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    10 January 2016, Volume 30 Issue 1 Previous Issue    Next Issue

    Research Papers
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    Research Papers
    Phenotyping and Gene Cloning of a Small-grain Dwarf Mutant sgd1(t) in Rice
    Peng WANG, Yue CAI, Wei-wei CHEN, Jing MA, Xin-gang CHEN, Xiao-jie TANG, Xiao-man YOU, Fei KONG, Jie ZHANG, Hai-gang YAN, Guo-xiang WANG, Ling JIANG, Wen-wei ZHANG, Jian-min WAN
    2016, 30(1): 1-9.  DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216. 2016.5025
    Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (2605KB) ( )  

    A small-grain dwarf mutant, designated as sgd1(t) , was identified from the T-DNA insertion mutant lines of Nipponbare.The mutant,genetically stable,was characterized by dwarf plant, small grain, dark green leaves and thick husk. Scanning electron microscope analysis on cell morphology of stem and hull revealed that stem cells in sgd1(t) failed to form normal cell column and vascular bundles, while epidermal cells with irregular shape in hulls were tightly packed, resulting in confusion in cell arrangement, and sgd1(t) was a GA-sensitive dwarf mutant. Genetic analysis showed that this trait of dwarfism was controlled by a pair of recessive nuclear gene. Through map-based cloning, the gene sgd1 (t) was mapped in an interval of 230 kb between the markers DF13 and DF26 on the short arm of chromosome 9. There was a dwarf gene BC12/GDD1 in this region. Sequence analysis showed that sgd1(t) had a single-base substitution (G to T) in the fourth exon of the gene, resulting in the replacement of glycine by valine in 186th conservative amino acid.

    Generation and Genetic Analysis of Xa21 Transgenic Rice Line CX8621 Without Selectable Markers
    Zhi-hui XIA, Peng-cheng LIU, Li-fen GAO, Dong-feng LIU, Li JIANG, Guang-huai JIANG, Le-qun GUO, Wen-xue ZHAI
    2016, 30(1): 10-16.  DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2016.5130
    Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1143KB) ( )  

    Selectable marker-free and stable inheritance are the basic requirements for safe application of transgenic crops. Following the regulations approved by the National Committee for Transgenic Biosafety, the wide spectrum bacterial blight resistance gene Xa21 was transferred into a widely used restorer line Minghui 86 by using a double right-borders T-DNA vector through Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated system. The transgene Xa21 was confirmed by resistance identification, PCR analysis and Southern blot in the progenies. The single-copy homozygous transgenic line CX8621 without selectable marker and vector backbone sequences was obtained from T3 generation. The transgenic restorer line CX8621 has stable bacterial blight resistance with years of observation and identification. Up to now, CX8621 has self-fertilized to 16th generation with stable inheritance of transgene Xa21 and passed the bio-safety evaluation of small and large scale of field tests (environmental release and productive test).

    Sequence Variation of Pi-d3 for Rice Blast Resistance in Yunnan Rice Landrace
    Yi YANG, Yi-ding SUN, Ji-qiong MA, Yan-yan WANG, Ming-hui XU
    2016, 30(1): 17-26.  DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2016.5092
    Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1097KB) ( )  

    The sequence variations of Pi-d3 for rice blast resistance in 80 Yunnan rice landraces were analyzed by resequencing open reading frame (ORF). Compared with Pi-d3Digu ORF, a total of 39 nucleotide variations were found in 2775-bp ORFs of 80 rice accessions with the average mutation rate of 1.41%. The WTBXPi-d3ORF of 80 rice accessions was divided into 37 haplotypes based on the nucleotide variations. H8(28.8%), H4(11.3%) and H23(5.0%) are high-frequency types, while other types occurred at low frequency. The results showed that the WTBXPi-d3 in Yunnan rice landraces was rich in genetic variations and haplotypes,but low frequency. A total of 28 amino acids variations were found in 33 translation proteins of 37 haplotypes. 18 haplotypes with 32 rice landraces including 12 indica accessions possessde the Pi-d3 pseudogenes. The frequency of pseudogene was high. It was possible due to that the Pi-d3 pseudogene permeated to indica. Terminators were newly founded at position 32 and 467 of protein except the published terminator at position 737. Pi-d3 differed in both type and frequency of haplotypes between the subspecies of indica and japonica, the ecotypes of lowland and upland rice, no-waxy and waxy rice. It indicated that genetic differentiation occurred between subspecies or ecotypes. Geographical distribution showed that 37 haplotypes spread over a large area while concentrated in small areas. Puer, Banna and Lincang were the central area with abundant haplotypes, and based on this scale, the types of haplotypes decreased outward progressively.

    Fine Mapping of qFla-8-2 for Flag Leaf Angle in Rice
    Chang-feng ZHU, Li-jun LIANG, Si-yuan ZENG, Tian-wei LI, Guan-shan DONG, De-lin HONG
    2016, 30(1): 27-34.  DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2016.5101
    Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (907KB) ( )  

    To better understand the genetic mechanism regulating large rice flag leaf angle, qFla-8 detected previously was further fine-mapped and the candidate genes were predicted. Using a secondary segregating population, composed of 172 selfing individual plants with heterozygous region of target gene merely in BC3F3 population derived from the backcross between 863B (recipient parent) and A7444 (donor parent), genotypes of nine SSR markers in the interval of RM6215-RM8265 containing qFla-8 were identified. Combining the phenotypic data, chromosome segment containing qFla-8 was further narrowed and there are two closely linked loci, qFla-8-1 and qFla-8-2.qFla-8-1 was localized between RM6215 and RM3153, explaining 22.33% of phenotypic variation,and qFla-8-2 was localized between RM1309 and RM3491, explaining 23.81% of phenotypic variation. By developing insertion-deletion (InDel) markers, qFla-8-2 with higher additive effect was finally limited to 67 kb region between InDel marker Z7 and SSR marker RM23071,which contains three predicted genes, Os08g0408200 encoding WD40 domain containing protein similar to GAMYB-binding protein, Os08g0408300 encoding hypothetical protein and Os08g0408500 encoding APETALA2-like protein.

    QTL Mapping of Yield Related Traits in Super Rice Variety Zhongjiazao 17
    Zhong-hua SHENG, Zi-liang ZHU, Ning MA, Wei LI, Ji-wai HE, Xiang-jin WEI, Gao-neng SHAO, Jian-long WANG, Pei-song HU, Shao-qing TANG
    2016, 30(1): 35-43.  DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2016.5061
    Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1046KB) ( )  

    The rice yield related agronomic traits were examined, and the genetic linkage maps were constructed with the F2 populations derived from Zhongjiazao 17 × D50. A total of 66 QTLs for yield related traits were mapped, with the contribution rate ranging from 0.08%~20.45%, distributed on all the 12 chromosomes except for chromosome 9. Numbers of QTLs for yield related traits were mapped in the same intervals on Chr.3, Chr.7 and Chr.10,respectively, in F2 or F2:3 populations, and the positive alleles were contributed by Zhongjiazao 17. Among the mapped 66 QTLs,these detected in both F2 and F2:3 populations with high contribution rate include qPH-10, qFLW-4, qTGW-2,of which the positive alleles were also contributed by Zhongjiazao 17. In total, 66 QTLs for yield related traits were preliminarily examined in super rice variety Zhongjiazao 17, which will provide theoretical and technical supports to breed new super rice varieties with higher yield and better comprehensive characteristics by transfering excellent genes from Zhongjiazao 17 into other rice varieties.

    Construction and Screening of an Irradiation-induced Mutant Library of indica Rice 93-11
    Tuan LONG, Bao-guang AN, Xin-peng LI, Wei ZHANG, Jing-lin LI, Yao-hua YANG, Xiang ZENG, Yong-zhong WU, Pei-jin HUANG
    2016, 30(1): 44-52.  DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2016.5126
    Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1901KB) ( )  

    Mutant libraries are powerful tools for plant germplasm creation and functional analysis of genome. Using 93-11 (O. sativa ssp. indica cv. 93-11), an elite variety with complete genome sequences available, we established an irradiation-induced mutant library containing 3617 lines. Three hundred and eight mutant lines were obtained from M2 and M3 generations and classfied into 15 types of mutation, including plant height, tiller number, plant architecture, inflorescence architecture, spikelet architecture, fertility, leaf color, leaf shape, heading date, and bentazon resistance. The mutation frequencies ranged from 0.03% to 2.74%. Using reverse genetics approach, we found that CYP704B2 is the causal gene for two male sterile mutants and CYP81A6 is responsible for two bentazon-lethal mutations. For the two male sterile mutants, nucleotide substitution and deletion were detected in the third and fourth exons of CYP704B2, respectively. For the two bentazon-lethal mutants, a 7-bp and a 23-bp deletion were detected in the first and second exons of CYP81A6, respectively. Genetic studies revealed that wild-type plants and mutant plants segregated at 3:1 ratio, suggesting that these mutant traits were controlled by single recessive genes. Our study showed that this mutant library is a useful resource for rice genome functional analysis and rice genetic improvement.

    Mechanism Behind the Effects of GA3 and PP333 on Grain Yield Formation of Super Rice Yongyou 12
    Xue-qin YANG, Ting-ting CHEN, Xia ZHAO, Cai-xia ZHANG, Yong-jie YANG, Guan-fu FU, Long-xing TAO
    2016, 30(1): 53-61.  DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2016.4209
    Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1912KB) ( )  

    In order to improve spikelet fertility and grain weight of inferior spikelets in super rice, 3.2%GA3·PP333 (Lilibao,LLB) were sprayed on super rice Yongyou 12 three days after heading. We investigated the effect of LLB on grain yield and the underlying mechanisms. The results indicated that LLB increased the grain yield by 4.41% and 4.31% in 2012 and 2013, respectively compared to corresponding controls, while the theoretical yield showed 9.21% and 6.26% increment. This may be ascribed to increased seed-setting rate and grain weight under LLB treatment compared with the control. It had been observed that there was no significant difference in pollen viability and pollen numbers on stigma between the LLB treatment and control, while the LLB treatment significantly increased the pollen germination on stigma, which was responsible for the improvement in seed-setting rate. Additionally, the chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate and specific leaf weight of flag leaf in the LLB treatment were higher, while the ratios of soluble sugar content in leaf to grain were lower than those of the control in the late grain filling period, indicating that LLB could not only delay the leaf senescence but also promote transportation of assimilates to grains.

    Effect of Cold-water Stress at Grain-filling Stage on Starch Accumulation and Related Enzyme Activities in Grains of japonica Rice in Cold-region
    Nan XIA, Hong-wei ZHAO, Yan-chao LV, Zhen-dong ZHAO, De-tang ZOU, Hua-long LIU, Jing-guo WANG, Yan JIA
    2016, 30(1): 62-74.  DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2016.5099
    Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1048KB) ( )  

    A field experiment was conducted to reveal the influence of cold-water stress(17℃,lasting 3,6,9,12,15d) on grain starch synthesis and accumulation, yield components of japonica rice (Dongnong 428, Songjing 10 and Longdao 7) in cold-region during grain-filling stage, as well as the relationships between the changes in key enzymes activities related to starch synthesis and starch composition under cold-water stress. The results showed that compared with the control, soluble starch synthase (SSS) activity and starch branching enzyme (SBE) activity decreased, as well as the total starch contents and amylopectin content, while the amylose content increased under 17℃ cold-water stress during grain-filling stage. According to the correlation analysis,the activities of soluble starch synthase (SSS) and starch branching enzyme (SBE) were significantly correlated with grain starch accumulation, playing an equally important role in the changes of starch and its component contents. Meanwhile,the grain number per panicle, thousand seed weight and seed setting rate were significantly reduced during grain-filling stage. The amplitude of variation for every indicator increased gradually with lengthening cold-water treatment time. The indicators related to the yield components of japonica rice in cold-region varied with cold-water stress duration and can be used for the identification of cold resistance. According to the indexes under the cold-water stress for different japonica rice varieties in cold-region, Songjing 10 was the most susceptible, followed by Longdao 7 and Dongnong 428.

    Optimal Capillary Configuration Modes and Irrigation Intensities for Drip Irrigation with Plastic Film Mulching in Rice
    Hai-bing HE, Ru YANG, Li-quan WU, Fu-yu MA
    2016, 30(1): 75-84.  DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2016.5058
    Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1421KB) ( )  

    Rice under drip irrigation with plastic film mulching performances a potential and high productivity in arid and semiarid regions. Capillary configuration mode and irrigation intensity are key factors for high grain yield. To determine optimum capillary configuration mode and irrigation intensity in key growth stages, plot experiments were conducted with two cultivars in 2011 in Shihezi City of northern Xinjiang under various capillary configuration modes and irrigation intensities. The population showed the most uniform growth under one sheet of plastic film mulching (1.6 m wide) with four drip tapes and eight rows of rice (R1), followed by one sheet of plastic film mulching with two drip tapes and eight rows of rice (R2) and one sheet of plastic film mulching with one drip tape and eight rows rice (R3). In the R2 treatment, the rapid growth of rice plants in the row near to the drip tape made up for the slower growth of rice plants in the second row from the drip tape. There were no significant differences in grain yield, water use efficiency, and economic return between the R1 and R2 treatments. However, in the R3 treatment, rice growth and development was seriously reduced throughout the growing season in the two rows farthest from the drip tape (i.e., the third and fourth rows). As a result, grain yield, water use efficiency, and economic return were significantly lower in the R3 treatment than the R1 and R2 treatments across two cultivars and four irrigation intensities. Generally speaking, rice growth and development were significantly improved as irrigation intensity increased under drip irrigation with plastic film mulching. In conclusion, the distance between drip tapes should be in the range of 40-80 cm to obtain high grain yield under drip irrigation in silty loam soil. In addition, the irrigation regime of 11 mm /d was beneficial to growth and development of rice plants before heading, and 20-25 mm /d after heading.

    Effect of Formulated Fertilization and Postponed Application of Phosphorus Fertilizer on Phosphorus Utilization Efficiency, Grain Yield and Economic Benefit of Single-cropping Rice
    Peng LI, Jing-zhi ZHANG, Ya WEI, Jiang CHANG, Hong-jian GAO, Li-gan ZHANG, Yu-yu DING
    2016, 30(1): 85-92.  DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2016.5094
    Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (761KB) ( )  

    A field experiment was carried out to reveal the effects of conventional fertilization(CF), formulated fertilization(FF) and postponed application of phosphorus fertilizer(DAP) on phosphorus accumulation and its utilization efficiency, as well as grain yield and economic benefit in rice. The results showed that the phosphorus absorption and accumulation in rice of phosphorus in FF and DAP were higher than those in CF. And the contribution rate, absorption efficiency, agronomic use efficiency and partial fertilizer productivity of phosphorus in FF and DAP increased significantly (P<0.05) compared with CF. Moreover, under the same phosphorus level, the phosphorus accumulation amount and net absorption amount of rice during the later growth period in T3 (basal P:topdressed P = 7:3) were 6.86% and 20.07% higher than those in T2 (P used as basal fertilizer). Meanwhile, the contribution rate, absorption efficiency, agronomic use efficiency, partial fertilizer productivity and physiological efficiency of phosphorus in T3 increased by 36.56%, 23.10%, 46.16%, 7.09% and 18.25%, respectively. Compared with T2, the grain yield and output-input ratio also increased by 7.09% and 7.04%. The results indicated that FF, especially DAP increased phosphorus absorption and accumulation in rice during the growth duration, as well as the P utilization efficiency, grain yield and output-input ratio, which had a positive effect on increasing production and efficiency.

    Releasing and Recapturing Test of Marked Planthoppers(Sogatella furcifera) and Its Trajectory Simulation in Yunnan Province,China
    Hui-mei SHEN, Xiang-yong LI, Ai-dong SHEN, Xue-qing ZHAO, Yan-qiong YIN, Jian-ping LV, Bao-ping ZHAI, Wei-kui TIAN
    2016, 30(1): 93-98.  DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2016.5121
    Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1334KB) ( )  

    Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model and Grid Analysis and Display System (GrADS) were used to elucidate the migration path and landing mechanisms of white-backed planthoppers(Sogatella furcifera Horváth). Adult planthoppers in Menghai county, Yunnan Province were marked using spray method and released for 7 consecutive days from 24th May to 30th May, 2012. Subsequently, lamp trap method was used to collect the marked adults at 31 County sites of Yunnan. Microscopic analysis verified that one marked adult was collected at Gengma site, and two at Shuangjiang site. In late May, planthoppers can migrate from Menghai to Lincang site and the actual migration path was consistent with the HYSPLIT-simulated path. The migration distance of the two marked planthoppers was short because of the slow wind speeds. The convergence of southwest and southeast airflow was the main meteorological factor for the concentrated landing. These results demonstrated that planthoppers at Menghai rice producing areas were the source of planthoppers at Lincang rice producing area. We also verified that HYSPLIT is a simple and effective method to simulate the migration path of planthoppers.

    Reviews
    Research Progresses in Rice Spikelet Glume Development
    XUQian-kun, De-yong REN, Zi-zhuang LI, Da-li ZENG, Long-biao GUO, Qian QIAN
    2016, 30(1): 99-104.  DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2016.5153
    Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (369KB) ( )  

    Rice (Oryza sativa L.), a monocot model plant, is an important cereal crop in the world. The flowering time, inflorescence and floral organ morphological structure have significant influence on rice yield and quality. The research on the structure and development of floral organs is helpful to improve the grain yield and rice quality. The development and morphogenesis of floral organ is a vital process from vegetative growth to reproductive growth in rice. More and more biological researches focus on its developmental pattern and molecular mechanism. The glumes of rice spikelets are unique organs and consisted of lemmas, paleae, sterile lemmas and rudimentary glumes. The molecular mechanisms of the formation and origin of glumes keep poor understanding. Recently, further study of the glumes help to not only understand the rice spikelet and floral organ development, but also facilitate understanding of the regulatory network involved in rice spikelet and floral organ development. In this paper, we focus on the rice glume development and review the ABCDE model of floral organ specialization.

    Involvement of Plasma Membrane H+-ATPase in Uptake of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium by Rice Root
    Fei-yun XU, Mao-xing ZHANG, Hou-qing ZENG, Yi-yong ZHU
    2016, 30(1): 106-110.  DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2016.5115
    Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (493KB) ( )  

    Rice is an important staple crop in China. The yield of rice is closely related to the uptake of plant nutrients. As the major essential elements, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, their transport across the plasma membrane is critical for the nutrient absorption efficiency. The plasma membrane H+-ATPase actively drives H+ outside the plant cells. Thus the proton gradient across the plasma membrane not only builds up the membrane potential but also forms the proton motive force for the transport of various nutrients. This review illustrates the mechanism of plasma membrane H+-ATPase of rice roots involved in the uptake of nitrogen, phosphate and potassium to provide more strategies for improving the nutrition use efficiency.