Archive

10 November 2012, Volume 26 Issue 6 Previous Issue    Next Issue
---
Research Papers
Short Communications


For Selected:

Download Citations EndNote Ris BibTeX

Toggle Thumbnails

Research Papers

Select

Phytochrome B Positively Regulates Chlorophyll Biosynthesis and Chloroplast Development in Rice ZHAO Jie1,2, ZHOU Jinjun2, GU Jianwei2, QIAN Fengqin2, XIE Xianzhi1,2,* 2012, 26(6): 637-642.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.10017216.2012.06.001 Abstract ( )   PDF (1239KB) ( )   Phytochrome family in rice is composed of three members, PHYA, PHYB, and PHYC. Through characterizing the phytochrome mutants and wild type (WT) in terms of photomorphogenesis, roles of individual phytochromes have been preliminarily explored in regulating rice deetiolation, flowering time and fertility.  We compared the chlorophyll contents of wild type and phyA, phyB and phyAphyB mutants grown either in white light (W) or in red light (R). The results suggest that phyB perceives red light to positively regulate chlorophyll biosynthesis, while the role of phyA can be detected only in the phyBdeficient mutant. Analyses on the expression levels of genes involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis revealed that phytochromes affected chlorophyll biosynthesis by regulating  protochlorophyll oxidoreductase A(PORA ) expression. The role of phyB in chloroplast development was analyzed. The results suggest that phyB perceive red light to regulate chloroplast development by affecting the number of chloroplasts and grana, as well as the chloroplast membrane system.

Select

Salttolerance Enhancement of Transgenic Rice with Na+/H+ Antiporter Gene Driven by Rootspecific Promoter PmPgPR10 WU Limin1, CHEN Wei1, ZHAO Yan2, FENG Shangguo1, YING Qicai1, LIU Junjun3, WANG Huizhong1，* 2012, 26(6): 643-650.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.10017216.2012.06.002 Abstract ( )   PDF (1879KB) ( )   To obtain the saltresistant rice varieties, Na+/H+ antiporter gene was cloned from Triticum aestivum (TaNHX2) and transformed   into rice driven by rootspecific promoter of PR10  gene from Pinus griffithii (PmPgPR10∷TaNHX2), which hold the classical promoter features like TATAbox motif.  Results of  PCR, Southern and realtime PCR showed that  the target gene had been integrated into rice genome successfully. The salttolerance assay showed that the salttolerance   of the PmPgPR10∷TaNHX2 transgenic rice lines was significantly increased compared with nontransgenic rice. This result was consistent with the enhancement of the expression level of TaNHX2 gene under salt stress and indicated that the PmPgPR10 promoter was able to regulate the rootspecific expression of TaNHX2. To further explore the salttolerance mechanism of transgenic lines, the activity of VATPase and VPPase were measured  and the higher enzyme activity in  PmPgPR10∷TaNHX2  transgenic line was attributed to  the healthy growth status under salt stress. Furthermore, the activity improvement of the VATPase and VPPase were detected under salinity stress only in root, not in leaf,   further  indicating  the rootspecific function of PmPgPR10 promoter. Based on those results, we conclude  that the PmPgPR10 promoter from  Pinus griffithii  has the strong ability to enhance the expression of downstream  TaNHX2 gene in rice to resist the salt damage.

Select

Overexpression of a Plasma Membrane H+ATPase Gene Promotes Rice Seed Germination LIU Gan1, ZHANG Mingchao1, ZENG Houqing1, 2, ZHU Yiyong1, *, SUN Shubin1, XU Guohua1 2012, 26(6): 651-655.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.10017216.2012.06.003 Abstract ( )   PDF (747KB) ( )   To verify the direct effect of H+ATPase on the root cell elongation, the T2  generation seeds of the rice plasma membrane H+ATPase gene OsA8 (AJ440219) overexpressed transgenic materials (OE1) were used as samples. Firstly, the differences in seed germination rate and the growth rate of primary roots between the overexpressed  line and the wildtype were determined. Secondly, the activities of H+ATPase in the root cell membranes isolated by twophase separation method were compared and then the OsA8 gene expression at the transcriptional level was  determined. The protein concentration of H+ATPase of these two materials was  analyzed by Western blot. The results showed that not only the germination rate but also the growth rate of primary roots of OE1 were higher than that of wildtype. In addition,  OE1 has  much higher  activity of the root plasma membrane H+ATPase  than wildtype. The expression of OsA8 gene  and protein concentration of   OE1 was also   higher than  that of wildtype. The results indicated that the overexpression of the plasma membrane H+ATPase gene OsA8 in the OE1 rice is the main factor of the elevation of the H+ATPase activity, which contributed to the increased seed germination rate and growth of primary root.

Select

Biological Characteristics and Heterosis Utilization of Four   indicajaponica  Intermediate  Type Restorer Lines with Wide Compatibility LIN Jianrong, SONG Xinwei, WU Mingguo* 2012, 26(6): 656-662.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.10017216.2012.06.004 Abstract ( )   PDF (547KB) ( )   Four  indicajaponica  intermediate  type  restorer lines  CH58, CH59, C18 and C84 were bred by indicajaponica crossing, identification of wide compatibility and restoring ability. The  investigation of biological characteristics showed that the Cheng’s indexes  of CH58, CH59, C18 and C84 were 11, 13, 13 and 15,  with the former three belonging  to indicalinous and the last one  to japonicalinous. Identification of wide compatibility and restoring ability indicated that the four restorer lines had a good wide compatibility, and they can restore the fertility of japonica CMS lines (Dian type, BT type and DA type) and indica CMS lines (WA type and YS type).  The investigation of flowering characteristics indicated that the flowering peak of the  four    indicajaponica  intermediate  type restorer lines   were much earlier than the japonica CMS line Chunjiang 16A. The midparent heterosis and competitive heterosis of yield per plant, grain number  per panicle, secondary branch  rachis number per panicle, plant height, primary branch  rachis  number per panicle and flag leaf width were obvious in japonicaindica hybrid rice. Japonicaindica hybrid rice Chunyou 58, Chunyou 658, Chunyou 59 and Chunyou 618,  developed from japonica CMS lines and the   indicajaponica  intermediate type restorer lines  were registered and released by National Crop Variety Appraisal Committee or Zhejiang Provincial Crop Variety Appraisal Committee. The four   indicajaponica intermediate type restorer lines with wide compatibility and broad restoring spectrum have a good prospect in the subspecies heterosis utilization.

Select

Genetic Analysis and Gene Mapping of a New Multitiller and Dwarf Mutant d63 in Rice XUE Jingjing1, WU Shaohua2， ZHANG Hongyu1, XU Peizhou1, WU Xianjun1,* 2012, 26(6): 663-668.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.10017216.2012.06.005 Abstract ( )   PDF (1783KB) ( )   The Multitiller and dwarf mutant d63 was a spontaneous mutation  of the twinseedling progenies, which were derived from the cross between  diploid SARⅢ and Minghui 63. Compared with the wild type, the d63 mutant showed multiple abnormal phenotypes, such as dwarfism, more tillers, smaller flag leaf, reduced seedsetting  rate and 1000grain weight. Genetic analysis indicated that the mutant was controlled by a single recessive gene on chromosome 8. The gene was finally located on the short arm of chromosome 8, 0.4 cM from RM22195, where 14 ORFs were predicted based on Rice Genome Annotation. D63 might be a new gene as there was no dwarf genes reported on the short arm of chromosome 8.

Select

Temporal Change in Diversity of Grain Quality Traits in Major Conventional Rice Varieties in Guangdong Province, China TANG Zhiming1,#,*, YANG Jun2,#, WANG Xiaoyan3, CAI Kefeng1, LI Xiaofang2,* 2012, 26(6): 669-676.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.10017216.2012.06.006 Abstract ( )   PDF (1715KB) ( )   In order to understand the impact of quality breeding on the diversity of grain quality traits, 50 rice varieties bred at different stages were selected and cluster analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) were conducted to analyze the diversity of grain qualities and their genetic. The results showed that, only a few traits of grain quality (TGPs) were improved among the varieties bred before 1980. For those bred from 1980 to 1994, most of the TGPs were improved, and for those bred from 1994 to 2008, all the TGPs inclined to be good. However, the diversity of grain quality traits followed a trend of decline from early 1950s to 2008, especially during 1994   to 2008. Besides, the difference in genetic background between modern varieties and landraces had been widening over time. Thus, importance should be attached to maintainance of the diversity of quality traits  and the utilization of landraces while pursuing good grain quality.

Select

Characterization and  Genetic Analysis of    a Streaked and  Abnormal  Glumous Flower Mutant stfon CHEN Dexi1, 2， LI Ting2， QU Guanglin2， HUANG Wenjuan2 ， HE Zhongquan1 ， LI Shigui2，* 2012, 26(6): 677-685.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.10017216.2012.06.007 Abstract ( )   PDF (6491KB) ( )   A double mutant with striped leaf and abnormal glumous flower containing no foreign genes, was found and temporarily termed as stfon. Besides white streak on stems, leaves and panicles,it was also characterized by increased  number of floral organs and cracked glumous flowers. In extreme cases,the glumous flower was composed of several florets or its middle branch rachis on florets extended,like a looking inflorescence.  Through observing the ultra microstructures of white histocytes at the seedling stage with a scanning electron microscope, the white tissue showed abnormal plastid structures, lamellas and thylakoids which cannot be developed into normal chloroplast. Moreover, the development of chloroplast is stopped at the early stage of plastid growth. Scanning electron microscope observation and paraffin sections of floral organs revealed that the floral meristem organ development was  out of order and unlimited, while in the twisty leaves, vascular cells growed  excessively, or some bubbly cells increased. Genetic analyses indicated that the mutant character followed cytoplasm inheritance.

Select

SSILP, InDel and SSR Markersbased indicajaponica Classification for Weedy Rice XU Qun1 , XU Hongyun2 , WEI Xinghua1,* , TANG Shengxiang1 , LEE Dongsun2 , CHEN Lijuan2 2012, 26(6): 686-692.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.10017216.2012.06.008 Abstract ( )   PDF (882KB) ( )   Forty SSILP, 30 InDel and 43 SSR markers were used to compare genetic diversity of 42 weedy and cultivated rice entries from Sri Lanka, 9 indica and 7 japonica rice cultivars as well as four representatives of weedy rice from China and other countries(regions). There were 84, 61 and 213 alleles identified by SSILP, InDel and SSR markers, with average polymorphism information content (PIC) values 0.257, 0.255 and 0.543, respectively. The NJ clusters analysis indicated all 42 Sri Lanka weedy and cultivated rice entries belonged to indica type. The genetic distances of SSILP and InDel markers revealed highly correlation (r=0.989). Meanwhile the associations between SSR markers and the other two markers (SSILP and InDel) were lower as 0.812 and 0.808, respectively. With the rising reliability and accuracy of indicajaponica classification resulted from the development of more subspeciesspecific markers, SSILP and InDel markers can be applied extensively for the indicajaponica classification of rice germplasm. And SSR markers can classify better in the subspecies.

Select

Structure Observation of Rice Endosperm Cell Development and Its Mineral Element Analysis WANG Zhong*, GU Yunjie, ZHENG Yankun, WANG Huihui 2012, 26(6): 693-705.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.10017216.2012.06.009 Abstract ( )   PDF (5189KB) ( )   In order to prove up mechanism of rice endosperm development and aleurone layer formation， structure changes of rice aleurone cells and inner endosperm cells during caryopsis development were observed under light microscope and electron microscope．Kinds and relative content of endosperm cell elements were analyzed with energy spectrometer．The results show  that aleurone cells are differentiated from endosperm epidermis．The contents of P，K，Mg and Ca mineral elements in aleurone cells are obviously higher than those  in inner endosperm cells．During the early development stage，aleurone cells contain many mitochondria，spherosomes and small vacuoles；during the middle and late development stages，small vacuoles accumulate protein and mineral elements to form aleurone granules．During middle and late development stages of endosperm，nuclei of endosperm cells distort and degenerate when cells accumulate starch；however，nuclei of aleurone cells do not degenerate during the development．The formation of aleurone layers is related to accumulation of mineral elements，lipids and other “filling wastes” (not endosperm cell reserve substance things)．Therefore，cell layers of  the aleurone layer in dorsal caryopsis  through which  more nutrients   are transported  overnumber those  in ventral and side caryopsis．Development of cereal endosperm  should be  divided into four stages: coenocyte stage，cellularization stage，differentiation stage and maturation stage．

Select

in situ Microdistributions of Mineral Elements in Rice Grains with Different Zinc Efficiency CHEN Li1, WU Chao1, LIAO Haibing1, GUO Weidong1, CHEN Wenrong1，*, TIAN Shengke2 2012, 26(6): 706-714.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.10017216.2012.06.010 Abstract ( )   PDF (1376KB) ( )   The concentrations of Zn and other mineral elements and in situ spatial distribution patterns were analyzed by  combing ICPMS  with synchrotron radiation Xray fluorescence (SRXRF). The results showed that SRXRF was a reliable technique to investigate the element microdistribution in rice grains. Significantly positive correlations between elemental distribution of Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn were observed in rice grains, while there was no such pronounced correlation for K and Ca. Among the minerals, potassium is of the highest concentration and mobility in rice grains, being up to 52.6-90.6% in polished rice of that in the hulls. Highest Ca concentration was observed in the hulls, while the other five elements were preferentially distributed in the outer layer, such as embryo and aleuronic layer. The contents of Zn and other mineral elements in the endosperm decreased rapidly from the outer layers to the central parts. Both XRF mapping and ICPMS analysis showed that Zn level in rice grains of Zninefficient genotype (Erjiufeng) was significantly higher than that in grains of Znefficient genotype (IR8192). This indicated that the Znefficient genotype IR8192 was not able to accumulate higher Zn in grains when exposed to sufficient Zn levels, despite of its high efficient uptake and utilization of Zn under Zn deficient conditions.

Select

Effects of Returning Wheatresidue to Field and Nitrogen Management on Grain Weight and Quality of Superior and Inferior Grains in Super Rice CHEN Peifeng1, DONG Minghui1，2，*, GU Junrong1, HUI Feng3, QIAO Zhongying1, YANG Daifeng1,LIU Tengfei1 2012, 26(6): 715-722.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.10017216.2012.06.011 Abstract ( )   PDF (428KB) ( )   With the super indica rice Yangliangyou 6 and  japonica rice Nanjing 45 as materials, the effects of  returning wheatresidue to field and nitrogen management  on grain weight and quality of superior and inferior grains were investigated. The results showed that the influence of the two treatments differed among  different cultivars and grain positions. Compared with the contrast, the 1000grain weight (KGW), crude protein content (CPC), breakdown viscosity (BDV) increased under the treatment of  returning wheatresidue to field, while the head milled rice rate (HMRR), chalkiness degree (CD), amylose content (AC) and setback viscosity (SBV) reduced. Compared with the basal to tiller fertilizer ratio of 5∶5, the KGW, CD, AC, BDV increased at  the  basal to tiller fertilizer ratio of 7∶3, while the HMRR, CPC, SBV reduced. The regulatory role in  the KGW, HMRR, CD were significantly greater in inferior grains than those in the superior grains. The interaction effects existed between nitrogen management and wheat  residuereturning on KGW, HMRR, CPC. Under  the  treatment of returning  wheatresidue to field, the nitrogen application at a basal to tiller fertilizer ratio of 5.5∶4.5 or 6∶4 could coordinate the formation of the grain weight and quality.

Select

Influence of Nitrogen Levels on Morphological and Physiological Characteristics of Root System in japonica Rice in Northeast China LI Hongliang, SUN Yuyou, QU Jinling, WEI Caiqiang, SUN Guohong, ZHAO Yuntong, CHAI Yongshan* 2012, 26(6): 723-730.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.10017216.2012.06.012 Abstract ( )   PDF (710KB) ( )   The morphological and physiological characteristics of root system were studied with the Northeast japonica  rice Mudanjiang 27 and Mudanjiang 31 as experimental materials under different nitrogen  levels. The results showed that  with rising  nitrogen level, the number, length, thickness, volume, dry weight and total absorption area of root increased  at growth stage. Shoot dry weight increased dramatically with growth stages under three  nitrogen application levels, root dry weight of Mudanjiang 27 and Mudanjiang 31 maximized  at booting stage and heading stage, respectively. After heading stage, rootshoot ratio reduced, while shoot dry weight increased. Root bleeding intensity  per plant increased firstly and then decreased after heading stage under three levels of nitrogen application. The αNA oxidizing ability of two varieties  maximized at  heading stage and milkripe stage, respectively.   The  root oxidizing ability for both varieties  in the whole growth duration fluctuated within a narrowing band  with  increasing  nitrogen application level. The correlation   between rice root number, root length, root diameter, root weight, rootshoot ratio and yield became significant at the booting stage. The total absorption area,  ratio of surface area of root system and yield were positively correlated in the whole  growth  duration with  the correlation coefficient reaching a maximum  at  milkripe stage.

Select

Feeding Behavior and Oviposition Preference of Brown Planthoppers,Nilaparvata Lugens, on Different Rice Varieties under  Drought Stress Stimulated by Polyethylene Glycol (PEG6000) LUO Ding1,2, XU Hongxing1, YANG Yajun1, ZHENG Xusong1, LU Zhongxian1,* 2012, 26(6): 731-736.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.10017216.2012.06.013 Abstract ( )   PDF (701KB) ( )   The feeding behavior and oviposition preference of brown planthoppers (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens Stl, on rice varieties TN1 (susceptible), IR36 (with resistant gene bph2), Hanyou 3 (droughttolerant) were determined under drought stress simulated with polyethylene glycol (PEG6000) in laboratory. In the choice test, the percentage of BPH female adult on rice plants under different concentrations of PEG6000 decreased significantly with the rising PEG6000 concentration (P<0.001).However, no marked difference in the percentage of BPH nymph was found (P=0.093). The number of  BPH eggs   per  plant  within 72 h was negatively correlated with the concentration of PEG6000 on TN1 and IR36 (P=0.001 and P=0.008, respectively). On the rice plants of IR36 and Hanyou 3, BPH nymph tended to move from uppermiddle to basal part of leaf sheath when the PEG6000 concentration increased. However, it didn’t happen on TN1. The amount of honeydew per female adult within 48h reduced on TN1 and Hanyou 3 with the increasing concentration of PEG6000, while on IR36 it was very low and no significant difference was found under different concentrations of PEG6000.

Short Communications

Select

Mapping of QTLs for  Rice Lysine Content Using Chromosome Segment Substitution Lines LIN Jing, ZHU Zhen, FANG Xianwen, WANG Yanping, ZHANG Suobing, WANG Cailin* 2012, 26(6): 737-740.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.10017216.2012.06.014 Abstract ( )   PDF (756KB) ( )   A total of 95 chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) derived from 9311 and Nipponbare was used to detect quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling the lysine content of rice. The result showed that the lysine content of seven CSSLs differed from   that of 9311. Totally four QTLs  for the lysine content of rice were preliminary mapped on the chromosomes 8, 9 and 12 by substitution mapping. Among these QTLs, qHLY8 and qHLY9.2 were both contributed by the indica variety 9311 with high lysine content with the positive effect percentage being 9.6% and 8.5%, respectively; while  qHLY9.1and  qHLY12 were derived from the japonica variety Nipponbare with low lysine content with the negative effect percentage of -160% and -21.3%, respectively.

Select

QTL Analysis of Cold Resistance and Ratooning Ability by Using indicajaponica RIL Populations in Rice YANG Chuanhang1,2, WANG Yuping1, TU Bin1, ZENGYuqing2, LI Shigui1,* 2012, 26(6): 741-745.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.10017216.2012.06.015 Abstract ( )   PDF (691KB) ( )   A molecular linkage map containing 105 SSR markers was constructed by using a RIL population which was derived from the F7 descent of a cross between japonica glutinous rice variety Nuo 891 and an indica variety Shuhui 527. The cold resistance of bud for both the parents and the RIL was investigated at 5℃ low temperature, and  their survival and ratooning ability were evaluated under natural temperature conditions in winter. QTL analysis showed that the cold resistance of rice was controlled by QTLs and followed a continuous distribution in RIL population. Two QTL,  qCtg3  and  qCtg5， controlling cold resistance at bud stage were located on chromosome 3 and 5, explaining 7557% and 79.04% phenotypic variation, respectively. A major QTL, qCtr5， controlling the survival and ratooning ability in rice was mapped on chromosome 5. Two QTLs(qRa4, qRa5) conferning ratooning capacity were  detected on chromosome 4 and 5, explaining 8.17% and 7.09% phenotypic variation, respectively. qCtg5， qCtr5  and  qRa5 locus were simultaneously linked to RM153 on chromosome 5, which indicated the relationship of those traits.

Select

Life Cycle and Infection Characteristics of Rice Cyst Nematode, Heterodera elachista Ohshima in Rice DING Zhong1，2 , NAMPHUENG Janthathang1 , HE Xufeng1 , WU Minmin1 , HONG Hong1 2012, 26(6): 746-750.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.10017216.2012.06.016 Abstract ( )   PDF (661KB) ( )   Life cycle and infection characteristics of Heterodera elachista in rice were investigated by   artificial inoculations with secondinstar juveniles in laboratory and  investigation  in rice field. The secondinstar juveniles were attracted nearby the meristem zone or elongation zone of rice root tips within 24 h, invaded and established feeding sites in the central cylinder of roots within 24 h at 30℃. After penetration, the juveniles developed into white females within six days and males within eight days. The gelatinous matrixes were secreted by the females from vulva within 12 days. Parts of eggs were released into the egg sac and parts of eggs were retained within the body of the brown cyst. The secondinstar juveniles were emerged from egg mass within 18 days. The development of nematode were very slow below 20℃. The shortest life cycle at 30℃ from the infective juvenile to the emergence of secondinstar juvenile is 18 days long while from egg to egg stage is 22 days.  Relatively high temperatures(28~35℃) were favored to the invasion and development of H. elachista，while  waterlogging reduced the rates of invasion and had no influence on the development of H. elachista.

Select

Evaluation of  Heat Resistance in Hybrid Rice HU Shengbo, ZHANG Yuping, ZHU Defeng*, LIN Xianqing , XIANG Jing 2012, 26(6): 751-756.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.10017216.2012.06.017 Abstract ( )   PDF (393KB) ( )   Heat resistance  during flowering was evaluated with 100 hybrid combinations as materials. The rice plants were subjected to heat stress at 38℃ for 3 days as 50% spikelets flowered. Based on relative spikelet fertility rate, they were divided into heat tolerant combinations, semiheat tolerant combinations and heat sensitive combinations. Therefore, Y Liangyou 646, Guangzhan 634S×R558, Yixiang 5979, Y Liangyou 2 and Y Liangyou 896 are heat tolerant combinations, whereas Ⅱyou 838, Fengyou 199 and Jingchuyou 37 are heat sensitive combinations. Analysis of origin of combinations  with different  heattolerance indicated that most hybrid  combinations derived from the same female parent showed  similar heat resistance. It indicated female parent played an more important role in heat tolerance of hybrid rice.