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10 September 2015, Volume 29 Issue 5 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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Identification and Gene Mapping of a Spotted-leaf Mutant hm197 in Rice Xiao-hong LI, Yong-feng SHI, Xiao-bo ZHANG, Bao-hua FENG, Li-xin SONG, Hui-mei WANG, Xia XU, Qi-na HUANG, Dan GUO, Jian-li WU 2015, 29(5): 447-456.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001G7216.2015.05.001 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1597KB) ( )   A stable inherited rice spotted-leaf mutant hm197 was isolated from a diepoxybutane-induced IR64 mutant bank. Under natural conditions, brown lesions were first observed on the tips of the mutant leaves 10 weeks after sowing, and spread gradually downward to cover the whole leaf blades. Genetic analysis indicated that the mutant trait was controlled by a novel single recessive nuclear gene, tentatively termed as splhm97,located in the long arm of chromosome 4. Agronomic traits including the plant height, seed-setting rate and 1000-grain weight were significantly decreased in hm197. The initiation of brown lesions in hm197 was induced by natural sun light. In addition, the photosynthetic pigment contents and net photosynthetic rate in the mutant were significantly lower than those in the wild type IR64. Histochemical analysis showed that H2O2 and accumulation were presented in and around the lesions in hm197. Furthermore, senescence-related parameters including the activities of SOD, APX,total soluble protein and MDA contents were also significantly altered in the mutant while resistance to bacterial blight pathogens was largely enhanced in the mutant in contrast to the wild type IR64.

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Characterization and Gene Mapping of an Open Hull Male Sterile Mutant ohms1 Caused by Alternative Splicing in Rice Lian-ping SUN, Ying-xin ZHANG, Pei-pei ZHANG, Zheng-fu YANG, Xiao-deng ZHAN, Xi-hong SHEN, Zhen-hua ZHANG, Xia HU, Dan-dan XUAN, Wei-xun WU, Li-yong CAO, Shi-hua CHENG 2015, 29(5): 457-466.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001G7216.2015.05.002 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (3298KB) ( )   A rice floral organ development mutant was obtained from the 60Co-γ-treated indica restorer line Zhonghui 8015 and termed as open hull and male sterile 1 (ohms1). The mutant was characterized as open hull and lemma- and palea-like structure between anthers and stigma that made the spikelet of the mutant showed three “triodia-like ” flower glumes. The mutant was self-sterile but 60%-70% pollen were fertile. Genetic analysis and gene mapping showed ohms1 was controlled by a single ressessive gene and the mutant gene was fine mapped to a region of 42 kb on the short arm of chromosome 3 between markers KY2 and KY29. Sequence analysis of the four open reading frames(ORFs) in this region revealed that LOC_Os03g11614 was probably corresponding to ohms1, which encoded a MADS-box gene allelic with OsMADS1, and had a single nucleotide transformation (A to G) at the bottom of the fifth intron. Enzyme digestion and cDNA sequencing furtherly indicated that the variable splicing was responsible for the delection of the sixth exon of ohms1,but no structure changes in MADS domain or amino acid frameshift occurred. Additionally,real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR analysis showed that the expression level of OHMS1 decreased significantly and the expression level of rice flowering factors and floral glume development-related genes changed significantly. All those results demonstrated that OHMS1 may play an important role in rice floral organ development,particularly in floral glume development and floret primordium differentiation.

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Improving Resistance to Rice Stripe Disease and Eating Quality of Wuyujing 3 by Pyramiding Stv-bi and Wx-mq Tao CHEN, Hao WU, Ya-dong ZHANG, Zhen ZHU, Qing-yong ZHAO, Li-hui ZHOU, Shu YAO, Ling ZHAO, Xin YU, Chun-fang ZHAO, Cai-lin WANG 2015, 29(5): 467-474.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001G7216.2015.05.003 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (2595KB) ( )   The japonica rice variety Kantou 194 was used as the donor of the resistance gene Stv-bi and the low-amylose content gene Wx-mq to improve the resistance and eating quality of Wuyujing 3 by backcross. In continuous backcross and selfcross, molecular markers linked with Stv-bi and Wx-mq were utilized for genotypic detection in combination with resistance identification to rice stripe disease and agronomic trait selection. Finally, 10 lines with homozygous genotype Stv-biStv-biWx-mqWx-mq were obtained from BC3F4 generation. The results of comparative analysis indicated that with similar agronomic traits to the receptor parent Wuyujing 3, those lines had substantial improments in resistance, appearance and eating quality. By comprehensive evaluation, two excellent lines K01 and K04 were selected.

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Development and Application of a Functional Marker for the Cold Stress Responsive Gene OsSADMC Xiao-chen HU, Ting ZHANG, Sheng YANG, Qiao QIN, Ying-yao SHI, Wen-sheng WANG, Bin-ying FU 2015, 29(5): 475-480.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001G7216.2015.05.004 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (631KB) ( )   Cold tolerance of 95 rice germplasms were screened at seedling stage. Among them, ten cold tolerant lines (survival rate ≥60%) and nine cold sensitive lines (survival rate=0%) were identified. Gene expression analysis of cold stress responsive gene OsSADMC showed that the expression levels of OsSADMC were significantly higher in the cold tolerant lines than those in the cold sensitive lines at both normal and cold stress conditions. Ten SNP loci were identified in the gene coding region between Lijiangxintuanheigu(LTH) and IR29. One amino acid mutation (from serine to leucine) was found between LTH and IR29. A functional marker (SADMC-CAPS1) was developed based on one SNP locus. The allele of OsSADMC carried by ten cold tolerant lines could be distinctly distinguished from that of nine cold sensitive lines by this functional marker.

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Construction of Seed Protein Body Targeted Expression Vector and Transformation Rice for Oral Recombinant Proinsulin Yong-zhou TANG, Yue YU, Yan ZHAO 2015, 29(5): 481-489.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001G7216.2015.05.005 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (3976KB) ( )   Developent of oral recombinant proinsulin using rice seeds as bioreactor shows good application future. A fusion gene of the cholera toxin B subunit and human proinsulin (CTBIN) with an endoplasmic reticulum retention signal (KDEL) at C-terminus was designed for its self-maturation process in human gut and synthesized according to the optimized code usage bias of rice. The synthetic CTBIN was introduced to the vector pCAMBIA1302 and expressed under the 2.4 kb promoter sequence of rice glutelin GluB1 with its signal peptide (pGluB1sig), which was cloned by PCR from the japonica rice Nipponbare genome. Thus the rice seed protein body targeted expression vector pCAMBIA1302-pGluB1sig-CTBIN-Nos for oral delivery of recombinant proinsulin was constructed and then transformed into Nipponbare via Agrobacterium-mediated method. Totally 46 transgenic rice plants were obtained and the expression of the fusion protein CTB::Human proinsulin in rice seeds was detected by Western-blot.

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Effects of Mechanized Planting Methods on Root Traits of indica Hybrid Rice Bo LIU, Qing-lan TIAN, Xiao-yuan ZHONG, Min ZHAO, Guang-zhong HUANG, Rong-chao MA, Wan-jun REN 2015, 29(5): 490-500.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001G7216.2015.05.006 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1051KB) ( )   A split-plot field experiment was conducted in farmers’ paddy fields in 2014 to study the effects of direct seeding (DS) and mechanical transplanting (MT) on root traits of indica hybrid rice with a new rice root sampler. The main results were as follows: 1) With the new rice root sampler, sampling and stratified sampling could be conducted accurately and conveniently; 2) Total root length, root volume and the number of root tips before transplanting and after recovery under MT and artificial transplanting (AT) were all less than those under DS, while the root growth rate and root-shoot ratio under MT and AT were higher than those under DS in the recovery date; 3) Root system under DS grew rapidly in the early growth stage with a larger root number and a thinner root type, and the number of root tips and root-shoot ratio were larger than those under MT and AT in the heading stage; Having the advantage of backwardness, the root system under MT grew rapidly after the active tillering stage, and the total root length and root volume were the largest in the heading stage; while root under MT was thicker with a smaller number and the least root-shoot ratio. 4) Root under DS and MT distributed shallowly compared with AT, root dry weight in 0-10 cm soil layer under DS, MT and AT accounted for 76.9%, 76.5% and 76.5%, respectively, and the proportion of root dry weight in 10-20cm soil layer and deeper than 20 cm soil layer under DS and MT were less than AT; while horizontally, the root dry weight of rice under DS accounted for 3.5% and 3.3% higher than under MT and AT, respectively within 0-12cm diameter range under the plant, which indicated that the root under MT and AT were more concentrated under the plant. 5) Root activity was DS >MT>AT before transplanting with a extremely significant difference; the root activity of MT and AT increased rapidly after transplanting with no significant difference after recovery; root bleeding intensity under DS, MT and AT at 35d after heading decreased by 84.7%, 75.4% and 74.3%, respectively compared with 0 d after heading for Yixiangyou 2115, and it decreased by 79.3%, 75.9% and 74.3%, respectively for Fyou 498; the root senescence of DS was faster. In general, the effect of mechanical planting on root traits of indica hybrid rice was significant, the roots under MT in the heading stage distributed shallowly, and the root was thick with a larger root number; the roots under MT distributed shallowly, with the least root diameter and the most root tips, root senescence was the fast after heading stage; the roots under MT distributed deeply, and the root was thick with a smaller root number.

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Effect of Canopy Temperature on Physiological Characteristic and Grain Quality at Filling Stage in Rice Ji-ping GAO, Yang-hui SUI, Wen-zhong ZHANG, Chen YAO, Ming-chao GAO, Ming-hui ZHAO, Zheng-jin XU 2015, 29(5): 501-510.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001G7216.2015.05.007 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1017KB) ( )   A field experiment was conducted to illuminate the daily variation of canopy temperature and its relationship with soil water content, physiological characteristics and grain quality with Liaojing 294 and Kaijing 1 as materials during filling stage at five gradient soil water contents.The results showed that: 1) The canopy temperature, lower than air temperature, was significantly positively correlated with air temperature. The gradient soil water stress led to a gradual increase in the canopy temperature and canopy-air temperature difference. That is to say, the canopy temperature and the absolute value of the canopy-air temperature difference increased as the soil water potential declined. 2) Under the same conditions, the canopy temperature of drought susceptive variety Liaojing 294 was lower than that of the drought resistant variety Kaijing 1. 3) The canopy-air temperature difference was significantly negatively correlated with filled grain number per panicle, 1000-grain weight, seed-setting rate, grain yield, percentage of head rice, protein content, amylase content, fatty acid content and taste value. But it was significantly positivel correlated with unfilled grain number, chalkiness degree, chalkiness rate and broken rice rate. 4) As the soil water potential decreased, the photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate decreased, and photosynthetic performance of the drought resistant Kaijing 1 was better. Correlation analysis showed that there was a significant or extremely significant negative correlation between the photosynthetic performance and the canopy-air temperature difference. 5)For Kaijing 1, the stomatal density was significantly greater than that of Liaojing 294, and the stomatal length and width were extremely significantly less than Liaojing 294. Comprehensive analysis showed that there was no significant impact on grain yield compare with control with canopy-air temperature differernce of 0.9 ℃ and 0.8 ℃ for Liaojing 294 and Kaijing 1, respectively. The critical water content could be used as a rice water-saving threshold at the filling stage (soil water potential treatment S2, -0.02--0.03 MP).

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Optimal Nitrogen Rate Improves Grain Yield and Population Quality of Mechanical Transplanted Rice Nanjing 9108 Under Straw Manuring Bao-wei GUO, Ya-jie HU, Hai-jun QIAN, Wei-wei CAO, Zhi-peng XING, Hong-cheng ZHANG, Qi-gen DAI, Zhong-yang HUO, Ke XU, Hai-yan WEI 2015, 29(5): 511-518.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001G7216.2015.05.008 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (539KB) ( )   To determine the optimal nitrogen rate for mechanical transplanted rice(MTR) with straw manuring and to clarify the effects of nitrogen rate on grain yield and the formation of high quality population, the good eating quality rice Naning 9108 was field-grown to investigate the yield and yield components and population quality of MTR with straw manuring in 2013 and 2014. Results showed that, yield of MTR increased and then reduced with increasing nitrogen rate. At a nitrogen rate of 270 kg/hm2, the grain yield of MTR peaked, which is mainly due to high spikelet number of the population. With increasing nitrogen rate, panicle number of MTR increased, spikelet number per panicle increased and then reduced, filled grain percentage and 1000-grain weight followed a declining tendency. The number of stem and tiller, leaf area index, photosynthetic potential, dry matter accumulation increased with increasing nitrogen rate, but dry matter accumulation after heading, percentage of productive tiller, leaf area rate of productive tillers, leaf area rate of flag leaf to 3rd leaf from top of productive tillers and spikelet per leaf area increased and then reduced. Therefore, optimal nitrogen rate improves grain yield of MTR and optimizes population quality.

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Applying Soil Acidification Agents and Adjusting Sowing Date to Deal with Rice Chlorosis in Seedling Stage Caused by Iron Deficiency Under Drip Irrigation with Plastic Film Mulching Shu-jie ZHANG, Xin-jiang ZHANG, Juan WANG, Qian-nan HUANG, Ru-xiao BAI, Chang-zhou WEI 2015, 29(5): 519-527.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001G7216.2015.05.009 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (964KB) ( )   Rice seedling chlorosis is a common symptom in calcareous soil under drip irrigation,limiting rice growth and yield. A two-factor split-plot experiment was carried out to reveal the effects of sowing date and soil acidification on rice chlorosis caused by iron deficiency under drip irrigation with plastic film mulching(DIPM) by using T-43 (Oryza sativa L.)as material. The sowing date was the primary factor and sowing was conducted at soil temperature of 12℃(T1),15℃(T2),18℃(T3). The subplot was soil acidifiers: ammonium sulfate with nitrification inhibitor (AS), phosphoric acid (PP), citric acid (CA), and contrast (CK). The results showed that acidifier application significantly reduced soil pH value and increased soil iron availability with AS being the most effective one. Compared with CK the active iron concentration in rice leaf increased by 14.4%, 11.3% and 9.2%, respectively under As, PP and CA application. Acidifier application also improved root activity at seedling stage, root length, root surface area, and root volume, especially AS. Late sowing improved root activity of rice at seedling stage, increased root length, root surface area, and root volume. The active iron concentration in rice leaf under DIPM increased by 11.2% and SPAD value was significantly improved. In conclusion, application of acidifier helps overcome rice leaf chlorisis under DIPM, as well as delayed sowing date,with As showing the best effect.

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Analysis of Expression Characteristics of Isoamylase and the Correlation with Starch Content During Grain Filling in Rice Li-nan ZHU, Hai-ying LIU, Lu-lu SUN, Tao SUN, Xue-dong GUO, Fang-xu ZHU, Zhong-chen ZHANG, Zheng-xun JIN 2015, 29(5): 528-534.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001G7216.2015.05.010 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (595KB) ( )   By using five japonica rice varieties with different amylose and amylopectin contents in endosperm as experimental material, we analyzed the expression levels of ISAs and the activity of isomylase, and their correlation with starch content during grain filling. It turned out that the isomylase activity, the expression levels of ISA1 and ISA3 of tested varieties followed a unimodal curve with peak value appearing during the mid-filling stage except sticky rice, while for the sticky rice, the expression level showed a straight-line growth during grain filling with obvious higher expression in late stage. The expression level of ISA2 was down-regulated ten days after heading. In principle, the expression levels of ISA1 and ISA3 were significantly positively correlated with the enzyme activity, and they both synchronously changed with the content of amylopectin. During grain filling, the expression levels of ISA1 and ISA3 were absolutely higher than that of ISA2, indicating that they were dominated genes expressed during grain filling.

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Investigation of Rice Virus Diseases and Analysis of the Molecular Variation of RSV Isolates in the Main Rice-growing Areas of Yunnan Province from 2013 to 2014 Shui-ying ZHANG, Guan-lin TAN, Guo-min REN, Mei-rong LI, Yue-yue LI, Ping-xiu LAN, Fu-rong GUI, Hai-ning WANG, Shu-sheng ZHU, Fan LI 2015, 29(5): 535-545.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001G7216.2015.05.011 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1055KB) ( )   Viral disease investigation in main rice planting areas in Yunnan Province from 2013 to 2014 showed that rice stripe disease, southern rice black-streaked dwarf disease, rice dwarf disease and rice ragged stunt disease were the four major viral diseases threaten rice production in Yunnan Province. Among them, rice stripe disease remained widely distributed in Yunnan with the incidence up to 15.0% in some fields followed by rice dwarf disease occurred in some areas with the highest incidence of 10.0%; and the average incidence of southern rice black-streaked dwarf disease was 5.3%; rice ragged stunt disease occurred with a low incidence. Molecular variation in rice stripe virus (RSV) isolates was analyzed based on the nucleotide sequence of intergenic region (IR) of RNA3 and RNA4. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all of Yunnan RSV isolates could be divided into two distinct clusters. The isolates from Japan, Korea and other provinces of China belonged to groupⅠ, whereas Yunnan isolates fell into both of the two groups and most of them form a distinct Yunnan population of group Ⅱ. The length of IR3 and IR4 varied with RSV isolates,which could be divided into three types of A, B and C according to the difference in the length per 10 nucleotides. Recombination might be occurred during the evolutionary process of RSV since 17 to 21 nucleotides of IR3 and IR4 of some Yunnan isolates shared some identical sequence with their host plants, rice, wheat or barley. We supposed that the high molecular variation of IR3 and IR4 in Yunnan isolates might result from the special geographical and ecological conditions in Yunnan Province.

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Research Progress in Physiologic Functions of Heterotrimeric G Protein in Rice Yong-tao CUI, Li-wen WU, Long-biao GUO, Xing-ming HU 2015, 29(5): 546-558.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001G7216.2015.05.012 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (2934KB) ( )   The GTP-binding protein (G protein), consisting of three subunits of α, β and γ, is an important signaling molecule, playing a key role in growth and development in organism. Through the coupled receptors on the surface of cells, G protein perceives stimulation outside, then delivers the signals to intracellular proteins, thus affects the behavior of cells. G proteins share similar molecular structures in plants and animals, but signal transition in the former is completed by atypical “self activation” mechanism and effector proteins, regulating the growth and development. We review the structures and functions of G proteins, characters and differences in molecular regular mechanisms, and G protein subunits genes of D1, GS3, DEP1 and qNGR9 in rice, which involved in signal transduction of hormone, disease resistance and stress resistance, and controlling of rice plant types, grain types and nitrogen utilization efficiency. Additionally, the coupled signaling components and functions, systemic biology and applications of G protein were also prospected.