油菜秸秆还田下增苗减氮对中熟晚粳稻产量和品质的影响

doi:10.16819/j.1001-7216.2026.251007

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探究不同增苗减氮处理对水稻产量和品质的影响，为苏南地区水稻绿色高效生产提供科学依据。【方法】以中熟晚粳水稻(南粳46)为材料，在2023年和2024年选择稻油轮作的试验田，设置两种基本苗数(常规苗数：1.1×10⁶苗/hm²，增苗50%：1.7×10⁶苗/hm²，分别记为D1、D2)、三个氮肥施用量(以纯氮计270 kg/hm²、230 kg/hm²，190 kg/hm²，分别为常规施氮量，氮肥减施15%、氮肥减施30%，记为N1、N2、N3)，分析其对水稻产量、干物质积累量、叶面积指数、光合势及品质等性状的影响。【结果】常规苗数搭配氮肥减施15%(1.1×10⁶苗/hm²，230 kg/hm²)处理的产量最高；增苗50%搭配氮肥减施30%(1.7×10⁶苗/hm²，190 kg/hm²)处理的产量与之相当。与常规处理(1.1×10⁶苗/hm²，270 kg/hm²)相比，增苗50%搭配氮肥减施30%处理的两年平均产量提高了1.53%。从产量构成要素来看，主要是提高了水稻的有效穗数、结实率和千粒重。与常规处理相比，增苗50%搭配氮肥减施30%处理在成熟期的叶面积指数两年平均提高了7.48%，在抽穗期-成熟期光合势、地上部干物质积累量两年平均分别提高7.03%、1.01%。增苗50%搭配氮肥减施30%处理下稻米的糙米率、精米率和整精米率两年平均分别降低了4.07%、4.51%和6.16%，稻米的外观品质、蒸煮食味品质及淀粉糊化特性均显著提高。【结论】油菜秸秆还田下，增苗50%搭配氮肥减施30%(1.7×10⁶苗/hm²，190 kg/hm²)处理通过平衡营养生长与生殖生长，优化群体的物质生产与分配，促进花后物质积累，最终实现了水稻产量和品质的协同提升。

关键词: 水稻, 油菜秸秆还田, 增苗减氮, 产量, 品质

Abstract:

【Objective】To explore the effects of increased basic seedling number and reduced nitrogen application on rice yield and quality, providing a scientific basis for green and high-efficiency rice production in Southern Jiangsu Province.【Method】Using the mid-maturing late japonica cultivar Nanjing 46, a field experiment was conducted in a rice-rapeseed rotation system during 2023 and 2024. The experiment included two basic seedling number: D1 (conventional, 1.1×10⁶ seedlings/hm²) and D2 (a 50% increase, 1.7×10⁶ seedlings/hm²). These were factorially combined with three nitrogen fertilizer rates: N1 (conventional application level, 270 kg/hm²), N2 (15% reduction, 230 kg/hm²), and N3 (30% reduction, 190 kg/hm²). The investigation focused on the treatment effects on key agronomic traits: grain yield, dry matter accumulation, leaf area index, photosynthetic potential, and grain quality parameters.【Results】The treatment with conventional seedling density and a 15% nitrogen reduction in nitrogen application (1.1×10⁶ seedlings/hm², 230 kg/hm²) produced the highest yield, while the treatment with a 50% increase in seedling density and a 30% reduction in nitrogen fertilizer application (1.7×10⁶ seedlings/hm², 190 kg/hm²) achieved a comparable yield. Compared to the conventional treatment (1.1×10⁶ seedlings/hm², 270 kg/hm²), the treatment with a 50% increase seedling density and a 30% reduction in nitrogen fertilizer application increased two-year average yield by 1.53%. In terms of yield components, this primarily resulted from increased panicle number, seed-setting rate, and 1000-grain weight. Compared to the conventional treatment, the treatment with a 50% increase in seedling density and a 30% reduction in nitrogen fertilizer application resulted in an average increase of 7.48% in the leaf area index at the maturity stage over the two years, as well as average increases of 7.03% and 1.01% in photosynthetic potential and aboveground dry matter accumulation from the heading to maturity stages, respectively. Under the treatment, the brown rice rate, milled rice rate, and head rice rate decreased by an average of 4.07%, 4.51%, and 6.16% over the two years, respectively, while the appearance quality, cooking and eating quality, and starch pasting properties were significantly improved.【Conclusion】Under rapeseed straw incorporation, the treatment with a 50% increase in seedling planting density and a 30% reduction in nitrogen fertilizer application achieved coordinated improvement in both rice yield and quality by balancing vegetative and reproductive growth, optimizing population biomass production and distribution efficiency, and promoting heading stage-maturity stage dry matter accumulation.

Key words: rice, straw incorporation, increased seedling transplanting density with reduced nitrogen application level, grain yield, quality traits

于冰洁, 王浩宇, 葛语桐, 崔格格, 张海鹏, 魏海燕, 张洪程, 许方甫. 油菜秸秆还田下增苗减氮对中熟晚粳稻产量和品质的影响[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2026, 40(5): 618-631.

YU Bingjie, WANG Haoyu, GE Yutong, CUI Gege, ZHANG Haipeng, WEI Haiyan, ZHANG Hongcheng, XU Fangfu. Effects of Increased Seedling Transplanting Density with Reduced Nitrogen Fertilizer Application Level on Grain Yield and Quality of Mid-maturing Late japonica Rice Under Rapeseed Straw Return[J]. Chinese Journal OF Rice Science, 2026, 40(5): 618-631.

图/表 10

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年份 Year	基本苗数 Basic seedling	氮肥水平 Nitrogen level	有效穗数 Panicle number (10⁴/hm²)	每穗粒数 Spikelets per panicle	结实率 Seed-setting rate(%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight(g)	产量 Grain yield (t/hm²)
2023	D1	N1	379.50 bc	134.60 a	86.80 d	25.23 abc	10.99 b
		N2	374.85 c	130.91 bc	90.64 b	25.59 abc	11.16 a
		N3	340.73 d	123.82 d	93.11 a	26.20 a	10.06 d
	D2	N1	387.90 ab	133.27 b	85.51 d	24.42 c	10.45 c
		N2	380.63 bc	128.56 c	89.36 c	25.20 bc	10.89 b
		N3	391.28 a	121.35 e	92.25 a	25.79 ab	11.12 ab
2024	D1	N1	388.43 c	140.92 a	80.24 e	24.95 b	10.68 b
		N2	384.30 c	138.65 b	82.29 c	25.24 b	10.92 a
		N3	349.88 d	132.31 d	85.03 a	26.11 a	9.90 d
	D2	N1	402.15 ab	139.19 ab	78.79 f	24.03 c	10.29 c
		N2	393.00 bc	136.20 c	81.30 d	24.70 bc	10.61 b
		N3	403.28 a	128.64 e	83.49 b	25.38 ab	10.88 a
年份Year(Y)			61.17**	460.24**	2211.72**	10.81**	92.93**
密度Planting density(D)			276.14**	56.72**	47.62**	38.24**	13.47**
氮肥Nitrogen level(N)			57.36**	322.04**	362.75**	46.90**	99.41**
Y×D			ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
Y×N			ns	ns	6.22*	ns	ns
D×N			103.16**	ns	ns	ns	367.35**
Y×D×N			ns	ns	ns	ns	ns

年份 Year	基本苗数 Basic seedling	氮肥水平 Nitrogen level	有效穗数 Panicle number (10⁴/hm²)	每穗粒数 Spikelets per panicle	结实率 Seed-setting rate(%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight(g)	产量 Grain yield (t/hm²)
2023	D1	N1	379.50 bc	134.60 a	86.80 d	25.23 abc	10.99 b
		N2	374.85 c	130.91 bc	90.64 b	25.59 abc	11.16 a
		N3	340.73 d	123.82 d	93.11 a	26.20 a	10.06 d
	D2	N1	387.90 ab	133.27 b	85.51 d	24.42 c	10.45 c
		N2	380.63 bc	128.56 c	89.36 c	25.20 bc	10.89 b
		N3	391.28 a	121.35 e	92.25 a	25.79 ab	11.12 ab
2024	D1	N1	388.43 c	140.92 a	80.24 e	24.95 b	10.68 b
		N2	384.30 c	138.65 b	82.29 c	25.24 b	10.92 a
		N3	349.88 d	132.31 d	85.03 a	26.11 a	9.90 d
	D2	N1	402.15 ab	139.19 ab	78.79 f	24.03 c	10.29 c
		N2	393.00 bc	136.20 c	81.30 d	24.70 bc	10.61 b
		N3	403.28 a	128.64 e	83.49 b	25.38 ab	10.88 a
年份Year(Y)			61.17**	460.24**	2211.72**	10.81**	92.93**
密度Planting density(D)			276.14**	56.72**	47.62**	38.24**	13.47**
氮肥Nitrogen level(N)			57.36**	322.04**	362.75**	46.90**	99.41**
Y×D			ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
Y×N			ns	ns	6.22*	ns	ns
D×N			103.16**	ns	ns	ns	367.35**
Y×D×N			ns	ns	ns	ns	ns

年份 Year	基本苗数 Basic seedlings	氮肥水平 Nitrogen level	分蘖盛期 Peak tillering stage (×10⁴/hm²)	拔节期 Jointing stage (×10⁴/hm²)	抽穗期 Heading stage (×10⁴/hm²)	成熟期 Maturity stage (×10⁴/hm²)	成穗率 Productive tiller percentage(%)
2023	D1 D2	N1	614.73 b	431.10 b	386.65 bc	379.50 bc	61.73 e
		N2	546.13 c	406.87 d	383.66 c	374.85 c	68.64 c
		N3	489.47 d	392.00 f	352.70 d	340.73 d	69.61 b
	D2	N1	639.86 a	444.12 a	395.67 a	387.90 ab	60.62 f
		N2	604.10 b	420.72 c	391.98 ab	380.63 bc	63.01 d
		N3	544.65 c	399.50 e	397.67 a	391.28 a	71.84 a
2024	D1 D2	N1	635.76 b	458.51 b	401.50 cd	388.43 c	61.10 e
		N2	582.97 c	436.98 d	391.59 d	384.30 c	65.92 c
		N3	521.73 d	396.95 e	373.30 e	349.88 d	67.06 b
	D2	N1	669.88 a	473.78 a	417.58 ab	402.15 ab	60.03 f
		N2	632.70 b	446.62 c	409.29 bc	393.00 bc	62.11 d
		N3	581.34 c	436.17 d	420.86 a	403.28 a	69.37 a
年份Year(Y)			156.94**	624.71**	184.78**	61.17**	108.84**
密度Planting density(D)			362.31**	252.77**	342.17**	276.14**	56.51**
氮肥Nitrogen level(N)			614.05**	656.78**	40.37**	57.36**	998.49**
Y×D			ns	22.72**	6.01*	ns	ns
Y×N			ns	5.88*	4.32*	ns	12.35**
D×N			12.45**	11.79**	74.34**	103.16**	164.74**
Y×D×N			ns	28.86**	ns	ns	ns

年份 Year	基本苗数 Basic seedlings	氮肥水平 Nitrogen level	分蘖盛期 Peak tillering stage (×10⁴/hm²)	拔节期 Jointing stage (×10⁴/hm²)	抽穗期 Heading stage (×10⁴/hm²)	成熟期 Maturity stage (×10⁴/hm²)	成穗率 Productive tiller percentage(%)
2023	D1 D2	N1	614.73 b	431.10 b	386.65 bc	379.50 bc	61.73 e
		N2	546.13 c	406.87 d	383.66 c	374.85 c	68.64 c
		N3	489.47 d	392.00 f	352.70 d	340.73 d	69.61 b
	D2	N1	639.86 a	444.12 a	395.67 a	387.90 ab	60.62 f
		N2	604.10 b	420.72 c	391.98 ab	380.63 bc	63.01 d
		N3	544.65 c	399.50 e	397.67 a	391.28 a	71.84 a
2024	D1 D2	N1	635.76 b	458.51 b	401.50 cd	388.43 c	61.10 e
		N2	582.97 c	436.98 d	391.59 d	384.30 c	65.92 c
		N3	521.73 d	396.95 e	373.30 e	349.88 d	67.06 b
	D2	N1	669.88 a	473.78 a	417.58 ab	402.15 ab	60.03 f
		N2	632.70 b	446.62 c	409.29 bc	393.00 bc	62.11 d
		N3	581.34 c	436.17 d	420.86 a	403.28 a	69.37 a
年份Year(Y)			156.94**	624.71**	184.78**	61.17**	108.84**
密度Planting density(D)			362.31**	252.77**	342.17**	276.14**	56.51**
氮肥Nitrogen level(N)			614.05**	656.78**	40.37**	57.36**	998.49**
Y×D			ns	22.72**	6.01*	ns	ns
Y×N			ns	5.88*	4.32*	ns	12.35**
D×N			12.45**	11.79**	74.34**	103.16**	164.74**
Y×D×N			ns	28.86**	ns	ns	ns

年份 Year	基本苗数 Basic seedlings	氮肥水平 Nitrogen level	叶面积指数Leaf area index			光合势Leaf area duration (m²·d m⁻²)
年份 Year	基本苗数 Basic seedlings	氮肥水平 Nitrogen level	拔节期 Jointing stage	抽穗期 Heading stage	成熟期 Maturity stage	播种-拔节 SO-JT	拔节-抽穗 JT-HD	抽穗-成熟 HD-MA
2023	D1 D2	N1	4.95 b	7.44 b	3.57 c	185.76 b	204.61 b	272.90 c
		N2	4.59 c	7.17 c	3.41 d	172.18 c	194.14 c	264.58 d
		N3	4.43 d	6.90 d	3.07 e	166.12 d	187.07 d	249.45 e
	D2	N1	5.27 a	7.72 a	3.68 b	197.74 a	214.50 a	285.66 b
		N2	5.03 b	7.47 b	3.59 bc	188.80 b	206.31 b	276.93 c
		N3	5.01 b	7.79 a	3.85 a	188.08 b	211.43 a	291.28 a
2024	D1	N1	4.48 b	6.98 d	3.49 b	167.99 b	189.08 c	258.70 c
		N2	4.17 c	6.79 e	3.22 c	156.27 c	180.82 d	250.29 d
		N3	3.90 d	6.48 f	2.86 d	146.46 d	171.38 e	233.68 e
	D2	N1	4.81 a	7.22 b	3.60 ab	180.50 a	198.54 a	270.62 b
		N2	4.60 b	7.10 c	3.50 b	172.76 b	193.22 b	265.15 c
		N3	4.56 b	7.37 a	3.73 a	171.16 b	196.96 a	277.62 a
年份Year(Y)			329.38**	275.36**	54.07**	355.95**	939.09**	320.85**
密度Planting density(D)			334.18**	350.46**	512.61**	340.38**	1066.42**	796.75**
氮肥Nitrogen(N)			87.18**	27.94**	51.27**	89.43**	162.82**	69.64**
Y×D			ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
Y×N			ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
D×N			11.34**	61**	163.48**	11.75**	97.3**	186.6**
Y×D×N			ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns