粉状有机物料同步覆盖水稻直播机设计与试验

doi:10.16819/j.1001-7216.2026.250601

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】南方水稻机械化直播后稻种播于土壤表面，受气候和生态环境影响，直播水稻全苗难和群体生长均匀性差。【方法】基于粉状有机物料同步覆盖稻种原理，开展凸轮-顶板排施装置理论分析，确定了凸轮、排施转轮、物料推板和排施装置关键部件参数，设计了一种粉状有机物料排施装置，并开展了台架试验，试制加工了一台粉状有机物料同步覆盖水稻直播机，并通过田间试验验证了工作性能。【结果】对于粉状有机物料[有机肥、育秧基质、营养土A、营养土B(营养土A和有机肥2∶1混合)]而言，排施装置在转速33~118 r/min条件下，排量变异系数均低于7.80%，排量稳定性良好；受物料特性影响，随着转速增大，覆盖厚度会逐渐减小，但覆盖厚度稳定；排施育秧基质时，覆盖厚度变异系数波动范围较大，为9.41%~18.67%；排施有机肥、营养土A和营养土B时，覆盖厚度变异系数均小于15%，均符合粉状有机物料同步覆盖稻种的农艺要求；构建了覆盖厚度回归方程，拟合度均高于0.95。田间试验结果表明，对于中嘉早17与五丰优286而言，覆盖处理较不覆盖处理平均出苗率分别提高了19.59%和22.65%。【结论】该装置可提高水稻机械化种植水平，为粉状有机物料同步覆盖水稻机械直播整机设计提供参考。

关键词: 粉状有机物料, 水稻, 直播机, 同步覆盖, 排施装置

Abstract:

【Objective】 To address the issues of poor seedling establishment and uneven population growth in direct-seeded rice in southern China, caused by rice seeds are sown on the soil surface after mechanized direct seeding and are subsequently affected by climatic and ecological conditions. 【Methods】 Based on the principle of simultaneous coverage of rice seeds with powdered organic materials, theoretical analysis of a cam-plate metering and application device was conducted. The key parameters of the cam, discharge rotor, material push plate, and discharge apparatus were determined, and a powdered organic material discharge apparatus was designed. Bench tests were carried out. A prototype rice direct seeder with simultaneous powdered organic material coverage was fabricated, and its field performance was validated through field experiments. 【Results】 The results showed that for the powdered organic materials [organic fertilizer, seedling nursery substrate, nutrient soil A, and nutrient soil B (a 2:1 mixture of nutrient soil A and organic fertilizer)], the coefficient of variation for application rate was below 7.80% at rotational speeds of 33-118 r/min, indicating good application stability. Due to the characteristics of the materials, the coverage thickness gradually decreased with increasing rotational speed, but remained stable. When applying the seedling nursery substrate, the coefficient of variation for coverage thickness fluctuated within a relatively large range of 9.41%-18.67%. When applying organic fertilizer, nutrient soil A, and nutrient soil B, the coefficient of variation for coverage thickness was below 15% in all cases, meeting the agronomic requirements for simultaneous coverage of rice seeds with powdered organic materials. Regression equations for coverage thickness were established, all with fitting degrees exceeding 0.95. Field experiment results showed that for the rice varieties Zhongjiazao 17 and Wufengyou 286, the average emergence rates under the coverage treatment increased by 19.59% and 22.65%, respectively, compared with the non-covered treatment. 【Conclusion】 This apparatus improves the mechanized level of rice cultivation and provide a reference for the design of complete rice direct seeding machines with simultaneous powdered organic material coverage.

Key words: powdery organic material, rice, direct seeding machine, synchronous mulching, discharge apparatus

刘地斌, 陈雄飞, 方鹏, 余佳佳, 肖丽萍, 刘木华, 曾博涵, 陈晨晨. 粉状有机物料同步覆盖水稻直播机设计与试验[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2026, 40(3): 414-424.

LIU Dibin, CHEN Xiongfei, FANG Peng, YU Jiajia, XIAO Liping, LIU Muhua, ZENG Bohan, CHEN Chenchen. Design and Experiment of a Direct Seeding Machine with Synchronous Mulching of Powdery Organic Materials[J]. Chinese Journal OF Rice Science, 2026, 40(3): 414-424.

图/表 18

图1 粉状有机物料同步覆盖水稻直播机 1: 开沟起垄底板；2: 乘坐式插秧机动力底盘；3: 导料管；4: 风机；5: 一器双行粉状有机物料排施装置；6: 轴承；7: 搅拌刀轴；8: 凸型板；9: 搅拌轴；10: 排施装置转轴；11: 排施装置安装架；12: 传动系统；13: U型管卡；14: 水稻穴直播排种器；15: 导料管固定架。

Fig. 1. Rice direct seeding machine with synchronous mulching of powdery organic materials 1, Furrow opening and ridging bottom plate; 2, Riding rice transplanter power chassis; 3, Guide tube; 4, Fan; 5, One-device dual-row powdered organic material application device; 6, Bearing; 7, Stirring blade shaft; 8, Convex plate; 9, Stirring shaft; 10, Application device rotating shaft; 11, Application device mounting frame; 12, Transmission system; 13, U-shaped pipe clamp; 14, Rice hill-direct seeding device; 15, Guide tube fixing frame.

图2 一器双行粉状有机物料排施装置结构 1: 上壳体；2: 排施转轮；3: 中间轴；4: 物料推板；5: 插销；6: 清料刮板；7: 风管壳体插销；8: 风管壳体；9: 弹簧；10: 下壳体；11: 锁扣；12: 凸轮；13: 风管；14: 锁扣销；15: 毛刷；16: 卸料板。

Fig. 2. Structure of a double-row powdery organic material apparatus 1, Upper housing; 2, Discharge rotor; 3, Intermediate shaft; 4, Material pusher plate; 5, Pin; 6, Cleaning scraper; 7, Air duct housing pin; 8, Air duct housing; 9, Spring; 10, Lower housing; 11, Latch; 12, Cam; 13, Air duct; 14, Latch pin; 15, Brush; 16, Discharge plate.

图3 凸轮

Fig. 3. Cam

图4 播种沟横截面

Fig. 4. Gross-section of seed groove

图5 排施转轮

Fig. 5. Discharging wheel

图6 物料推板

Fig. 6. Pushing plate

图7 风管壳体

Fig. 7. Air duct shell

图8 气力辅助输送气体流向

Fig. 8. Flow diagram of air assisted conveying

图9 粉状有机物料排施装置试验台架 1: 排施装置；2: 料箱；3: 驱动电机；4: 风机；5: 控制系统；6: 试验土槽。

Fig. 9. Experimental bench of powdered organic material discharging apparatus 1, Discharge device; 2, Material hopper; 3, Driving motor; 4, Fan; 5, Control system; 6, Test soil bin.

表1 不同覆盖厚度下前进速度与排施装置转速匹配

Table 1. Rotation speed of the discharging apparatus at different forwarding speeds and mulching depths r/min

前进速度 Forwarding speed(m/s)	覆盖厚度 Mulching depth
前进速度 Forwarding speed(m/s)	5 mm	6 mm	7 mm
0.4	33	40	47
0.6	50	60	72
0.8	67	80	95
1.0	83	100	118

图10 排施装置排量平均值、标准差及变异系数与排施装置转速关系

Fig. 10. Mean，standard deviation and coefficient of variation of the displacement of the discharging apparatus in relation to the rotational speed

图11 不同工作参数下育秧基质的实际覆盖厚度及变异系数

Fig. 11. Actual mulching depth of seedling substrate and coefficient of variation under different parameters

图12 不同工作参数下有机肥的实际覆盖厚度及变异系数

Fig. 12. Actual mulching depth and coefficient of variation of organic fertilizer under different parameters

图13 不同工作参数下营养土A的实际覆盖厚度及变异系数情况

Fig. 13. Actual mulching depth and coefficient of variation of nutrient soil A under different parameters

图14 不同工作参数下营养土B的实际覆盖厚度及变异系数

Fig. 14. Actual mulching depth and coefficient of variation of nutrient soil B under different parameters

图15 不同机具前进速度及不同排施装置转速条件下的粉状有机物料覆盖厚度

Fig. 15. Thickness of powdered organic materials covered at different seeder forward speeds and discharge apparatus speeds

图16 田间作业现场与示范效果

Fig. 16. Effects of field operation and demonstration

表2 整机田间覆盖厚度与整机育秧基质覆盖出苗率

Table 2. Field mulching depth and seedling emergence rate with discharging seedling substrate

采样点序号 Sampling point	平均覆盖厚度 Mulching depth(mm)	出苗率Seedling emergence rate(%)
		中嘉早17 Zhongjiazao 17		五丰优286 Wufengyou 286
		对照CK	覆盖Mulching	对照CK	覆盖Mulching
1	5.10	63.27	83.67	68.37	89.80
2	5.05	59.18	80.61	65.31	93.88
3	4.99	67.35	85.71	67.35	92.86
4	4.84	56.12	85.71	75.51	88.78
5	4.81	73.47	81.63	63.27	87.76
均值 Mean		63.88	83.47	67.96	90.61

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