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10 November 2013, Volume 27 Issue 6 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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Research Papers

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Study on  the Genetic Basis for  Abnormal Heading  in Hybrid Rice QU Lijun1,2, ZHANG Hongjun2, XIANG Chao2, WANG Hui3, XIA Jiafa3, LI Zefu3, GAO Yongming2,*, SHI Yingyao1,* 2013, 27(6): 559-568.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2013.06.001 Abstract ( )   PDF (1487KB) ( )   The problem of  abnormal heading in hybrid rice caused great economic losses in recent years. The genetic basis of this phenomenon is still ambiguous and not documented up to now. Four testcrossing populations were constructed using 38 introgression lines (ILs) from Shuhui 527/Fuhui 838 population as male parents and four male sterile lines (II32A, XieqingzaoA, Gang 46A and Jin 23A) as female parents. The phenotypic evaluation was conducted in Hefei, Hangzhou and  Guangzhou in late season. QTL associated with photosensitivity (PS) was identified using oneway analysis of variance (ANOVA) and twoway ANOVA methods with the genotypic and phenotypic data. Progeny testing showed that 55 combinations did not head in Hefei, but normally headed with delayed heading date in Hangzhou and Guangzhou. A total of 12 QTL for PS was found in more than two environments or populations. Using twoway ANOVA, 31 epistatic QTLs affecting PS were detected in Hangzhou and Guangzhou, five of which were stably expressed in different populations and environments. The loci interaction between RM331RM2, RM331RM5346, RM3395RM16 and RM3325RM53 played an important role in controlling the formation of Daqingke for combinations from testcrossing WD57, WD71, WD77, WD78, WD80, WD85 and WD88 with fourtypes of male sterile lines.

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QTL Mapping of Heterotic Loci of Yieldrelated Traits in Rice WANG Zhiquan1,2, JIANG Ling1, YIN Changbin3, WANG Xiaoling2, LEI Jianguo2, XIAO Yulong2, LIU Xi1, LIU Shijia1, CHEN Liangming1, YU Chuanyuan2, WAN Jianmin1，3，* 2013, 27(6): 569-576.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2013.06.002 Abstract ( )   PDF (429KB) ( )   A total of 66 chromosome segment substitution lines, derived from a cross between indica inbred line IR24 (as the recurrent parent) and japonica inbred line Asominori (as the donor parent), were used to investigate the heterotic loci in indica/ japonica intersubspecific rice hybrids. Each line was crossed with the background parent IR24, and the heterosis of F1 hybrids was estimated by comparing the F1   with its two parental lines. Field experiments were carried out across four different environments (2007, 2008 in Nanjing; 2007, 2008 in Nanchang) to evaluate yield and yieldrelated traits in the 66 lines and their 66 corresponding F1 hybrids. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analyses were conducted using a likelihood ratio test based on the stepwise regression. QTL were detected by statistical software QTL IciMapping using midparental heterosis as basic phenotypic data through a new   SSR map. As a result, 53 heterotic loci of yieldcomponent traits were identified with significant effects in different environments. Only one heterotic locus linked closely with marker RM488 on chromosome 1 was detected repeatedly in more than one environment,which might improve the plant height in F1 derivatives. Of all the heterotic loci, 22 (41.51%) showed positive effects, with LOD values ranging from 3.06 to 7.25, explaining 3.74% to 18.5% of the phenotypic variance respetively; 31 loci showed negative effects, with LOD values ranging from 3.07 to 9.70, explaining 0.45% to 30.78% of the phenotypic variance, respectively; Those loci with negative effects mainly affected the traits of grain weight per plant, no. of grains per panicle and seedsetting rate, which were closely related to those genes of hybrid sterility between indica and japonica rice.

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QTL Analysis for Yield Traits in Rice under Two Nitrogen Levels FENG Yue, ZHAI Rongrong, LIN Zechuan, CAO Liyong, WEI Xinghua, CHENG Shihua* 2013, 27(6): 577-584.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2013.06.003 Abstract ( )   PDF (2395KB) ( )   A recombinant inbred line (RIL) population, derived from a superhybrid rice Xieyou 9308 (Xieqingzao B×Zhonghui 9308) and its genetic linkage map were used to detect QTLs by Windows QTL Cartographer 2.5 for yield traits under low and normal   nitrogen conditions in rice. A total of 52 QTLs for yield traits distributing in 27 regions on nine chromosomes were detected, explaining 4.93%-26.73% of the phenotypic variation, separately for each QTL. Eleven QTLs were detected in both nitrogen conditions, and thirty different QTLs were detected under two nitrogen treatments, suggesting a different genetic basis controlling rice growth at low versus  normal nitrogen  conditions. QTLs for number of panicles per plant, number of spikelets per panicle, number of filled grains per panicle under two nitrogen conditions and grain density under low nitrogen conditions were detected at the interval RM135-RM168 on chromosome 3. QTLs for number of spikelets per panicle, number of filled grains per panicle under two nitrogen conditions and number of panicles per plant, grain density under low nitrogen condition were detected at the interval RM5556-RM310 on chromosome 8. The QTLs described above shared the similar regions with QTLs for rice nitrogen recycling reported previously.

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Genetic Analysis and Gene Mapping of Pale Green Leaf Mutant HM14 in Rice SHI Yongfeng＃, WEI Yanlin＃, FENG Baohua, WANG Huimei, XU Xia, HUANG Qina, LV Xiangguang, ZHANG Xiaobo, WU Jianli* 2013, 27(6): 585-590.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2013.06.004 Abstract ( )   PDF (587KB) ( )   The palegreen leaf mutant HM14 was isolated from an EMSinduced IR64 mutant bank. The mutant showed a stable palegreen leaf phenotype throughout the whole life cycle. The plant height of HM14 decreased significantly while other agronomic traits were largely similar to the wildtype IR64. The chlorophyll content of HM14 reduced notably at tillering stage when compared with IR64. The net photosynthetic rate of HM14 was significantly lower than the wildtype IR64 at filling stage while the transpiration rate was raised significantly. Genetic analysis showed that the pale green leaf phenotype was controlled by a single recessive gene. To determine the location of the gene, bulked segregant analysis was carried out using both the mutant and wildtype DNA pools. The gene pglHM14 was finally delimited to a region of 299 kb between SSR markers RM1812 and RM26092 on the short arm of chromosome 11.

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Effects of Application of Nitrogen as Paniclepromoting Fertilizer  on Seed Setting and Grain Quality of Rice under High Temperature Stress DUAN Hua1,2, FU Liang1, JU Chengxin1, LIU Lijun1, YANG Jianchang1，* 2013, 27(6): 591-602.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2013.06.005 Abstract ( )   PDF (1831KB) ( )   Effects of application of nitrogen as paniclepromoting fertilizer on grain yield and quality was studied with two midseason rice cultivars, Huhan 15 (indica) and Yangjing 4038 (japonica) grown in pots as materials under three nitrogen fertilizer levels, low   nitrogen  level(LN, 0.5 g urea per pot), medium   nitrogen level (MN, 1.0 g urea  per pot), and high  nitrogen  level(HN, 2.0 g urea  per pot) at the panicle initiation stage under high temperature. Both high temperature (mean temperature during the day/night at 35.1℃/20.8℃) and normal temperature (mean temperature during the day/night at 29.0℃/20.8℃) treatments were conducted during heading and grain filling. The grain yield and  rice quality were investigated under  these treatments. The results showed that at the same temperature, especially under high temperature, compared with the LN, the MN and HN significantly increased spikelet number per panicle, seedsetting rate, 1000grain weight, grain yield, head rice rate and short chain percentage  in debranched amylopectin, and reduced chalky grains and long chain in debranched amylopectin, especially at MN. Application of paniclepromoting fertilizer also increased the photosynthetic rate of flag leaf, root oxidation activity, and activities of the key enzymes involved in sucrosetostarch metabolic pathway in grains in the two cultivars. These results indicate that proper application of nitrogen as panicle fertilizer could maintain a higher grain yield and better quality of rice when subjected to high temperature during heading and grain filling, and increases in root and shoot activities contribute to the reducing adverse effects of high temperature on rice yield and quality.

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Effect of Exogenous Phytic Acid Application on Rice Grain Yield and Quality During Mid and Late Growth Stage ZHANG Weixing#, SUN Chengxiao#, MIN Jie, DUAN Binwu, ZHU Zhiwei* 2013, 27(6): 603-609.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2013.06.006 Abstract ( )   PDF (1054KB) ( )   The effect of exogenous phytic acid application on rice grain yield and quality was investigated by foliar spraying at six concentrations during mid and late growth stages with the hybrid rice Zhongzheyou 1 as material. The results showed that rice grain yield per plant increased by 4.1%-9.8% under foliar spraying of phytic acid at various concentrations, economic coefficient and plant height increased,but panicle length shortened, dry matter weights of main organs per plant at mature period dropped, moreover, quality traits such as brown and head milled rice rate, grain chalkiness increased, but milled rice yield, rice starch alkali digestion value and gel consistency descended, the contents of amylose and protein varied discrepantly. However, the effect of exogenous phytic acid spraying was not concentrationrelated but application stagerelated on seed setting rate, 1000grain weight, dry matter weight, economic coefficient, head milled and brown rice rates, grain chalkiness, rice starch alkali digestion value, protein content etc. The results indicated that foliar spraying of phytic acid at concentration of 0.25%-0.5% contributed to the improvement of rice grain yield and quality at the full heading or the grain filling stages.

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Effect of NoTillage on the Quality of Mechanical Transplanting, Growth and Grain Yield of Rice CHEN Huizhe, XIANG Jing, XU Yicheng, LIN Xianqing, ZHANG Yuping, ZHU Defeng* 2013, 27(6): 610-616.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2013.06.007 Abstract ( )   PDF (1067KB) ( )   Quality of mechanical transplanting, rice growth and grain yield was determined under notillage and mechanical transplanting in a field experiment with Zhongzheyou 1, Yongyou 9 and Yangliangyou 6 as material. The results showed that soil bulk density decreased from 1.0-1.1 g/cm3to 0.8-0.9 g/cm3 after 15 days soaking in 0-25 cm soil layer.  The seedling planting depth significantly decreased   by 40% under notillage, but the lodging and floating seedling rate increased. The total root biomass decreased under notillage, but the upper root percentage significantly increased compared with conventional tillage. For Zhongzheyou 1 and Yongyou 9,  the percentages were 7718% and 77.08%, respectively. Grain yield under notillage declined compared with conventional tillage, which was attributed to higher panicle number per square meter, lower grain number per panicle, seed setting rate and 1000grain weight.

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Effects of LongTerm NoTillage Direct Seeding Mode on Crop Yield and Soil Physiochemical Properties in Rice/Rapeseed Rotation System DU Xingbing1,2, LUO Lijun1 , CHEN Chen1, LI Shuangxi3, LIU Guolan1, WANG Feiming1, ZHANG Anning1, GU Xiaojun2, YU Xinqiao1,2,* 2013, 27(6): 617-623.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2013.06.008 Abstract ( )   PDF (1025KB) ( )   In order to study the effects of longterm notillage direct seeding mode on crop yield and soil physiochemical properties in rice/rapeseed rotation system, a comparison experiment with watersaving and droughtresistance rice (WDR) variety and a double low rapeseed variety was conducted under notillage direct seeding mode (NTDS) and conventional tillage direct seeding mode (CTDS) for 4 years, with CTDS as control. The results showed that the actual yield of WDR decreased by 8.10% at the first year, then the plant height, the spikelet number per panicle, the seed setting rate, the 1000grain weight, grain yield, actual yield and harvest index increased with increasing notillage years, which led to an actual yield increase of 6.49% at the 4th year, compared with CTDS. Correlation analysis showed that the panicle length was significantly related to WDR’s actual  rice grain yield. Under CTDS，decreased plant height, pod number per plant, 1000grain weight of rapeseed led to the loss of actual rice yield, and the loss decreased with notillage years, the actual yield under NTDS was the same as that under CTDS at the 4th year. Correlation analysis showed that the seed number per pod were significantly related to rapeseed’s actual yield. Compared with CTDS, the pH value of NTDS decreased every year, the contents of soil organic matter and the total N of the NTDS increased. The NTDS mode are propitious to improve the paddy soil fertility in the top layer(0-5 cm). In the top layer under NTDS mode, the soil bulk decreased, while the contents of soil organic matter, the total N and the available N increased; in the 5-20 cm layer under NTDS mode, the soil bulk, the contents of soil organic matter, the total N increased, while the available N,K decreased. NTDS is benefit to increase the crop yield under the test. And it is propitious to improve the paddy soil fertility in the top layer.

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Effects of Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stl) (Homoptera: Delphacidae), Feeding on Callose Deposition in Rice with Different Tolerance YANG Li1,2, CHEN Jianming1,*, ZHANG Haiqiang1,2, ZHANG Juefeng1, HE Yueping1 2013, 27(6): 624-632.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2013.06.009 Abstract ( )   PDF (832KB) ( )   Effect of feeding of brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stl), on depositional site, shape and numbers of callose in various leafsheath tissues were investigated using frozen section and fluoresence microscopy. The results showed that callose was mainly deposited in phloem, parenchyma, epidermal and xylem tissues, with phloem being dominant. Most calloses have a small granular shape. After treated with BPH feeding, manual acupuncture or injection of BPH saliva, numbers and distribution of callose in leafsheath increased evidently in each of the three rice varieties that have different tolerance, in particular in the susceptible variety TN1. As compared with healthy plants (control), after eight days recovery growth from BPH removal, callose number and distribution did not change significantly in TN1 leafsheaths, reduced evidently in the tolerant variety Utri Rajapan, and reduced slightly in the antibiosis variety Rathu Heenati. By contract, in the treatments of manual acupuncture or injection of BPH saliva, numbers and distribution of callose after eight days of recovery growth were significantly increased in the susceptible variety, changed little in tolerant variety, and increased slightly in antibiosis variety, as compared with control plants. It was concluded that tolerance of rice varieties were related to abundance of callose deposited in phloem tissue of leafsheath.

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Screening of RBSDV p10 Interacting Proteins in Small Brown Planthoppers by Yeast Two Hybrid System XU Qiufang, CHEN Qingqing, ZHANG Jinfeng, LI Shuo, NI Haiping, ZHOU Yijun* 2013, 27(6): 633-638.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2013.06.010 Abstract ( )   PDF (565KB) ( )   To reveal protein factors in Laodelphax striatellus Fallen(the small brown planthopper, SBPH) that related to Rice blackstreaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) transmission, the outer capsid protein p10 encoded by RBSDV S10 was selected as bait to screen the SBPH cDNA library. RBSDV p10 gene was inserted to pGBKT7 vector and the bait plasmid pGBKT7p10 was constructed. The result of autoactivation test showed that p10 could not autonomously activate the expression of reporter genes in yeast and had no toxicity to yeast cell. To obtain the interacting proteins with p10, the pGADT7cDNA library plasmids were transformed to the yeast AH109 which contains pGBKT7p10. Three hundred and twentysix positive clones were acquired. The sequencing results show that these positive clones encode 14 proteins, including Actin 1, GAPDH and RACK. These interacting proteins were involved in several processes such as endocytosis, exocytosis and membrane fusion. The interactions between p10 and these proteins may be related to the viral circulation and proliferation in insect vector.

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Characterization of Glyceraldehyde3phosphate Dehydrogenase Gene Sequences of Different Anastomosis Group Rhizoctonia solani  WANG Yanli, REN Yanchun, ZHANG Zhen, WANG Jiaoyu, MAO Xueqin, JIANG Hua, QIU Haiping, CHAI Rongyao, DU Xinfa, SUN Guochang* 2013, 27(6): 639-646.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2013.06.011 Abstract ( )   PDF (1163KB) ( )   Full length cDNA sequences of glyceraldehyde3phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) gene from 11 anastomosis groups (AGs) of Rhizoctonia solani were isolated by PCRbased strategies. The open reading frames (ORFs) of the GPD genes(from ATG to TGA) showed some differences in exon numbers, splicing modes and lengths of coding sequences.  GPD genes from AG22ⅢB, AG22Ⅳand AG8 have 10 exons, while those from the other AGs have 11 exons; GPD gene from AG8 encodes a protein of 267 amino acids, those from the other AGs encode proteins with about 340 amino acids. Meanwhile, intron deletions were found in the GPD genes from AG22ⅢB, AG22Ⅳ and AG8 at amino acid 98, 98 and 272, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis show that the GPD genes can effectively distinguish the different AGs. Further, the GPD genes from different AGs can differentiate all the AGs of R. solani from other fungi, implying the GPD gene is a useful alternative to the 5.8S rDNAITS gene for determination of phylogenetic relationships among different AGs and between Rhizoctonia and other fungi.

Reviews and Special Topics

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Effect of Rhizosphere Dissolved Oxygen on Nitrogen Utilization of Rice ZHAO Xia, XU Chunmei, WANG Danying, CHEN Song, JI Chenglin, CHEN Liping, ZHANG Xiufu* 2013, 27(6): 647-652.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2013.06.012 Abstract ( )   PDF (607KB) ( )   Low  rhizosphere dissolved oxygen in  waterlogged paddy, leads to  a series of changes in soil physical and chemical properties and soil microbial community structure,  directly or indirectly affecting  the nitrogen cycling and utilizing process, including nitrification, denitrification, mineralization, as well as the ratio of nitrogen forms in soil (NH4+N and NO3-N) . This circumstance is unfavorable to N absorption and utilization. This review summarized the progresses in research at home and abroad from three aspects such as absorption and utilization   of different forms of nitrogen, the effect of rhizosphere dissolved oxygen on nitrogen absorption and metabolism  in  rice. Also, by considering the results of research on   rice nitrogen oxygen interaction mechanism of our team  in recent years, the future research was discussed.

Short Communications

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Involvement of Antioxidative Defense System in Rice Seedlings Exposed to Aluminum Toxicity and Phosphorus Deficiency GUO Tianrong*, YAO Pengcheng, ZHANG Zidong, WANG Jiangjia, WANG Mei 2013, 27(6): 653-657.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2013.06.013 Abstract ( )   PDF (427KB) ( )   Plants growing in acid soils may suffer both phosphorus (P) deficiency and aluminum (Al) toxicity. Hydroponic experiments were undertaken to assess the single and combination effects of Al toxicity and low P stress on seedling growth, chlorophyll and proline contents, antioxidative response and lipid peroxidation of two rice genotypes (Yongyou 8 and Xiushui 132) differing in Al tolerance. Al toxicity and P deficiency both inhibited rice seedling growth. The development of toxic symptoms was characterized by reduced chlorophyll content, increased proline and malondialdehyde contents in both roots and leaves, and increased peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities in roots, but decreased in leaves. The stress condition induced more severe growth inhibition and oxidative stress in Yongyou 8, and Xiushui 132 showed higher tolerance to both Al toxicity and P deficiency. P deficiency aggravated Al toxicity to plant growth and induced more severe lipid peroxidation.

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Refined Climatic Division of Rice Planting Distribution Using GIS in Guangxi, China HE Yan1, WANG Bin2, JIANG Ligeng2, MENG Cuili1, OU Zhaorong1, XU Shihong3,* 2013, 27(6): 658-664.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2013.06.014 Abstract ( )   PDF (957KB) ( )   According to the climatic requirements of rice growth and development, four key climatic factors, including length of safe period for rice cropping, active accumulated temperature during the safe period, sunshine hours during the period when daily mean temperature above 10°C and annual mean temperature, were selected as the indices to classify agroclimatic zones for rice cropping in Guangxi. Climatic data during 1961 to 2010 and related geographical information data of 90 weather stations in Guangxi were used to establish spatial calculating models for the classification indices. The spatial calculating models for the safe period for rice cropping( Y＝1193.028-9.831 φ -0.086h-6.680 λ), the active accumulated temperature during the safe period (Y＝30166.74-262.656 φ -2.848 h -165.549 λ), the sunshine hours during the period when daily mean temperature above 10°C (Y=6665.195-110.344 φ -0.416 h -23416 λ), and the annual mean temperature (Y＝73.237-0.735 φ -0.005 h -0.314 λ) were obtained by using geographic infermation system (GIS) technology and stepwise regression method, and finegrid calculation and residual error correction were carried out for each classification index. Based on the identified classification rules, four agroclimatic zones, namely latematuring doublerice cropping zone, middle and latematuring doublerice cropping zone, early and middlematuring doublerice cropping zone, and single riceratoon rice cropping zone, were classified for rice cropping in Guangxi, and the map of agroclimatic zones for rice cropping in Guangxi was built.