中国水稻科学 ›› 2018, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (1): 78-88.DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2018.7069
武辉, 向镜, 陈惠哲, 张玉屏, 张义凯, 姬广梅, 王亚梁, 史鸿志, 张文倩, 朱德峰*()
收稿日期:
2017-06-09
修回日期:
2017-07-06
出版日期:
2018-01-10
发布日期:
2018-01-10
通讯作者:
朱德峰
作者简介:
共同第一作者:武辉,向镜;
基金资助:
Hui WU, Jing XIANG, Huizhe CHEN, Yuping ZHANG, Yikai ZHANG, Guangmei JI, Yaliang WANG, Hongzhi SHI, Wenqian ZHANG, Defeng ZHU*()
Received:
2017-06-09
Revised:
2017-07-06
Online:
2018-01-10
Published:
2018-01-10
Contact:
Defeng ZHU
About author:
These authors contributed equally to this work:WU Hui,XIANG Jing;
摘要:
【目的】 探索一种简易、有效的盆栽土壤速效氮淋洗方法,并分析水稻花前不同时期土壤氮亏缺对不同类型水稻主功能叶及植株花后氮积累的影响,以期为阐明水稻花后氮素积累、转运特征和大田生产减氮技术应用奠定研究基础。【方法】 比较了3种水稻盆栽土壤速效氮淋洗方法的减氮效果,同时探讨了水稻花前14 d和花前3 d短期亏氮对籼粳杂交稻甬优12号、籼型杂交稻中浙优1号上3叶SPAD值、氮浓度和花后植株含氮量的影响。【结果】 通过淋洗结构+沙土混合基质方法进行3次淋洗,即可将土壤中85.6%的硝态氮和67.1%的铵态氮洗脱;水稻花前处理后,土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量分别降低42.1%~59.3%和35.0%~43.9%,可实现预期的土壤减氮效果,短期内对土壤速效氮供应能力形成有效抑制。花前土壤氮亏缺导致甬优12上3叶SPAD值和氮浓度以及齐穗后10 d植株茎鞘、叶、穗和单株含氮量显著降低,且茎鞘、穗和单株含氮量在两淋洗处理间差异显著。花前14 d淋洗减氮导致中浙优1号上3叶SPAD值和氮浓度以及齐穗后10 d单株和穗部含氮量显著下降,花前3 d淋洗处理则对中浙优1号上3叶氮浓度和植株氮积累量几乎无影响。【结论】 水稻对花前14 d氮亏缺的敏感性显著高于花前3 d,植株不同叶位叶片的叶色和氮浓度对土壤氮亏缺敏感度由下而上增强,两时期土壤氮亏缺对籼粳杂交稻甬优12的影响均远大于籼型杂交稻中浙优1号,意味着籼型杂交稻中浙优1号花后对土壤速效氮需求明显降低,而籼粳杂交稻甬优12减数分裂期后对土壤速效氮存在更高需求。
中图分类号:
武辉, 向镜, 陈惠哲, 张玉屏, 张义凯, 姬广梅, 王亚梁, 史鸿志, 张文倩, 朱德峰. 水稻盆栽速效氮淋洗法及短期亏氮效果分析[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2018, 32(1): 78-88.
Hui WU, Jing XIANG, Huizhe CHEN, Yuping ZHANG, Yikai ZHANG, Guangmei JI, Yaliang WANG, Hongzhi SHI, Wenqian ZHANG, Defeng ZHU. Leaching Method of Available Nitrogen in Rice Potted Soil and Effect Analysis of Short-term Nitrogen Deficiency[J]. Chinese Journal OF Rice Science, 2018, 32(1): 78-88.
图1 盆栽土壤淋洗结构图中数字为淋洗结构各组成高度(cm)。
Fig. 1. Nitrogen leaching structure in potted soil.Values show the length of each parts of the leaching structure (cm).
年份 Year | 品种 Variety | 播种期 Sowing (Month-Day) | 移栽期 Transplanting (Month-Day) | 抽穗期 Heading (Month-Day) | 成熟期 Maturity (Month-Day) | 抽穗–成熟期 Duration from heading to maturity/d | 全生育期天数 Growth period /d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2015 | 中浙优1号 Zhongzheyou 1 | 05-22 | 06-13 | 08-25 | 10-05 | 41 | 136 |
甬优12号 Yongyou 12 | 05-22 | 06-13 | 09-03 | 11-03 | 61 | 165 | |
2016 | 中浙优1号Zhongzheyou 1 | 05-17 | 06-08 | 08-20 | 09-28 | 39 | 134 |
甬优12号 Yongyou 12 | 05-17 | 06-08 | 09-04 | 11-03 | 60 | 170 |
表1 参试品种主要生育期以及生育阶段天数
Table 1 Development stage and growth period of the tested varieties.
年份 Year | 品种 Variety | 播种期 Sowing (Month-Day) | 移栽期 Transplanting (Month-Day) | 抽穗期 Heading (Month-Day) | 成熟期 Maturity (Month-Day) | 抽穗–成熟期 Duration from heading to maturity/d | 全生育期天数 Growth period /d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2015 | 中浙优1号 Zhongzheyou 1 | 05-22 | 06-13 | 08-25 | 10-05 | 41 | 136 |
甬优12号 Yongyou 12 | 05-22 | 06-13 | 09-03 | 11-03 | 61 | 165 | |
2016 | 中浙优1号Zhongzheyou 1 | 05-17 | 06-08 | 08-20 | 09-28 | 39 | 134 |
甬优12号 Yongyou 12 | 05-17 | 06-08 | 09-04 | 11-03 | 60 | 170 |
速效氮 Available nitrogen | 处理 Treatment | 淋洗量 Leaching account/(mg·kg-1) | 累积百分比 Cumulative percentage/% | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W1 | W2 | W3 | W4 | Sum | W1 | W2 | W3 | W4 | |||
硝态氮 Nitrate nitrogen | T1 | 18.4±0.4 | 6.8±0.3 | 4.6±0.2 | 4.7±0.3 | 34.4±0.4 b | 53.4 | 73.1 | 86.4 | 100 | |
T2 | 14.1±0.2 | 7.0±0.4 | 6.2±0.3 | 4.0±0.2 | 31.3±0.6 c | 45.2 | 67.5 | 87.2 | 100 | ||
T3 | 33.6±0.2 | 4.4±0.2 | 3.0±0.2 | 3.7±0.2 | 44.7±0.3 a | 75.2 | 85.0 | 91.7 | 100 | ||
铵态氮 Ammonium nitrogen | T1 | 15.3±0.4 | 5.3±0.3 | 1.2±0.1 | 1.7±0.2 | 23.5±0.3 b | 65.2 | 87.6 | 92.7 | 100 | |
T2 | 12.7±0.1 | 7.1±0.1 | 0.8±0.1 | 0.7±0.1 | 21.4±0.2 c | 59.3 | 92.7 | 96.6 | 100 | ||
T3 | 21.0±0.3 | 3.2±0.5 | 1.5±0.2 | 1.3±0.3 | 26.9±0.2 a | 77.8 | 89.6 | 95.2 | 100 |
表2 不同淋洗方法对淋洗液中速效氮积累量的影响
Table 2 Effects of different leaching methods on available nitrogen accumulation in leacheate.
速效氮 Available nitrogen | 处理 Treatment | 淋洗量 Leaching account/(mg·kg-1) | 累积百分比 Cumulative percentage/% | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W1 | W2 | W3 | W4 | Sum | W1 | W2 | W3 | W4 | |||
硝态氮 Nitrate nitrogen | T1 | 18.4±0.4 | 6.8±0.3 | 4.6±0.2 | 4.7±0.3 | 34.4±0.4 b | 53.4 | 73.1 | 86.4 | 100 | |
T2 | 14.1±0.2 | 7.0±0.4 | 6.2±0.3 | 4.0±0.2 | 31.3±0.6 c | 45.2 | 67.5 | 87.2 | 100 | ||
T3 | 33.6±0.2 | 4.4±0.2 | 3.0±0.2 | 3.7±0.2 | 44.7±0.3 a | 75.2 | 85.0 | 91.7 | 100 | ||
铵态氮 Ammonium nitrogen | T1 | 15.3±0.4 | 5.3±0.3 | 1.2±0.1 | 1.7±0.2 | 23.5±0.3 b | 65.2 | 87.6 | 92.7 | 100 | |
T2 | 12.7±0.1 | 7.1±0.1 | 0.8±0.1 | 0.7±0.1 | 21.4±0.2 c | 59.3 | 92.7 | 96.6 | 100 | ||
T3 | 21.0±0.3 | 3.2±0.5 | 1.5±0.2 | 1.3±0.3 | 26.9±0.2 a | 77.8 | 89.6 | 95.2 | 100 |
图2 不同淋洗方法对土壤速效氮残留量的影响S0、S1、S2、S3和S4分别代表淋洗前、淋洗第1次、第2次、第3次、第4次土壤速效氮含量。图中数据为平均值±标准误;n=5。
Fig. 2. Effects of different leaching methods on available nitrogen residues in soil.S0, S1, S2, S3, and S4 indicate available nitrogen residues in soil before leaching, the first time, the second time, the third time, and the fourth time of leaching, respectively. All data are mean±SE; n=5.
图3 水稻花前不同时期淋洗对淋洗液中速效氮积累量的影响W1、W2和W3分别代表淋洗第1次、第2次、第3次。ZZY1–中浙优1号;YY12–甬优12。14DBA–花前14d;3DBA–花前3d。不同小写字母代表处理间差异达显著水平(P<0.05,n=5)。下同。
Fig. 3. Effects of leaching before anthesis on available nitrogen accumulation in leacheate.W1, W2, and W3 indicate the first time, the second time, and the third time of leaching, respectively. ZZY1, Zhongzheyou 1; YY12, Yongyou 12. 14DBA, Fourteen days before anthesis; 3DBA, Three days before anthesis. Different lowercase letters indicate statistical significance (P<0.05) among different leaching treatments. (n=5). The same as below.
图4 水稻花前不同时期淋洗对土壤速效氮残留量的影响**表示土壤速效氮残留量在对照和淋洗处理间差异达显著水平(P<0.01)。图中数据为平均值±标准误;n=5。
Fig. 4. Effects of leaching before anthesis on available nitrogen residues in soil.**, Available nitrogen residues in soil significantly difference at P<0.01 level between CK and leaching treatment. All data are mean±SE; n=5.
图5 2016年水稻花前不同时期淋洗对上3叶SPAD值的影响*和**表示叶片SPAD在对照和淋洗处理间差异分别在0.05和0.01水平上达显著水平。图中数据为平均值±标准误;n=10。下同。
Fig. 5. Effects of leaching before anthesis on SPAD value of three leaves from the top in 2016.*, **, Significantly difference at 0.05 and 0.01 levels, respectively, between CK and leaching treatment. All data are mean± SE; n=10. The same as below.
图7 2016年水稻花前不同时期淋洗对上3叶氮浓度的影响图中数据为平均值±标准误;n=5。
Fig. 7. Effects of leaching before anthesis on nitrogen concentration of three leaves from the top in 2016.All data are mean± SE; n=5.
图8 水稻花前不同时期淋洗对植株各部位含氮量的影响不同小写字母代表同一部位含氮量在各淋洗处理间差异达显著水平(P<0.05)。不同大写字母代表单株含氮量在各淋洗处理间差异达显著水平(P<0.05)。图中数据为平均值±标准误;n=5。
Fig. 8. Effects of leaching before anthesis on nitrogen content in different parts of plant.Different small letters indicate statistical significance (P<0.05) of nitrogen content in the same part among different leaching treatments. Different capital letters indicate statistical significance (P<0.05) of nitrogen content per plant among the different leaching treatments. All data are mean± SE; n=5.
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