal, 2025, 23(1): 232-234.
[15]	Wang Y, Tang G, Fu W T, Chen J, Huang S, Sun Y N. Rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency: Different responses to soil organic matter between early and late rice[J]. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 2024, 24(3): 5120-5129.
[16]	Zhang X Y, Wang Z H, Wang Y C, Tian X S, He K, Chen Z, Ying H, Yin Y L, Cui Z L. Contribution of nitrogen to main cereal crops yield and the key drivers in China[J]. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2025, 212: 107995.
[17]	Huang X F, Deng F, Zhang C, Li Q P, He Y X, He C Y, Ai X F, Yuan Y J, Wang L, Cheng H, Wang T, Tao Y F, Zhou W, Lei X L, Chen Y, Ren W J. Effect of sowing date on radiation and temperature use efficiencies of rice in the low-light region of China[J]. Field Crops Research, 2024, 309: 109329.
[18]	吕宙, 易秉怀, 陈平平, 周文新, 唐文帮, 易镇邪. 施氮量与移栽密度对小粒型杂交水稻产量形成的影响[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2024, 38(4): 422-436.
	Lü Z, Yi B H, Chen P P, Zhou W X, Tang W B, Yi Z X. Effects of nitrogen application rate and transplanting density on yield formation of small seed hybrid rice[J]. Chinese Journal of Rice Science, 2024, 38(4): 422-436. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]	成臣, 曾勇军, 吕伟生, 谭雪明, 商庆银, 曾研华, 石庆华. 南方稻区优质晚粳稻产量和品质调优的播期效应[J]. 核农学报, 2018, 32(10): 2019-2030.
	Cheng C, Zeng Y J, Lü W S, Tan X M, Shang Q Y, Zeng Y H, Shi Q H. Effect of sowing date on rice yield and quality of high-quality Japonica rice during the late-rice cropping seasons in Southern China[J]. Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, 2018, 32(10): 2019-2030. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]	卢建祥, 高倩文, 高志强, 阳会兵, 文双雅, 石楠, 胡文瑞, 金宇豪, 陈龙, 刘芸, 曹正邓渊. 增密减肥处理对籼型杂交稻产量及生长发育的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2024, 50(10): 2586-2598.
	Lu J X, Gao Q W, Gao Z Q, Yang H B, Wen S Y, Shi N, Hu W R, Jin Y H, Chen L, Liu Y, Caozheng D Y. Effect of high-density planting and fertilizer reduction on yield and growth and development of indica hybrid rice[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2024, 50(10): 2586-2598. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]	Liu K, Zhou S Q, Li S Y, Wang J, Wang W L, Zhang W Y, Zhang H, Gu J F, Yang J C, Liu L J. Differences and mechanisms of post-anthesis dry matter accumulation in rice varieties with different yield levels[J]. Crop and Environment, 2022, 1(4): 262-272.
[22]	Dou Z, Tang S, Li G H, Liu Z H, Ding C Q, Chen L, Wang S H, Ding Y F. Application of nitrogen fertilizer at heading stage improves rice quality under elevated temperature during grain-filling stage[J]. Crop Science, 2017, 57(4): 2183-2192.
[23]	程方民, 钟连进. 不同气候生态条件下稻米品质性状的变异及主要影响因子分析[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2001, 15(3): 187-191.
	Cheng F M, Zhong L J. Variation of rice quality traits under different climate conditions and its main affected factors[J]. Chinese Journal of Rice Science, 2001, 15(3): 187-191. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]	Lu B, Xu C S, Li Z Y, Tang X N, Yang F, Xu D Z, Zhu G F, Zhang J, Jiang Y, Li W W, Liu Z H, Ding Y F, Li G H. Influence of the temperature during grain filling stage and nitrogen application rate on yield and quality of indica hybrid rice[J]. Field Crops Research, 2024, 309: 109333.
[25]	李中希, 陈鸽, 傅岳峰, 李虎, 禹双双, 贺旭辉. 施氮量和栽插密度对优质超级稻盛泰优722产量及米质的影响[J]. 杂交水稻, 2022, 37(4): 121-128.
	Li Z X, Chen G, Fu Y F, Li H, Yu S S, He X H. Effects of nitrogen rate and transplanting density on yield and grain quality of highquality super rice Shengtaiyou 722[J]. Hybrid Rice, 2022, 37(4): 121-128. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]	吴子帅, 李虎, 黄秋要, 陈传华, 罗群昌, 周新明, 吴佳桔, 刘广林. 施氮量和栽插密度对桂育11号产量和稻米品质的影响[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2021, 23(8): 154-162.
	Wu Z S, Li H, Huang Q Y, Chen C H, Luo Q C, Zhou X M, Wu J J, Liu G L. Influences of nitrogen fertilizer application rate and planting density on the yield and rice quality of Guiyu 11[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2021, 23(8): 154-162. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]	Fei L W, Yang S C, Ma A, Lunzhu C, Wang M, Wang G J, Guo S W. Grain chalkiness is reduced by coordinating the biosynthesis of protein and starch in fragrant rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain under nitrogen fertilization[J]. Field Crops Research, 2023, 302: 109098.
[28]	唐健, 唐闯, 郭保卫, 张诚信, 张振振, 王科, 张洪程, 陈恒, 孙明珠. 氮肥施用量对机插优质晚稻产量和稻米品质的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2020, 46(1): 117-130.
	Tang J, Tang C, Guo B W, Zhang C X, Zhang Z Z, Wang K, Zhang H C, Chen H, Sun Mi Z. Effect of nitrogen application on yield and rice quality of mechanical transplanting high quality late rice[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2020, 46(1): 117-130. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[29]	王颖姮, 陈丽娟, 崔丽丽, 詹生威, 宋煜, 陈世安, 解振兴, 姜照伟, 吴方喜, 卓传营, 蔡秋华, 谢华安, 张建福. 施氮量对优质稻“福香占”光合特性、产量及品质的影响[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2023, 37(1): 89-101.
	Wang Y H, Chen L J, Cui L L, Zhan S W, Song Y, Chen S A, Xie Z X, Jiang Z W, Wu F X, Zhuo C Y, Cai Q H, Xie H A, Zhang J F. Effects of nitrogen rate on photosynthesis, yield and grain quality of superior quality rice “Fuxiangzhan”[J]. Chinese Journal of Rice Science, 2023, 37(1): 89-101. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[30]	Yuan K J, Dong Y G, Sun W Q, Zhang L T, Asif M, Yu S B. Ghd7.1 improves eating quality by reducing grain protein content in rice[J]. The Crop Journal, 2025, 13(4): 1145-1155.
[31]	Zhang D H, Cai Y P, Lao F, Wu J H. Protein structural properties, proteomics and flavor characterization analysis of rice during cooking[J]. Food Chemistry, 2025, 465: 142101.
[32]	Xu Y J, Ying Y N, Ouyang S H, Duan X L, Sun H, Jiang S K, Sun S C, Bao J S. Factors affecting sensory quality of cooked japonica rice[J]. Rice Science, 2018, 25(6): 330-339.
[33]	张庆, 郭保卫, 胡雅杰, 张洪程, 徐玉峰, 徐晓杰, 朱邦辉, 徐洁芬, 钮中一, 凃荣文. 不同氮肥水平下优质高产软米粳稻的产量与品质差异[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2021, 35(6): 606-616.
	Zhang Q, Guo B W, Hu Y J, Zhang H C, Xu Y F, Xu X J, Zhu B H, Xu J F, Niu Z Y, Tu R W. Differences in yield and rice quality of soft japonica rice with high quality and high yield under different nitrogen levels[J]. Chinese Journal of Rice Science, 2021, 35(6): 606-616. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[34]	唐承翰, 王晶卿, 陈惠哲, 张玉屏, 向镜, 张义凯, 王志刚, 怀燕, 陈佳峰, 王亚梁. 杂交稻条播育秧机插秧苗素质对产量的影响[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2025, 39(2): 245-254.
	Tang C H, Wang J Q, Chen H Z, Zhang Y P, Xiang J, Zhang Y K, Wang Z G, Huai Y, Chen J F, Wang Y L. Effects of hybrid rice seedling quality in drill-seeding nursery on grain yield in mechanical transplanting[J]. Chinese Journal of Rice Science, 2025, 39(2): 245-254. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[35]	马义虎, 何贤彪, 陈剑, 汤学军, 王旭辉, 何豪豪, 金羽清, 齐文, 蒋海凌, 周翠. 秧龄对浙东南地区优质稻产量和品质的影响[J]. 作物杂志, 2023, 214(3): 116-125.
	Ma Y H, He X B, Chen J, Tang X J, Wang X H, He H H, Jin Y Q, Qi W, Jiang H L, Zhou C. Effects of seedling ages on grain yield and quality of high quality rice in southeastern Zhejiang Province[J]. Crops, 2023, 214(3): 116-125. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[36]	杜永林, 缪学宽, 李刚华, 张俊, 王绍华, 刘正辉, 唐设, 丁艳锋. 江苏机插水稻大面积均衡增产共性特征分析[J]. 作物学报, 2014, 40(12): 2183-2191.
	Du Y L, Miao X K, Li G H, Zhang J, Wang S H, Liu Z H, Tang S, Ding Y F. Common characteristics of balanced yield increase in a large area of mechanical transplanted rice in Jiangsu Province[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2014, 40(12): 2183-2191. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[37]	唐承翰, 陈惠哲, 叶天承, 张玉屏, 向镜, 张义凯, 王志刚, 王亚梁. 机插种植均匀度对水稻产量构建及品质形成的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2024, 50(10): 2625-2636.
	Tang C H, Chen H Z, Ye T C, Zhang Y P, Xiang J, Zhang Y K, Wang Z G, Wang Y L. Effect of planting uniformity with machine on yield construction and quality formation of rice[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2024, 50(10): 2625-2636. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[38]	陈云, 张亚军, 张宏路, 朱安, 黄健, 张耗, 顾骏飞, 刘立军, 杨建昌. 机插株距对优质食味水稻品种产量和群体质量的影响[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2020, 34(6): 550-560.
	Chen Y, Zhang Y J, Zhang H L, Zhu A, Huang J, Zhang X, Gu J F, Liu L J, Yang J C. Effects of plant spacing on grain yield and population quality in mechanically- transplanted rice with good tasting quality[J]. Chinese Journal of Rice Science, 2020, 34(6): 550-560. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[39]	雷振山, 李猛, 祁玲, 吴延洋, 刘娟, 杨俊霞, 肖荣英, 季新. 不同播期对豫南直播稻米品质的影响[J]. 河南农业大学学报, 2021, 55(4): 654-660.
	Lei Z S, Li M, Qi L, Wu Y Y, Liu J, Yang J X, Xiao R Y, Ji X. Effects of different sowing date on grain quality of direct seeding rice in southern Henan[J]. Journal of Henan Agricultural University, 2021, 55(4): 654-660. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[40]	马义虎, 曾孝元, 何贤彪, 周奶弟, 陈剑. 浙东南地区优质稻产量与品质对不同播期气候因子的响应[J]. 浙江农业学报, 2023, 35(4): 736-751.
	Ma Y H, Zeng X Y, He X B, Zhou N D, Chen J. Response of grain yield and quality of high quality rice to climate factors at different sowing dates in southeastern Zhejiang Province, China[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2023, 35(4): 736-751. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[41]	Li M, Zhu D W, Jiang M J, Luo D Q, Jiang X H, Ji G M, Li L J, Zhou W J. Dry matter production and panicle characteristics of high yield and good taste indica hybrid rice varieties[J]. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2023, 22(5): 1338-1350.

年份 Year	播期处理 Sowing date treatment	有效穗数 Number of productive panicle(×10⁴/hm²)	每穗粒数 Spikelet number per panicle	总颖花量 Total amount of spikelets (×10⁶/hm²)	结实率 Seed-setting rate(%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight(g)	理论产量Theoretical grain yield(t/hm²)	实际产量 Actual grain yield(t/hm²)
2022	S1	221.0±2.1 c	203.2±3.3 c	449.2±13.6 c	91.6±1.4 a	21.79±0.03 b	8.97±0.11 c	8.93±0.20 b
	S2	225.2±2.9 bc	210.1±3.7 ab	473.2±14.8 b	91.2±1.1 a	22.18±0.02 a	9.58±0.15 ab	9.58±0.14 a
	S3	233.0±3.8 a	216.3± 4.1a	503.9±11.2 a	89.1±2.3 b	22.02±0.06 ab	9.88±0.24 a	9.72±0.25 a
	S4	232.4±2.7 ab	204.5±2.6 bc	475.3±17.4 b	88.5±1.5 b	21.75±0.05 b	9.15±0.25 bc	9.11±0.16 b
2023	S1	217.3±3.2 b	206.6±2.9 b	448.9±12.4 c	92.1±1.7 a	21.92±0.03 b	9.06±0.23 c	9.05±0.19 b
	S2	223.1±2.6 b	213.9±2.6 a	477.3±13.6 b	91.3±0.8 ab	22.25±0.07 a	9.70±0.18 ab	9.68±0.12 a
	S3	233.8±3.3 a	218.5±3.2 a	510.8±16.9 a	90.4±1.9 b	21.94±0.04 b	10.13±0.21 a	9.84±0.13 a
	S4	235.4±4.1 a	203.3±1.9 b	478.5±12.8 b	89.9±2.3 b	21.71±0.01 b	9.34± 0.13 bc	9.26±0.24 b
方差分析ANOVA	年份Year(Y)	0.10	1.81	0.35	6.20^*	0.14	2.05	4.02
	播期Sowing date(S)	17.94^**	17.58^**	15.51^**	14.76^**	5.02^*	18.03^**	35.80^**
	年份×播期Y×S	0.76	0.56	0.06	0.88	0.52	0.09	0.08

年份 Year	播期处理 Sowing date treatment	有效穗数 Number of productive panicle(×10⁴/hm²)	每穗粒数 Spikelet number per panicle	总颖花量 Total amount of spikelets (×10⁶/hm²)	结实率 Seed-setting rate(%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight(g)	理论产量Theoretical grain yield(t/hm²)	实际产量 Actual grain yield(t/hm²)
2022	S1	221.0±2.1 c	203.2±3.3 c	449.2±13.6 c	91.6±1.4 a	21.79±0.03 b	8.97±0.11 c	8.93±0.20 b
	S2	225.2±2.9 bc	210.1±3.7 ab	473.2±14.8 b	91.2±1.1 a	22.18±0.02 a	9.58±0.15 ab	9.58±0.14 a
	S3	233.0±3.8 a	216.3± 4.1a	503.9±11.2 a	89.1±2.3 b	22.02±0.06 ab	9.88±0.24 a	9.72±0.25 a
	S4	232.4±2.7 ab	204.5±2.6 bc	475.3±17.4 b	88.5±1.5 b	21.75±0.05 b	9.15±0.25 bc	9.11±0.16 b
2023	S1	217.3±3.2 b	206.6±2.9 b	448.9±12.4 c	92.1±1.7 a	21.92±0.03 b	9.06±0.23 c	9.05±0.19 b
	S2	223.1±2.6 b	213.9±2.6 a	477.3±13.6 b	91.3±0.8 ab	22.25±0.07 a	9.70±0.18 ab	9.68±0.12 a
	S3	233.8±3.3 a	218.5±3.2 a	510.8±16.9 a	90.4±1.9 b	21.94±0.04 b	10.13±0.21 a	9.84±0.13 a
	S4	235.4±4.1 a	203.3±1.9 b	478.5±12.8 b	89.9±2.3 b	21.71±0.01 b	9.34± 0.13 bc	9.26±0.24 b
方差分析ANOVA	年份Year(Y)	0.10	1.81	0.35	6.20^*	0.14	2.05	4.02
	播期Sowing date(S)	17.94^**	17.58^**	15.51^**	14.76^**	5.02^*	18.03^**	35.80^**
	年份×播期Y×S	0.76	0.56	0.06	0.88	0.52	0.09	0.08

年份 Year	密度处理 Density treatment	有效穗数 Number of productive panicles (×10⁴/hm²)	每穗粒数 Spikelet number per panicle	总颖花量 Total amount of spikelets (×10⁶/hm²)	结实率 Seed-setting rate(%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight(g)	理论产量Theoretical grain yield (t/hm²)	实际产量 Actual grain yield(t/hm²)
2022	D1	209.7±3.3 d	221.6±1.8 a	464.7±15.9 c	90.0±0.9 b	22.02±0.02 a	9.21±0.15 c	9.01±0.17 c
	D2	224.5±2.4 c	217.8±1.2 ab	489.0±12.6 ab	90.3±1.7 ab	21.98±0.04 a	9.71±0.20 a	9.57±0.11 a
	D3	236.2±2.8 b	210.5±2.4 b	497.1±14.7 a	90.5±1.3 ab	21.91±0.05 a	9.85±0.17 a	9.66±0.21 a
	D4	243.7±3.0 ab	198.6±3.1 c	483.9±9.8 abc	90.8±1.8 ab	21.89±0.01 a	9.62±0.14 ab	9.37±0.24 ab
	D5	247.4±2.2 a	190.4±3.2 c	471.1±12.9 bc	91.0±1.6 a	21.86±0.07 a	9.37±0.21 bc	9.10±0.12 bc
2023	D1	208.0±3.2 d	223.6±4.1 a	465.2±11.5 c	90.7±1.3 b	22.19±0.02 a	9.36±0.16 b	9.06±0.18 b
	D2	221.4±4.1 c	219.9±3.0 ab	486.8±13.1 ab	91.2±1.7 ab	22.16±0.02 a	9.84±0.25 a	9.68±0.13 a
	D3	231.0±2.9 b	213.0±1.8 b	491.9±12.6 a	91.4±1.9 ab	22.12±0.06 a	9.94±0.13 a	9.64±0.11 a
	D4	240.8±3.6 a	201.5±2.3 c	485.2±11.1 abc	91.6±1.4 ab	22.03±0.05 a	9.80±0.28 a	9.39±0.25 a
	D5	245.4±2.8 a	190.4±3.7 d	467.1±17.5 bc	91.8±1.8 a	22.01±0.03 a	9.44±0.17 b	9.03±0.20 b
方差分析ANOVA	年份Year(Y)	3.40	1.31	0.22	4.65^*	3.44	3.71	1.09
	密度Density(D)	63.18^**	44.95^**	9.97^**	3.74^*	0.78	13.22^**	18.80^**
	年份×密度Y×D	0.13	0.08	0.09	0.03	0.20	0.11	0.25

年份 Year	密度处理 Density treatment	有效穗数 Number of productive panicles (×10⁴/hm²)	每穗粒数 Spikelet number per panicle	总颖花量 Total amount of spikelets (×10⁶/hm²)	结实率 Seed-setting rate(%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight(g)	理论产量Theoretical grain yield (t/hm²)	实际产量 Actual grain yield(t/hm²)
2022	D1	209.7±3.3 d	221.6±1.8 a	464.7±15.9 c	90.0±0.9 b	22.02±0.02 a	9.21±0.15 c	9.01±0.17 c
	D2	224.5±2.4 c	217.8±1.2 ab	489.0±12.6 ab	90.3±1.7 ab	21.98±0.04 a	9.71±0.20 a	9.57±0.11 a
	D3	236.2±2.8 b	210.5±2.4 b	497.1±14.7 a	90.5±1.3 ab	21.91±0.05 a	9.85±0.17 a	9.66±0.21 a
	D4	243.7±3.0 ab	198.6±3.1 c	483.9±9.8 abc	90.8±1.8 ab	21.89±0.01 a	9.62±0.14 ab	9.37±0.24 ab
	D5	247.4±2.2 a	190.4±3.2 c	471.1±12.9 bc	91.0±1.6 a	21.86±0.07 a	9.37±0.21 bc	9.10±0.12 bc
2023	D1	208.0±3.2 d	223.6±4.1 a	465.2±11.5 c	90.7±1.3 b	22.19±0.02 a	9.36±0.16 b	9.06±0.18 b
	D2	221.4±4.1 c	219.9±3.0 ab	486.8±13.1 ab	91.2±1.7 ab	22.16±0.02 a	9.84±0.25 a	9.68±0.13 a
	D3	231.0±2.9 b	213.0±1.8 b	491.9±12.6 a	91.4±1.9 ab	22.12±0.06 a	9.94±0.13 a	9.64±0.11 a
	D4	240.8±3.6 a	201.5±2.3 c	485.2±11.1 abc	91.6±1.4 ab	22.03±0.05 a	9.80±0.28 a	9.39±0.25 a
	D5	245.4±2.8 a	190.4±3.7 d	467.1±17.5 bc	91.8±1.8 a	22.01±0.03 a	9.44±0.17 b	9.03±0.20 b
方差分析ANOVA	年份Year(Y)	3.40	1.31	0.22	4.65^*	3.44	3.71	1.09
	密度Density(D)	63.18^**	44.95^**	9.97^**	3.74^*	0.78	13.22^**	18.80^**
	年份×密度Y×D	0.13	0.08	0.09	0.03	0.20	0.11	0.25

年份 Year	施氮量处理 N rate treatment	有效穗数 Number of productive panicle(×10⁴/hm²)	每穗粒数 Spikelet number per panicle	总颖花量 Total amount of spikelets (×10⁶/hm²)	结实率 Seed-setting rate(%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	理论产量Theoretical grain yield(t/hm²)	实际产量 Actual grain yield(t/hm²)
2022	N0	165.0±2.5 d	190.6±1.7 c	314.6±9.5 d	92.6±1.7 a	22.40±0.02 a	6.53±0.16 c	6.37±0.18 d
	N1	208.4±3.0 c	209.1±2.1 a	435.8±12.8 c	92.0±1.4 a	22.18±0.08 ab	8.89±0.18 b	8.85±0.09 c
	N2	224.7±2.2 b	212.0±2.8 a	476.3±10.9 b	91.1±1.8 ab	22.05±0.03 bc	9.56±0.11 a	9.45±0.15 b
	N3	243.7±2.5 a	206.6±2.2 ab	503.4±15.4 a	89.8±1.1 b	21.99±0.04 bc	9.94±0.24 a	9.88±0.16 a
	N4	236.9±3.1 ab	200.4±3.5 b	474.8±11.5 b	87.3±2.0 c	21.85±0.07 c	9.06±0.27 b	9.03±0.21 c
2023	N0	164.4±2.9 d	192.6±2.7 d	316.8±12.8 d	93.5±1.4 a	22.63±0.03 a	6.71±0.20 c	6.50±0.23 d
	N1	205.2±2.6 c	214.9±3.2 ab	441.1±13.9 c	92.9±1.5 a	22.41±0.02 ab	9.18±0.15 b	9.04±0.28 c
	N2	222.2±2.3 b	215.8±2.7 a	479.4±17.2 b	92.0±1.7 ab	22.25±0.04 b	9.81±0.12 a	9.62±0.13 b
	N3	243.1±3.1 a	207.5±4.0 bc	504.4±13.8 a	90.6±2.1 b	22.11±0.03 bc	10.10±0.18 a	10.05±0.25 a
	N4	234.2±2.8 ab	203.4±2.9 c	476.4±12.9 b	88.1±1.6 c	21.89±0.05 c	9.19±0.13 b	9.12±0.17 c
方差分析ANOVA	年份Year(Y)	0.53	3.50	1.32	7.42^*	3.66	3.58	3.87
	施氮量N rate(N)	113.69^**	23.42^**	499.54^**	35.58^**	11.69^**	194.26^**	159.77^**
	年份×施氮量Y×N	0.04	0.25	0.11	0.01	0.33	0.21	0.06