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10 May 2023, Volume 37 Issue 3 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Phenotypic Analysis and Fine Mapping of blg1(beak like grain 1), a Rice Mutant with Abnormal Palea and Lemma Development SHEN Yumin, CHEN Mingliang, XIONG Huanjin, XIONG Wentao, WU Xiaoyan, XIAO Yeqing 2023, 37(3): 225-232.  DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2023.220506 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (5807KB) ( )   【Objective】 The development of rice floral organs is very important for the successful reproduction and yield of rice. Genetic mapping of genes related to floret organ development can improve the regulatory network of rice floret development, which has theoretical significance for rice breeding.【Method】A mutant blg1 with abnormal palea and lemma was isolated and identified from breeding materials. The floret morphology of blg1 and control line was observed. The mutant was hybridized with Dular to form an F2 population, and then genetic analysis, fine mapping and candidate gene analysis were carried out.【Result】Phenotypic observation showed that the palea and lemma in blg1 could not closed normally and curved severely with smaller grains. Genetic analysis showed that the mutant phenotype was controlled by a pair of recessive nuclear genes. Through fine mapping, the objective gene was located between markers InD3 and InD5 at the end of the long arm on chromosome 5, with a physical distance of 50 kb, including eight Open Reading Frames. By candidate gene analysis, LOC_Os05g48760 may be a candidate gene for BLG1 gene.【Conclusion】BLG1 is a new gene controlling the development of palea and lemma in rice.

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Creation of Thermo-sensitive Genic Male Sterile Rice Lines with Wide Compatibility Based on CRISPR/Cas9 Technology DUAN Min, XIE Liujie, GAO Xiuying, TANG Haijuan, HUANG Shanjun, PAN Xiaobiao 2023, 37(3): 233-243.  DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2023.221006 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (4620KB) ( )   【Objective】In order to break the fetters in traditional hybridization in the breeding of genic male sterile rice lines, the thermo-sensitive genic male sterility gene TMS5 was edited by CRISPR/Cas9 technology to create new genic male sterile lines using indica restorer line Taihui 31 as material.【Method】Two sequences in the first exon of TMS5 were chosen as target sites for the construction of vector pHUE411-TMS5-gRNA and 116 T0 generation transgenic plants were obtained by Agrobacterium infection method.【Result】Three homozygous mutants, tms5-1, tms5-2 and tms5-3 with amino acid deletion in TMS5 were verified by PCR and sequencing. The split sowing experiment showed that the self-fertilization rate of tms5-1 and tms5-3 were 0.56% and 0.03% at 27℃, respectively. Meanwhile, at the same temperature, the pollen of tms5-2 turned to be completely sterile. Compared with Taihui 31 (WT), TB52S (tms5-2) had more panicles, shorter panicle length. Its plant height and grain numbers per panicle reduced to nearly three quarters of WT. Furthermore, except for smaller anther with no pollens, the stigma, palea and lemma of TB52S didn’t change significantly as compared with WT. The fertility transfer temperature of TB52S was confirmed as 26℃ according to the temperature test during the IV phase of young panicle differentiation. Last but not least, the seed setting rate of hybrid F1 derived from the cross between TB52S and indica or japonica restorer lines was beyond 90%.【Conclusion】Using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, we obtained thermo-sensitive genic male sterile line TB52S which was genetically stable. It provides new technical support for the breeding of genic male sterile lines.

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Genetic Analysis and Identification of Brown Planthopper Resistance Gene in indica Rice Accession 570011 CHENG Ling, HUANG Fugang, QIU Yipu, WANG Xinyi, SHU Wan, QIU Yongfu, LI Fahuo 2023, 37(3): 244-252.  DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2023.220601 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1239KB) ( )   【Objective】The aim is to identify brown planthopper (BPH) resistance gene in resistant indica rice accession 570011, and provide new materials for insect-resistant rice breeding.【Method】A seedling bulk test was conducted to evaluate the BPH resistance of F3 population, and a local genetic map was developed based on the genotype of the mapping population by JoinMap 3.0. The resistance locus was then detected and genetic effect was evaluated by MapQTL 5. The expression of one candidate resistance gene was analyzed with qRT-PCR, and the corresponding CDS and amino acid sequences of the candidate gene were compared.【Result】Accession 570011 showed high resistance to BPH at the seedling stage and significant antibiosis and antixenosis against BPH. The ratio of resistant lines (score < 7) to susceptible lines (score≥7) in F3 population was 89:35, which accorded with the separation law of one dominant gene. One BPH resistance locus was detected in the 39 cM region flanked by markers 4M18675 and 4M24.64 on chromosome 4, which could be allelic to the cloned BPH6. qRT-PCR analysis indicated that the expression of BPH6 allele in accession 570011 was significantly higher than that in susceptible line 9311. Accession 570011 respectively shared the similarity of 99.08% and 97.96% in CDS and amino acid sequence comparing with the cloned gene BPH6. Moreover, they closely clustered in the phylogenetic tree. All the results suggested that the BPH resistance gene derived from accession 570011 was allelic to BPH6.【Conclusion】Accession 570011 is highly resistant to BPH and carries one major resistance gene, which is an allele of BPH6. The identification of the resistance gene enriches the alleles of BPH6 and provides new materials for insect resistant rice breeding.

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Effect of Different Fertilizer Application Rates on Rice Yield and Quality Formation and Its Relationship with Energy Metabolism at High Temperature WANG Wenting, MA Jiaying, LI Guangyan, FU Weimeng, LI Hubo, LIN Jie, CHEN Tingting, FENG Baohua, TAO Longxing, FU Guanfu, QIN Yebo 2023, 37(3): 253-264.  DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2023.220808 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (4138KB) ( )   【Objective】 In recent years, frequent occurrence of extreme high temperature weather severely inhibited the formation of rice yield and quality. Optimizing plant nutritional status and improving energy metabolism can alleviate thermal damage. However, the effects of fertilizer application rates on grain energy metabolism and its relationship with yield, quality and thermal resistance at high temperature have not been reported, and elucidating the mechanism can lay an important theoretical basis for the research and development of rice heat-resistant and risk-resistant cultivation technology.【Method】 In this study, a single cropping indica hybrid rice variety Zhongzheyou 8, which was widely planted in Zhejiang Province in recent years, was pot-cultivated in a climate chamber. Three fertilizer treatments were set: no fertilization (0-NPK), 1/2 normal fertilization (1/2-NPK) and normal fertilization (1-NPK). On the day of flowering, they were moved to the artificial climate chamber for high temperature treatment for 15d (for high temperature treatment, 36℃ in daytime and 28℃ at night; for the normal temperature treatment, 28℃ in daytime and 25℃ at night).【Result】The yield, seed-setting rate and 1000-grain weight of Zhongzheyou 8 followed a trend of increasing with the increaing fertilizer application at normal temperature or high temperature, with a shrinking decreasing amplitude at high temperature. However, head rice rate decreased with the increase of fertilizer application, and chalkiness degree showed an upward trend. The contents of soluble sugar, MDA, H2O2, ATPase and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in the grains after high temperature treatment were higher than those in the normal temperature control, but contents of starch, non-structural carbohydrate, antioxidant enzyme and ATP were lower than those in the normal temperature control. Both at normal temperature and high temperature, the activities of non-structural carbohydrates, antioxidant enzymes, ATP and ATPase increased with rising fertilizer application level, while contents of MDA, H2O2 and PARP decreased. At normal temperature, relative expression levels of energy receptor genes SnRK1A and SnRK1B decreased with the increase of fertilizer application, while TOR showed an increasing trend. Compared with normal temperature treatment, after high temperature treatment, the expression of SnRK1A was upregulated, while TOR was downregulated with the increase of fertilizer amount.【Conclusion】Increased fertilizer application could effectively alleviate the negative effect of high temperature on seed setting rate and 1000-grain weight of rice during flowering, but appearance quality and processing quality tended to deteriorate. At normal temperature, the quality deterioration caused by increased fertilizer application may be related to the acceleration of grain filling, while the quality deterioration caused by high temperature is mainly due to the lack of energy, which is difficult to meet the demand of yield and quality formation.

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Effects of Embryo Morphology and Endosperm Composition on Embryo-remaining Characteristics in Rice MA Zhaohui, SHI Yihan, CHENG Haitao, SONG Wenwen, LU Lianji, LIU Renguang, LÜ Wenyan 2023, 37(3): 265-275.  DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2023.220809 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (4590KB) ( )   【Objective】The embryo of embryo-remaining rice has high nutritional value and ensures the taste of rice. However, related biological mechanisms, such as the relationship among embryo-remaining characteristics, embryo traits, and endosperm components remains unclear. Therefore, it is necessary to further study the difference of embryo-remaining rate among different types of rice varieties and its influencing factors.【Method】Therefore, typical embryo-retaining and non-embryo-remaining varieties were selected from soft japonica and common rice as experimental materials to investigate rice embryo-remaining characteristics. Here, the embryo development characteristics of the two types of varieties were observed by slicing; then, apparent amylose content (AAC) and abscission pectin contents were compared. Finally, the differences in embryo-remaining rate, embryo traits and endosperm composition were studied under external cytokinin (CTK) application.【Result】Compared with non-embryo-remaining varieties, embryo-remaining soft japonica varieties and common rice had larger inner and outer embryo width, faster embryo development, large embryo volume, better grain plumpness, wider and thicker grain shape and higher abscission pectin content. After the application of CTK, the development speed of the soft rice varieties was accelerated in the middle and late stages of development, while the embryo development of the common varieties slowed down. The AAC, pectin content, embryo weight percentage and embryo-remaining rate of the two types were increased.【Conclusion】In general, apart from embryo traits, endosperm composition mainly affected the embryo-remaining characteristics of soft rice varieties, whereas grain shape was an important factor influencing the embryo-remaining characteristics of common varieties. CTK regulates the embryo-remaining rate of different types of rice varieties by influencing different traits of rice seeds. These results will lay a new theoretical basis for the breeding and cultivation regulation of high embryo-remaining rice varieties.

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Meta-analysis of Relationship Between Fertilizer Application and Rice Quality LIU Aihua, LI Xiaokun 2023, 37(3): 276-284.  DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2023.220807 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (2371KB) ( )   【Objective】Scientific fertilization is one of the most effective means to improve rice quality, and the relationship between different nutrients and rice quality is integrated to provide a theoretical basis for rice quality improvement.【Method】N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Zn, Fe, Si, rice, and quality were used as the main keywords to search the publications on "China National Knowledge Infrastructure" and "Web of Science" from 2001 to 2021. A total of 94 articles and 4277 data sets were selected to meet the analysis criteria. The nutritional quality, cooking and eating quality, appearance quality, and milling quality of rice in the publications were categorized, and the effect of different nutrient applications on rice quality indicators was integrated and analyzed by meta-analysis.【Result】Compared with without fertilization, the application of nitrogen, potassium, and iron fertilizer could improve the protein content of rice grain by an average of 17.03%, 6.10%, and 5.61%, respectively, and the application of zinc and iron fertilizer increased the zinc content (28.20%) and iron content (21.81%) of rice grain, respectively, all of which were beneficial to improving the nutritional quality. Nitrogen fertilizer application lowered gel consistency (3.33%), amylose content (6.01%), peak viscosity (8.05%), and breakdown (9.98%), which were not favorable to the improving rice cooking and eating quality. The application of potassium, magnesium, sulfur, and silicon fertilizer reduced the chalkiness rate by 15.09%, 6.50%, 24.07%, and 23.22%, respectively, while potassium, zinc, and silicon also reduced the chalkiness degree and helped improve the appearance quality. For milling quality indicators, the application of nitrogen, potassium, and zinc fertilizer could greatly enhance the head rice rate with an average growth rate of 10.29%, 2.92%, and 3.76%, respectively, which was conducive to the milling quality improvement.【Conclusion】Different nutrients have an effect on the nutritional, cooking and eating, appearance, and milling quality of rice, however the quality indicators affected vary. To optimize rice quality, the impacts of different nutrients on rice quality should be coordinated in actual production according to the desired quality standards.

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Effects of Different Water Management on Yield and Rice Quality of Dry-seeded Rice YANG Xiaolong, WANG Biao, WANG Benfu, ZHANG Zhisheng, ZHANG Zuolin, YANG Lantian, CHENG Jianping, LI Yang 2023, 37(3): 285-294.  DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2023.220810 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (936KB) ( )   【Objective】The effects of different water management on rice yield, photosynthetic physiological characteristics and rice quality under dry direct seeding mode were studied to lay a theoretical basis for water-saving cultivation under arid climate conditions.【Method】With hybrid rice Hanyou 73 and conventional rice Huanghuazhan as experimental materials, a field experiment was carried out under flooding irrigation (W) and dry cultivation (D) to evaluate the effects of irrigation regimes on photosynthetic characteristics of rice leaves, dry matter accumulation and distribution, yield and rice quality.【Result】Dry cultivation of rice under dry direct seeding mode significantly improved water use efficiency, increased rice yield, and reduced the appearance quality and eating quality of rice. Compared with flooding irrigation, dry cultivation significantly increased the SPAD value of leaves and the net photosynthetic rate at the heading stage, and promoted the accumulation of dry matter in shoot. The dry matter translocation amount and contribution rate from stem and leaf to grain were promoted, and the effective panicle number and 1000-grain weight of rice were increased. The yield of Huanghuazhan and Hanyou 73 increased by 14.0% and 11.9%, respectively. Dry cultivation had no significant effect on processing quality, but significantly reduced amylose contents and increased protein contents. At the same time, it reduced the content of heavy metal arsenic and increased the content of heavy metal cadmium in grains.【Conclusion】Dry cultivation under dry direct seeding mode provides the possibility for the adaptive cultivation of rice under dry climate conditions, but the synergistic improvement of rice quality and yield varies with variety. Therefore, more efforts should be made in developing the high-efficiency and high-quality cultivation technology under the dry direct seeding mode.

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Effects of Silicon and Zinc Fertilizer and Their Application Ways on Yield and Grain Quality of Rice Variety Nanjing 46 WEI Xiaodong, SONG Xuemei, ZHAO Ling, ZHAO Qingyong, CHEN Tao, LU Kai, ZHU Zhen, HUANG Shengdong, WANG Cailin, ZHANG Yadong 2023, 37(3): 295-306.  DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2023.220805 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (443KB) ( )   【Objective】It is important to clarify the effects of silicon and zinc fertilizer and their application methods on rice quality and grain yield of Nanjing 46.【Method】Nine fertilizer application treatments were designed, including soil topdressing of silicon fertilizer (Si-B), soil topdressing of zinc fertilizer (Zn-B), soil topdressing of silicon fertilizer + foliar spraying of silicon fertilizer (Si-B+Si-L), soil topdressing of zinc fertilizer + foliar spraying of zinc fertilizer (Zn-B+Zn-L), soil topdressing of silicon fertilizer + soil topdressing of zinc fertilizer (Si-B+Zn-B), foliar spraying of silicon fertilizer (Si-L), foliar spraying of zinc fertilizer (Zn-L), foliar spraying of silicon fertilizer + foliar spraying of zinc fertilizer (Si-L+Zn-L), and no silicon and zinc fertilizer application (CK). The soil topdressing was conducted during last 4-leaf stage and the foliar spraying was conducted during the booting stage (5－7 days before heading). We evaluated the effects of different treatments on the grain yield and its components, processing quality, appearance quality, eating quality and the 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) content of Nanjing 46.【Result】The silicon and zinc fertilizer application obviously increased grain yield of Nanjing 46 with the increasing range of 0.8－11.9%, which resulted from the increase of 1000-grain weight and the number of grains per panicle. The silicon fertilizer application decreased the rates of brown rice and milled rice, while the zinc fertilizer increased the rates of brown rice and milled rice. The silicon and zinc fertilizers could increase the head rice rate, with the latter being more influential. The effects of silicon and zinc fertilizers on the amylose content and RVA profile values varied with treatments, but the silicon and zinc fertilizers could increase the breakdown viscosity, reduce the setback viscosity, increase the gel consistency, the 2-AP content and aroma, improve the taste value.【Conclusion】Soil topdressing of silicon fertilizer and foliar spraying of zinc fertilizer could increase not only the grain yield, but also the head rice rate, aroma and eating quality of Nanjing 46.

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Research on Simulation Model of High Temperature Stress on Rice and Its Application in Fujian Province LIN Dan, JIANG Min, MIAO Bo, GUO Meng, SHI Chunlin 2023, 37(3): 307-320.  DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2023.220604 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1378KB) ( )   【Objective】By studying the effects of high temperature on rice yield formation, a simulation model of rice high temperature stress was developed, aiming to improve the prevention and disaster damage assessment level in rice under high temperature stress.【Method】In this experiment, four representative varieties planted in Fujian Province were selected, the temperature treatments T1(35℃), T2(41 ℃) and the duration of high temperature stress D1(3 days) and D2(7 days) were set respectively at flowering stage and grain-filling stage of early rice, and during meiosis stage and flowering stage of middle rice, while the suitable environmental conditions were used as the control (CK) to analyze the changes of rice yield and its constituent factors under different stress treatments. A comprehensive simulation model for the effects of high temperature stress on rice yield was established. Based on the historical climatic data of the past 20 years, the model was used to assess yield loss caused by disaster at four rice planting sites in Fujian Province.【Results】The yield per plant of early rice suffer a severest loss of 60.8% as affected by T2D2 treatment at the flowering stage. The seed setting rate of the two cultivars decreased by about 60% under T2D2 treatment. High temperature at the grain-filling stage had the lowest impact on the yield per plant of early rice, which was 17.8% under T2D2 treatment. The seed setting rate and 1000-grain weight of the two varieties had a maximum decrease of 11.6% and 9.0%, respectively. After being affected by high temperature at the meiosis stage, the yield per plant of middle rice decreased up to 43.6%, and the number of grains per panicle decreased by 17.4% under T2D2 treatment. The effect on seed setting rate was significantly greater than that of 1000-grain weight, with decreases of 30.8% and 9.8%, respectively. High temperature T2D2 treatment had the greatest effect on rice yield at flowering stage, and the yield per plant decreased by 42.1%, while the seed setting rate and 1000-grain weight decreased by 37.0% and 5.7%, respectively. According to the rice development period model developed by ourselves and the results of this experiment, the genetic parameters of the four varieties were determined, and the quantitative relationship between accumulated degree-hours of high temperature and the yield loss rate after various high temperature treatments was determined in the key development period of rice, and then the high temperature stress simulation model of early rice and middle rice were figured out respectively. The damage simulation of four rice planting sites showed that the temporal changes of the loss rate and meteorological yield was opposite, and the damage to middle rice was more serious than that of early rice.【Conclusion】The effect of high temperature stress on rice yield in early rice at the flowering stage was greater than that at the grain-filling stage. The effect of high temperature stress at the meiotic stage of middle rice was more serious than that at the flowering stage. The four sets of rice genetic parameters obtained in this experiment have good simulation effects on the growth period in the representative sample sites. The simulation results of high temperature stress for four representative sample sites observed by the high temperature stress simulation model of early rice and middle rice showed that the yield loss rate and the meteorological yield change corresponded well, which proves that the simulation effect of high temperature heat damage model is desirable.

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Seed Germination, Seedling Emergence Characteristics and Response of Panicum bisulcatum to Pre- and Post-emergence Herbicides in Paddy Field ZHENG Chengmei, SUN Jinqiu, LIU Mengjie, YANG Yongjie, LU Yongliang, GUO Yiqing, TANG Wei 2023, 37(3): 321-328.  DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2023.220706 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (662KB) ( )   【Objective】Panicum bisulcatum is an annual grass weed widely distributed in China and is becoming increasingly problematic in paddy fields in some regions. This research aims to investigate the seed germination and seedling emergence characteristics and screen effective herbicides for control of this weed.【Methods】Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the effect of temperature, light, osmotic and salt stress, seed burial depth, flooding depth on seed germination and seedling emergence of P. bisulcatum and evaluate the response of this weed to commonly available pre- and post-emergence herbicides in rice.【Results】1) In the light/dark regime, the germination rate was greater than 95% under a wide temperature range of 20℃/10℃(day/night) to 35℃/25℃ and significantly higher in alternate light/dark conditions as compared with that in continuous dark. The osmotic potential required for 50% inhibition of maximum germination was -0.35 MPa. P. bisulcatum is moderately tolerant to salt stress with germination rates greater than 50% at NaCl concentrations ranging from 0 to 250 mmol/L. 2) Seedling emergence only occurred at seed burial depths of 0 and 0.5 cm, with 78% and 18% emergence rates, respectively. Seeds can germinate and seedlings grow out of water at flooding depth of 2cm, and no germinated seeds reached water surface at flooding depth over 2cm. 3) Application of pre-emergence herbicides pretilachlor, butachlor, oxadiazon, oxadiargyl and pyraclonil provided 100% control effectiveness of P. bisulcatum at their recommended field rates. Florpyrauxifen-benzyl, penoxsulam, bispyribac-sodium, cyhalofop-butyl, metamifop and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl provided greater than 95% control of P. bisulcatum at the 2- to 4-leaf stages, however, only metamifop and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl provided greater than 90% control of P. bisulcatum at the 6-leaf stage.【Conclusion】 The results contribute to an insight into the germination and emergence of P. bisulcatum, and illustrate the role of seed burial by tillage, flooding, and herbicide screening according to its leaf-age as effective measures for the control of P. bisulcatum in paddy fields.

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Direct Multiplex TaqMan qPCR Assay for Rapid Detection of Three Sibling Species from Nilaparvata Distant LUO Ju, YANG Suwen, BEI Wenyong, YU Junwei, TANG Jian, LIU Shuhua 2023, 37(3): 329-336.  DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2023.220903 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1815KB) ( )   【Objective】Nilaparvata lugens is a destructive insect pest on rice, and light trapping has always been an important monitoring method. However, its two sibling species, N. muiri and N. bakeri, can also be trapped by light and are easily mistaken as N. lugens. Morphological identification of N. lugens and its sibling species is time-consuming and labor-intensive, with the requirement for expertise and experience. To address this problem for identification of N. lugens and its two sibling species, the present study is aimed to develop a rapid and accurate identification method.【Method】At first, design and select the interspecies general primes and species-specific probes based on the barcoding gene ITS1. Then, establish and optimize the Direct Multiple Taqman qPCR assay (dmTqPCR). Finally, analyze and evaluate the specificity, sensitivity and practicability.【Results】The dmTqPCR assay developed in the present study has high specificity and high sensitivity, which could accurately identify N. lugens, N. bakeri and N. muiri, and the LOD (limit of detection) are up to 10 copies/reaction. The entire detection process for 382 specimens, including the crude tissue liquid preparation, amplification and detection, can be completed in 180 min with an accuracy of 100%.【Conclusion】The established dmTqPCR assay is suitable for rapid and accurate identification of N. lugens, N. muiri and N. bakeri, and it is expected to promote the development of precision prediction and forecasting of N. lugens.