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10 January 2020, Volume 34 Issue 1 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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Identification and Genetic Analysis of Waxy Sparse Mutant wax1 in Rice Xiaowu PAN, Yongchao LI, Wenqiang LIU, Haibo XIONG, Zheng DONG, Dan XUE, Xinnian SHENG, Wenjin ZHAO, Xiucai WEI, Xiaoxiang LI 2020, 34(1): 1-7.  DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2019.9101 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (858KB) ( )   【Objective】 Wax is an important protective substance on plant surface. Screening and identification of waxy-related mutants help elucidate the genetic mechanism of waxy synthesis in rice. 【Method】A waxy sparse mutant, waxy1, was isolated from an ethylmethylsulfone (EMS) mutagenic population of Xiangzaoxian 6. The morphological characteristics and agronomic traits of waxy1 mutant were analyzed. The F2 segregating population was constructed from a cross between waxy1 and japonica variety 02428, and the recessive individuals were selected for fine mapping of WAXY1 gene. In addition, the expressions of related genes were analyzed by quantitative PCR. 【Results】Compared with the wild type, wax1 mutant showed many morphological abnormalities, including small wrinkled leaves, shorter panicle and reduced waxy crystals on leaf surface. The wax1 mutant was also featured by increased effective panicle number, and obviously decreased plant height, 1000-grain weight and number of grains per panicle. Genetic analysis implied that the mutant phenotype was controlled by a pair of recessive nuclear gene. The WAXY1 gene was fine-mapped to a 49.8 kb interval between markers RM5806 and P1 on the chromosome 10. A total of 4 ORFs (open reading frames) were found in this region. Sequencing analysis indicated that a single base transition was present in the coding region of 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase, which resulted in an amino acid substitution. In addition, mutation of WAXY1 increased the expression of KNOX gene OSH6, and caused differential expressions of some IAA genes. 【Conclusion】The WAX1 gene mutation resulted in the decrease of waxy crystals on leaf surface and abnormalities in plant growth and development through affecting shoot apex meristem and auxin signal transduction.

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Identification of Blast Disease Resistance-related Genes by Genomic Sequence Comparison of Rice Variety Ziyu 44 and Jiangnanxiangnuo Jinlu LI, Hui ZHANG, Zeyu JIAO, Jianyu LIU, Guangyu HAN, Xiaoxuan ZHUO, Qiong LUO 2020, 34(1): 8-16.  DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2020.9066 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (915KB) ( )   【Objective】 Ziyu 44 is indigenous japonica rice from Yunnan Province of China with durable broad-spectrum resistance to M. oryzae. In order to identify novel candidate rice blast resistance-related genes from Ziyu 44, 【Method】 we performed the whole genome sequencing of Ziyu 44 and susceptible variety Jiangnanxiangnuo(JNXN). Then we checked and summarized SNPs/InDels of high-throughput sequencing data by software GATK(3.4-46), and screened out disease resistance-related genes with SNPs/InDels polymorphic loci at DNA level of Ziyu 44 and JNXN.【Result】4 118 170 045 bp and 2 995 054 509 bp genomic data of Ziyu 44 and Jiangnanxiangnuo were respectively produced using Hiseq X10 PE150 platform. The alignment rates to the reference genomes (Ensembl release 31) were 98.56% and 98.30%, respectively. A total of 922 resistance-related differential genes were identified between Ziyu 44 and JNXN. Further, combined with the result of gene mapping, we identified a new blast resistance candidate gene in Ziyu 44. 【Conclusion】Our results provide valuable information for cloning of new rice blast resistance new genes, and lay an important foundation for exploring the molecular mechanism of durable broad-spectrum resistance to rice blast in Ziyu 44.

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Identification and Stability Analysis of QTL for Grain Quality Traits Under Multiple Environments in Rice Xiaolei WANG, Yang LIU, Xiaotang SUN, Linjuan OUYANG, Jinlong PAN, Xiaosong PENG, Xiaorong CHEN, Xiaopeng HE, Junru FU, Jianmin BIAN, Lifang HU, Jie XU, Haohua HE, Changlan ZHU 2020, 34(1): 17-27.  DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2020.9052 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1175KB) ( )   【Objective】Our aim is to explore new QTLs controlling rice quality and to use molecular breeding technology to improve rice quality.【Method】Using fragrant restorer line Changhui 121 as the background parent and high-quality japonica rice Koshihikari as the donor parent, a set of chromosome segment substitution lines(CSSLs) was constructed for QTL detection and stability analysis of rice quality traits in four environments.【Result】 A total of 44 QTLs were detected in four environments, six of which could be detected in multiple environments. There were multiple QTL clusters on chromosome 2, 3, 5, 6 and 10, which have obvious regulatory effects on rice quality. Seven QTLs on chromosomes 1, 6 and 12 can be expressed stably in different environments. 【Conclusion】 The qPGWC1 of chromosome 1 (RM3143-RM1117) and the qPaT12 of chromosome 12 (RM3331-RM5479) are two new stable QTL.

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Development and Verification of Specific Molecular Markers for Pigm Gene Associated with Broad-spectrum Resistance to Rice Blast Tao CHEN, Xuchao SUN, Shanlei ZHANG, Wenhua LIANG, Lihui ZHOU, Qingyong ZHAO, Shu YAO, Ling ZHAO, Chunfang ZHAO, Zhen ZHU, Yadong ZHANG, Cailin WANG 2020, 34(1): 28-36.  DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2020.9082 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1123KB) ( )   【Objective】 Pigm from an indica rice variety Gumei 4, is one of the most important genes with broad-spectrum and durable resistance to rice blast. It is very necessary to improve its selection efficiency by developing specific and co-dominant markers in breeding. 【Method】The molecular markers T-Pigm and K-Pigm were developing with Tetra-primer ARMS-PCR and KASP technique, based on the specific nucleotide mutation in Pigm locus. Then, the consistency of the genotype and phenotype was evaluated in different varieties and the F2 population derived from Huaidao 9/ Gumei 4 by artificial inoculation methods of panicle blast.【Result】The sequence alignment analysis indicated that a specific SNP was at -515 bp of the Pigm-Nbs2 gene initiation codon in Gumei 4. The three different genotypes of Pigm locus could be distinguished by the Tetra-primer ARMS-PCR and KASP markers, which exactly conformed to the results of artificial inoculation.【Conclusion】 T-Pigm and K-Pigm markers could be used to detect the genotype of Pigm gene rapidly and accurately, and improved the selection efficiency of blast resistant rice varieties in breeding.

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Expression Profiles and Functions of Small Heat Shock Proteins in Nilaparvata lugens Lei PAN, Lihua WANG, Feng ZHU, Yangchun HAN, Pei WANG, Jichao FANG 2020, 34(1): 37-45.  DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2020.9034 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (979KB) ( )   【Objective】To explore the adaptation mechanisms of brown planthoppers(BPH) to temperature stress, the expression profiles and functions of small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) in Nilaparvata lugens was studied. 【Method】The nucleotide sequence of small heat shock proteins in N. lugens was screened from transcriptome database by BLAST; The sequence analysis was carried out by molecular biological software such as Bioedit and Mega; the expression profiles were analyzed by qPCR; and the prokaryotic expression technology was used for functional research. 【Result】Six sHsps (NlHsp20.9, NlHsp21.6, NlHsp21.9, NlHsp22.4, NlHsp23.1 and NlHsp28.7) with conserved alpha crystal structure were screened. The ORF length of these genes was 561, 531, 570, 570, 588 and 735 bp, and the theoretical isoelectric point was 5.96, 5.77, 6.32, 5.01, 5.74 and 7.74, respectively. The peak expression of NlHsp28.7 was found in the third larvae and the peak of NlHsp21.9 and NlHsp23.1 in females. The expression of these genes decreased in females after exposure to low temperature, while increased after exposure to high temperature except NlHsp22.4. To the 3rd instar nymphs, the expression of about half of sHsps decreased after low temperature stress and half of sHsps increased, while all increased after high temperature stress. Moreover, the survival of transformed BL21 (DE3) was significantly increased after heat treatment. 【Conclusion】The small heat shock protein of N. lugens has stage-specific and inducible expression characteristics and show protection against heat stress. It may play an important role in response to high temperature stress, but its role in response to low temperature stress is related to insect developmental stages.

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Effects of Different Mechanical Direct Seeding Patterns on Yield and Lodging Resistance of High-Quality Late indica Rice in South China Wenxia WANG, Yanzhi ZHOU, Yongjun ZENG, Ziming WU, Xueming TAN, Xiaohua PAN, Qinghua SHI, Yanhua ZENG 2020, 34(1): 46-56.  DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2020.9075 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1204KB) ( )   【Objective】To investigate the effects of different mechanical direct seeding patterns on lodging resistance and yield of high quality late indica rice in South China, and provide the reference for high yield and lodging resistance cultivation of high quality late indica rice in South China,【Method】 the indica inbred rice variety Huanghuazhan and the indica hybrid rice variety Taiyou 398 were used as materials and three direct seeding patterns, including dry direct seeding, wet direct seeding and flooded direct seeding were designed to determine the yield and yield components, emergence rate, dry matter accumulation, leaf area index, stem morphology and mechanical properties of high quality late indica rice. 【Result】 Compared with wet direct seeding or flooded direct seeding, dry direct seeding significantly increased seedling emergence rate of late rice varieties by 6.10% to 22.96%, and the dry matter accumulation and leaf area index also increased. At the same time, dry direct seeding pattern was conducive to increasing the yield of late rice varieties by 6.99% to 27.77%, and Taiyou 398 had higher yield increasing rate than Huanghuazhan. In terms of yield components, the increasing of yield of late rice varieties under mechanical direct seeding was mainly attributed to the increase in the number of effective panicles. In addition, the plant height of dry direct seeded rice was relatively low, and basal internodes were relatively short, but the stem was stronger and the stem wall was thicker than the two treatments, which was conducive to improving the break force and culm phenotype index of the plant, and reducing the bending moment and lodging index. The correlation analysis showed that the stem diameter, wall thickness and culm phenotype index were positively correlated with the break force, but negatively correlated with the lodging index. The plant height, panicle length and bending moment were negatively correlated with the break force, and positively correlated with the lodging index.【Conclusion】 Mechanical dry direct seeding practice could not only contribute to yield increase of high-quality late indica rice in South China, but also significantly increase the stem strength, and improve the lodging resistance of plants and reduce the risk of direct seeded rice production.

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Effects of Straw Returning to Paddy Field and Nitrogen Fertilizer Management on Nitrogen Utilization Characteristics of Direct Seeded Hybrid Rice Under Wheat/Rape-rice Rotation Zhiyun PENG, Kaihong XIANG, Zhiyuan YANG, Yuan TANG, Jie SHEN, Yujie ZHANG, Yan HE, Tianrong YAN, Yongjian SUN, Jun MA 2020, 34(1): 57-68.  DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2020.9049 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1140KB) ( )   【Objective】It is very impontant to reveal the effects of straw returning and nitrogen fertilizer management on nitrogen accumulation, transport, nitrogen use efficiency and grain yield of direct seeded hybrid rice under wheat/rape-rice rotation.【Methods】A two-factor split zone design was adopted with Yixiangyou 2115, three-line hybrid rice with high quality, as material. The experiment was carried out simultaneously in paddy fields with wheat or rape stubble. The treatment was completely the same. The main area was wheat /rape straw returning to the field (M1) and zero straw returning(M0), with sub-plot of four nitrogen fertilizer managements: zero nitrogen control(N0), basal fertilizer: fertilizer for tillering: fertilizer for flower promotion: fertilizer for flower preservation=1:0:0:0(N1), 3:3:2:2(N2), 2:2:3:3(N3), respectively. The nitrogen accumulation of each organ of main growth stage of direct seeded hybrid rice were measured, as well as grain yield.【Results】The results showed that under the two rotation methods, nitrogen fertilizer management had significant or highly significant regulatory effects on nitrogen accumulation in main growth stage, nitrogen transportation of stem, sheath, leaves after full heading and nitrogen use efficiency of direct seeded hybrid rice. Straw returning significantly increased nitrogen accumulation, nitrogen transport of stem, sheath, leaves and nitrogen use efficiency in the middle and late stages of hybrid rice with wheat /rape stubble manuring. The agronomic use efficiency, partial productivity and apparent utilization efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer increased by 34.96%/28.76%, 2.52%/2.61% and 31.91%/22.30%, respectively. Meanwhile. the nitrogen accumulation at various growth stage and yield of direct seeded hybrid rice with rape straw returning were better than those of wheat straw returning, and the grain yield increased by 481 kg/hm2(5.22%). It could effectively increase the rate of nitrogen accumulation in each stage of direct seeded hybrid rice, promote the transportation of nitrogen from stem, sheath and leaves to panicle in productive stage and nitrogen accumulation amount of rice plant at mature stage had obvious advantage and high nitrogen use efficiency (nitrogen agronomic use efficiency, partial productivity and apparent nitrogen use efficiency in paddy field with wheat / rape stubble returning reached 17.87 kg∙kg-1/17.85 kg∙kg-1, 67.27 kg∙kg-1/71.28 kg∙kg-1, 74.93%/75.05%) under M1N2, M0N3.【Conclusion】Under M1N2 the nitrogen absorption and utilization efficiency together with the grain yield were effectively improved, rape straw returning in particular.

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Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Level and Planting Density on Changes in Soil Nutrient contents and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Rice Siping LI, Lusheng ZENG, Lipeng WU, Yuxiao ZHANG, Junrui XIE, Xiaodong DING 2020, 34(1): 69-79.  DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2020.9045 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1244KB) ( )   【Objetive】In order to improve soil fertility, rice grain yield, and nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency,【Method】a two-factor field experiment (nitrogen fertilizer level and planting density) was carried out in paddy fields in Rencheng District, Jining City, Shandong Province. The nitrogen application rates were as follows: zero nitrogen (N1), 0 kg/hm2; low nitrogen (N2), 216 kg/hm2; medium nitrogen (N3), 288 kg/hm2; and high nitrogen (N4), 360 kg/hm2, coupling with three planting densities including low density(D1, 240 000 hill/hm2), medium density(D2, 270 000 hill/hm2) and high density(D3, 300 000 hill/hm2). The soil nutrient contents and nitrogen use efficiency were measured in mature stage under different nitrogen fertilizer levels and planting densities. 【Result】The contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and organic matter decreased significantly with the deepening soil layer. Among them, the content of alkali nitrogen in D3N4 treatment decreased by 60.8%, and the content of available phosphorus in D3N3 treatment decreased by 72.7%. With the increase of nitrogen application rate, the soil pH and organic matter content decreased, and the available potassium content increased,the partial productivity of fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer agricultural utilization efficiency decreased, and yield increased first and then decreased. With the increase of planting density, the soil pH and available phosphorus decreased, the alkali nitrogen content of surface soil increased slightly, and the organic matter content, yield and fertilizer partial productivity increased first and then decreased, and the nitrogen agricultural utilization efficiency decreased. 【Conclusion】Under D2N3, the rice yield was the highest, reaching 14 615.3 kg/hm2. At the same density, the nitrogen fertilizer level of N2 help give rise to higher rice yield, nitrogen fertilizer agricultural utilization efficiency and fertilizer partial productivity. The research results can be referenced in actual production.

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Original Area of Fall Armyworm Individuals Newly Invaded in Zhejiang Province Ju LUO, Jian MA, Mingfei WU, Guojun QI, Jie LIU, Jian Tang, Gao HU 2020, 34(1): 80-87.  DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2020.9076 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1018KB) ( )   【Objective】The fall armyworm, [Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), FAW] is a significant migratory pest newly invaded China. It was discovered in Jiande City of Zhejiang Province on 8 May 2019, and thereafter spreaded rapidly throughout Zhejiang Province. A better understanding of the distribution of the source areas and the migration path of FAW populations will be beneficial for the monitoring, early warning and the source control of this pest in Zhejiang Province. 【Methods】The migratory routes and weather fields for the newly invasive population in Zhejiang Province were analyzed by using a trajectory simulation approach, combined with flight behaviour and meteorological data.【Result】According to the larval developmental period, the first batch of FAW adults may immigrate into Zhejiang Province from 26 to 30 April. In late April, the southwesterly airflow passed through most part of southern and eastern China, providing a carrier airflow for the FAW migrants, while low temperature barriers, rainfall and sinking airflow can cause a forced landing of the FAW. The effective source of the FAW invasive population in Jiande City, Zhejiang Province is mainly distributed in eastern Guangxi.【Conclusion】This research results lay a basis for the monitoring, early warning, scientific prevention and control of the spring immigrants of FAW in Zhejiang Province.

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Determination of Resistance to Butachlor and Its Cross-resistance in Echinochloa oryzicola Vasing in Heilongjiang Province Yaguang LIU, Huipeng WU, Min LI, Jinwen ZHU, Suxin ZHANG, Chunpeng ZHANG 2020, 34(1): 88-94.  DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2020.8143 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (797KB) ( )   ：【Objcetive】In order to identify the resistance of Echinochloa oryzicola Vasing in Heilongjiang Province to butachlor and the cross-resistance to other cell division inhibitors, 【Mehtod】the agar culture and the whole-plant pot-culture method were used to determine the resistance level of Echinochloa oryzicola Vasing populations collected from 53 plots in 14 areas of Heilongjiang Province to butachlor and the cross-resistance to other three cell-division inhibitors (pretilachlor, mefenacet and anilofos).【Result】The resistant level of Echinochloa oryzicola Vasing to butachlor detected by the agar culture method showed that four populations including Qingan 03 and Dongjingchengzhen 02 have developed a medium level of resistance with resistance indexes ranging from 6.63 to 8.86, accounting for 7.55% of total populations. Four populations, Xinglongzhen 04 and Acheng 04 included, have developed a low level of resistance with resistance indexes between 12.92 and 26.03, accounting for 7.55% of total populations. Five populations such as Qingan 01 and Tangyuan 01 are on the downward trend in sensitivity, with resistance indexes between 3.18 and 4.84, accounting for 9.43% of total populations. Other forty populations such as Acheng 02 are sensitive to butachlor, with resistance indexes less than 3, accounting for 75.47% of total populations. The two biotypes with the highest resistance among the above determinations were selected for the determination of the resistance to butachlor in the whole plant pot culture experiment. It was verified that Qingan 03 and Dongjingchengzheng 02 have also developed a medium level of resistance, with resistance indexes of 16.78 and 13.27, respectively. Meanwhile, the cross-resistance of the two resistant biotypes to pretilachlor, mefenacet and anilofos was tested. Qingan 03 has developed cross-resistance to butachlor and pretilachlor, Dongjingchengzhen 02 has developed cross-resistance to butachlor, pretilachlor and anilofos.【Conclusion】Echinochloa oryzicola Vasing in some areas of Heilongjiang Province have developed resistance to butachlor and cross resistance to pretilachlor and anilofos.