水田侧深施肥末端分流式加速装置的设计与优化

doi:10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.250209

中国水稻科学 ›› 2025, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (4): 451-464.DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.250209

• 专题：水稻生产机械化与智能化 • 上一篇下一篇

水田侧深施肥末端分流式加速装置的设计与优化

林逸¹, 孙良¹^,³^,^*(), 陈东顺¹, 朱广飞⁴, 孔子阳¹, 俞高红¹^,²

¹浙江理工大学机械工程学院，杭州 310018
²浙江农业智能感知与机器人全省重点实验室，杭州 310018
³农业农村部东南丘陵山地农业装备重点实验室，杭州 310018
⁴台州市一鸣机械股份有限公司，浙江台州 318000

收稿日期:2025-02-25 修回日期:2025-04-22 出版日期:2025-07-10 发布日期:2025-07-21
通讯作者: ^*email: liangsun@zstu.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划资助项目(2022YFD2001802);国家自然科学基金资助项目(52375275);浙江省科技计划资助项目(2022C02034)

Design and Optimization of a Terminal Shunting Acceleration Device for Rice Side Deep Fertilization

LIN Yi¹, SUN Liang¹^,³^,^*(), CHEN Dongshun¹, ZHU Guangfei⁴, KONG Ziyang¹, YU Gaohong¹^,²

¹School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
²Zhejiang Agricultural Intelligent Sensing and Robot Key Laboratory, Hangzhou 310018, China
³Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Southeast Hills and Mountain Areas, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310018, China
⁴Taizhou Yiming Machinery Co., LTD., Taizhou 318000, China

Received:2025-02-25 Revised:2025-04-22 Online:2025-07-10 Published:2025-07-21
Contact: ^*email:liangsun@zstu.edu.cn

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】解决水稻侧深施肥装置在施肥过程中施肥管末端落肥速度慢且易堵肥的问题。【方法】基于通用颗粒复合肥物理参数提出一种末端分流式加速装置，根据气固两相流理论的研究方法，将气流和肥料分流，使引出气流经变径管加速后引入出肥口，提升出肥口风速，加速肥料下落并预防堵塞。【结果】通过建立流体动力学与离散元耦合仿真模型，选取气肥分流器混合管倾角、弯径比以及导气口倾角作为影响因素，以导气口的肥料误入率和气流速度作为响应值，采用Box-Behnken三因素三水平的中心组合设计法设计正交仿真实验，组合出最佳的气肥分流装置的结构参数。结果表明，气肥分流装置的最佳结构参数组合为混合管倾角10°，导气管倾角16°，弯径比2。在此条件下进行台架实验，测量得到的加速后气流平均速度为19.74 m/s，肥料误入率为7.74%，肥料下落平均速度为2.14 m/s，【结论】该装置能有效提高施肥管末端风速及落肥速度，可为气送式水田施肥技术研究提供参考。

关键词: 颗粒肥, 气肥分流, 流固耦合, 气流加速, 侧深施肥

Abstract:

【Objective】 Addressing the slow fertilizer falling speed and susceptibility to clogging at the fertilizer tube outlet in rice side-deep fertilization devices, 【Method】 a terminal shunt-type acceleration device was developed based on the physical properties of universal granular compound fertilizers. Utilizing the gas-solid two-phase flow theory, the device separates the air stream and fertilizer particles. The diverted air stream is accelerated through a variable-diameter tube and then reintroduced at the fertilizer outlet, thereby increasing the outlet air velocity to accelerate fertilizer descent and prevent blockages. 【Result】 A coupled Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Discrete Element Method (DEM) simulation model was established. The inclination angle of the mixing tube, the bend-to-diameter ratio, and the inclination angle of the air induction port in the air-fertilizer shunting device were selected as influencing factors. Using the fertilizer misentry rate into the air induction port and the air flow velocity as response variables, a Box-Behnken experimental design (a three-factor, three-level response surface methodology) was employed to conduct simulation experiments and identify the optimal structural parameters. The results indicate that the optimal structural parameter combination is a mixing tube inclination angle of 10°, an air induction tube inclination angle of 16°, and a bend-to-diameter ratio of 2. Bench tests conducted under these optimal conditions yielded an average accelerated air velocity of 19.74 m/s, a fertilizer misentry rate of 7.74%, and an average fertilizer falling velocity of 2.14 m/s. 【Conclusion】 This device effectively enhances the air velocity at the fertilizer tube outlet and the fertilizer falling speed, providing a valuable reference for research into pneumatic rice fertilization technology.

Key words: granular fertilizer, gas and fertilizer distribution, fluid-structure coupling, acceleration of air flow, side deep fertilization

林逸, 孙良, 陈东顺, 朱广飞, 孔子阳, 俞高红. 水田侧深施肥末端分流式加速装置的设计与优化[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2025, 39(4): 451-464.

LIN Yi, SUN Liang, CHEN Dongshun, ZHU Guangfei, KONG Ziyang, YU Gaohong. Design and Optimization of a Terminal Shunting Acceleration Device for Rice Side Deep Fertilization[J]. Chinese Journal OF Rice Science, 2025, 39(4): 451-464.

图/表 18

图1 气送式防堵施肥机结构 A: 整体结构; B: 加速装置结构。1: 落肥机; 2: 预存肥装置; 3: 三通管; 4: 风机; 5: 气肥分流器; 6: 变径管; 7: 混合进口; 8: 分流器内腔; 9: 存肥仓; 10: 三通管口Ⅰ; 11: 导气口; 12: 叶片阀; 13: 变径管; 14: 三通管管口Ⅱ。

Fig. 1. Structure of pneumatic clog-resistant fertilizer applicator A, Overall structure; B, Acceleration device structure. 1, Electric fertilizer feeder; 2, Pre-storage fertilizer device; 3, Y-tube; 4, Fan; 5, Air fertilizer divider; 6, Reducing pipe; 7, Mixing inlet; 8, Divider inner cavity; 9, Feeding port; 10, Y-tube port Ⅰ; 11, Air inlet; 12, Vane valve; 13, Reducer; 14, Y-tube nozzle II.

图2 气肥分流器内腔结构 L为内腔水平距离(mm)；D为混合管与导气管管径(mm)；H为总高(mm)；H1为落肥口到混合管轴线的高度(mm)；H2为混合管轴线到弯曲段圆心的垂直距离(mm)；H3为倾斜段的高度(mm)；H4为底部到倾斜段的高度(mm); θ为混合管与水平线的夹角(°)；β为导气管与水平线的夹角(°)；K为总宽(mm)。

Fig. 2. Internal structure of gas and fertilizer shunt L is the horizontal distance of the inner cavity(mm); D is the diameter of mixing tube and airway tube(mm); H is the total height(mm); H1 is the height from the fertilizer opening to the axis of the mixing tube(mm); H2 is the vertical distance from the axis of the mixing tube to the center of the circle of the bending section(mm); H3 is the height of the inclined section(mm); H4 is the height from the bottom to the inclined section(mm); α is the Angle between the mixing tube and the horizontal line(°); β is the angle between the airway and the horizontal line(°); K is the total width(mm).

图3 肥料颗粒受力分析

Fig. 3. Force analysis of fertilizer particles

图4 变径加速管结构参数 L1为总长(mm)；L2为进气段长度(mm)；L3为变径段长度(mm)；d1为进气段管径(mm)；d2为出气段管径。

Fig. 4. Structural parameters of reducer accelerator L1 is the total length(mm); L2 is the length of the intake section(mm); L3 is the length of the reducing section(mm); d1 is the inlet section pipe diameter(mm); d2 is the outlet pipe diameter.

图5 射流作用原理

Fig. 5. Schematic diagram of jet action

表1 材料基本参数

Table 1. Basic parameters of materials

材料 Material	参数 Parameter	数值 Value
史丹利复合肥 Stanley compound fertilizer	泊松比 Poisson’s ratio	0.21
	剪切模量 Shear modulus(Pa)	3.2×10⁷
	密度 Density(kg/m³)	2143
	等效粒径 Equivalent particle size(mm)	3.67
	碰撞恢复系数(对颗粒) Coefficient of restitution (for particles)	0.3
	静摩擦因素(对装置) Coefficient of static friction (for the device)	0.26
	滚动摩擦因素(对装置) Coefficient of rolling friction (for the device)	0.08
气流加速装置 Airflow acceleration device	泊松比 Poisson’s ratio	0.29
	剪切模量 Shear modulus(Pa)	2.2
	密度 Density(kg/m³)	1530
	等效粒径 Equivalent particle size(mm)	0.42
	碰撞恢复系数(对颗粒) Coefficient of restitution (for particles)	0.26
	静摩擦因素(对装置) Coefficient of static friction (for the device)	0.06

图6 气肥分离装置的网格化模型

Fig. 6. Grid model of gas fertilizer divider

图7 不同因素对气肥分流装置的分流效果影响

Fig. 7. Influence of different factors on the shunt effect of gas fertilizer shunt device

表2 实验因素编码表

Table 2. Coding table of experimental factors

编码水平 Coding level	混合管倾角 Mixing angle(°)	导气管倾角 Air deflector angle(°)	弯径比 Ratio of cornering radius
1	30	30	4
0	20	20	3
−1	10	10	2

表3 试验设计及其结果

Table 3. Experimental design and results

序号 Number	A	B	C	气流均速 Airflow velocity(m/s)	肥料误入率 Fertilizer fall rate(%)
1	0	−1	1	11.3288	12.10
2	−1	0	1	13.6998	18.31
3	1	−1	0	9.7277	6.79
4	0	1	1	9.0358	10.85
5	−1	0	−1	16.5551	8.29
6	0	0	0	10.6226	9.51
7	−1	1	0	12.3705	6.37
8	0	0	0	10.8202	2.75
9	−1	−1	0	14.8379	20.95
10	0	1	−1	10.9157	3.58
11	0	0	0	10.2228	10.91
12	0	−1	−1	11.1226	5.72
13	0	0	0	10.5015	4.3
14	1	1	0	9.0739	13.75
15	0	0	0	10.8224	8.06
16	1	0	−1	10.3928	2.56
17	1	0	1	9.8274	8.93

表4 出口气流速度的方差分析

Table 4. Analysis of variance of air velocity at air outlet

方差来源 Source	平方和 Sum of squares	自由度 Degree of freedom	均方 Mean square	F	P
模型 Model	65.88	9	7.32	48.09	<0.0001
A	42.51	1	42.51	279.28	<0.0001
B	2.34	1	2.34	15.38	0.0057
C	5.10	1	5.10	33.50	0.0007
AB	0.82	1	0.82	5.40	0.00531
AC	1.31	1	1.31	8.61	0.0219
BC	0.16	1	0.16	1.03	0.3433
A²	11.09	1	11.09	72.86	<0.0001
B²	2.17	1	2.17	14.27	0.0069
C²	0.67	1	0.67	4.38	0.0747
残差 Residual	1.01	7	0.15
失拟项 Lack of fit	0.82	3	0.27	4.34	0.0951
纯误差 Pure error	0.25	4	0.063
总和 Total	66.94	16

表5 肥料误入率方差分析结果

Table 5. Analysis of variance of fatting rate of air inlet

方差来源 Source	平方和 Sum of squares	自由度 Degree of freedom	均方 Mean square	F	P
模型 Model	365.05	9	40.56	4.74	0.261
A	59.90	1	59.90	7.00	0.0331
B	15.15	1	15.15	1.77	0.2248
C	112.80	1	112.80	13.19	0.0084
AB	115.99	1	115.99	13.56	0.0078
AC	3.33	1	3.33	0.39	0.5523
BC	0.20	1	0.20	0.023	0.8833
A²	42.03	1	42.03	4.92	0.0621
B²	12.16	1	12.16	1.42	0.2719
C²	2.32	1	2.32	0.27	0.6182
残差 Residual	59.86	7	8.55
失拟项 Lack of fit	11.85	3	3.95	0.33	0.8060
纯误差 Pure error	48.01	4	12.00
总和 Total	424.90	16

图8 出气口气流速度响应面分析

Fig. 8. Analysis of airway velocity response surface

图9 导气管肥料误入率响应面分析

Fig. 9. Response surface analysis of inlet rate of airway

图10 台架试验台 1: 风机; 2: 气流加速装置; 3: 对照管; 4: 水田粉土; 5: 肥箱; 6: 送肥槽轮; 7: 流速检测装置; 8: 高速摄影机; 9: 控制器; 10: 计算机。

Fig. 10. Test bench 1, Fan; 2, Air acceleration device; 3, Control air supply pipe; 4, Paddy field silt; 5, Fertilizer box; 6, Fertilizer feed tank wheel; 7, Flow rate detection device; 8, High-speed camera; 9, Controller; 10, Computer.

表6 分流装置台架试验结果

Table 6. Results of bench test of airflow acceleration device

组别 Group	序号 Number	导气口气流速度 Airflow velocity in guide vane(m/s)	导气口肥料误入率 Air guide port fall rate (%)
试验组 Experimental group	1	16.2	7.8
	2	15.4	7.9
	3	16.1	7.3
	4	16.3	7.7
	5	15.8	8.0
均值 Mean		15.96	7.74

表7 对照试验结果

Table 7. Results of the control experiment

组别 Group	序号 Number	气流速度 Air velocity(m/s)	落肥速度 Fattening rate (m/s)
实验组 Experimental group	1	19.9	2.123
	2	19.7	2.395
	3	19.8	2.061
	4	19.3	2.093
	5	20.0	2.028
均值 Mean		19.74	2.140
对照组 Control group	1	14.8	1.857
	2	14.6	1.834
	3	15.0	1.646
	4	14.9	1.708
	5	15.1	1.738
均值 Mean		14.88	1.757

图11 试验数据对照

Fig. 11. Comparison of test data

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水田侧深施肥末端分流式加速装置的设计与优化

Design and Optimization of a Terminal Shunting Acceleration Device for Rice Side Deep Fertilization

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