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10 October 2002, Volume 16 Issue 4 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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综述与专论
研究报告
研究简报
实验技术


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综述与专论

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Strategy of in Silico Cloning of Functional Genes in Rice (Oryza sativa) HUANG Ji ,ZHANG Hong-sheng ,CAO Ya-jun ,QIAN Xiao-yin ,YANG Jin-shui 2002, 16(4): 295-298 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (204KB) ( )   In silico cloning was a new way of gene cloning by bioinfomatics, which developed with genome enforcement and EST project. Since the rice draft sequence of genome was published in public, it was possible to isolate the functional genes of rice by in silico cloning. The principle, application, related resource of bioinformatics, problems and the prospect of in silico cloning of functional genes in rice were reviewed.

研究报告

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Monitoring the Expression Pattern of Some Metabolic Important Genes in Germinating Rice by Using cDNA Microarray SUN Liang-xian ,DONG Hai-tao ,LI De-bao 2002, 16(4): 299-303 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (288KB) ( )   cDNA microarray containing 2200 rice ESTs was used for monitoring the expression profiles of plumule, mesocotyl (including scutellum and aleurone tissue) and radicle in germinating rice seeds. One thousand and thirty two constitutively and differentially expressed genes were identified. Among them, 55, 106 and 36 genes were specifically expressed in plumule, radicle, and mesocotyl, respectively. Using mesocotyl as standard, 70 genes, including elongation factor 1 gene and several ribosomal protein genes, were up regulated expressed in both plumule and radicle, which contributed to cell differentiation and growth at apical points. Thirty six mesocotyl specific genes were mostly involved in the metabolism of storage materials in endosperm, such as polyubiquitin gene and phosphoglycerate kinase.

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Optimization of Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation of Rice and Regeneration of Transgenic Plants with Antisense Waxy Gene YU Heng-xiu ,LIU Qiao-quan ,CHEN Xiu-hua ,LU Mei-fang ,WANG Xing-wen,WANG Zong-yang ,GU Ming-hong 2002, 16(4): 304-310 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (360KB) ( )   Several rice varieties with various amylose content in grains were used for optimization of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of rice, and the suitable medium for induction of callus and suitable initially culture time were studied. For this transformation system, the HRM medium, based on the MS basal medium, was suitable for induction of callus from immature embryos. In the case of indica rice Xieqingzao B, the suitable time of initially culture in this medium was 8 days before co culturing with Agrobacterium. Based on this transformation system, the antisense waxy gene was introduced into different rice varieties and many transgenic lines were produced. Most of these transgenic plants were confirmed by PCR and Southern blot technique, and the results indicated that the T-DNA had been integrated into the genome of transgenic rice plants. Genetic analysis of some T1 transgenic plants showed that the transgenes were segregated normally in the progenies.

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Mapping the Gene Wbph2 in ARC10239 Resistant to the Whitebacked Planthopper, Sogatella furcifera in Rice LIU Zhi-yan ,LIU Guang-jie ,Kazushige SOGAWA ,ZHUANG Jie-yun ,CHEN Shen-guang ,SHEN Jun-hui ,ZHENG Kang-le 2002, 16(4): 311-314 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (230KB) ( )   The F2 population of ARC10239/Minghui 63 was screened for the resistance to the whitebacked planthopper, Sogatella furcifera. The DNA extracted from the susceptible F2 individuals was mixed, forming a susceptible DNA bulk. The polymorphisms in the resistant parent ARC10239, the susceptible parent Minghui 63 and the susceptible DNA bulk were tested by using 129 probes in combination with four enzymes of BamHⅠ, DraⅠ, EcoR Ⅴ and HindⅢ. Six positive probes were obtained, distributing in five rice chromosomes (Chromosome 3, 6, 8, 11 and 12). The positive probes were used to screen for the F2 population of 142 individuals, revealing that Wbph2 was linked with the markers RZ667, RG64 and RG264 on the chromosome 6. Among the markers, the distance of RZ667 to Wbph2 was 25.6 cM (LOD=4.50).

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Response of Some Agronomic Traits to Cold Selection at Seedling Stage in Rice HAN Long-zhi ,QIAO Yong-li ,KOH Hee-jeong ,PIAO Zhong-ze ,WON Yong-jae 2002, 16(4): 315-320 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (300KB) ( )   Three combinations (Milyang 23/Tong 88-7, Milyang 23/TR22183, Milyang 23/Gaochan 102) between indica and japonica rice cultivars were used to analyze responses of some agronomic traits to cold selection at seedling stage. Cold water responses of selected individuals or lines for higher seedling cold tolerance to some agronomic traits were compared with those of unselected individuals or selected lines for lower seedling cold tolerance in F2 and F3 generations. There was no significant difference in culm length, panicle length and panicles per plant between the selected and unselected F2 individuals by leaf discoloration at seedling stage through cold treatment, but spikelet fertility under cold water irrigation in the selected population by seedling cold tolerance was significantly higher than that in the unselected. The selection by cold tolerance at seedling stage in F 3 lines generally led to increase both cold tolerance for leaf discoloration at tillering stage and seed setting rate under cold water irrigation. Grain yield of F3 lines selected for high seedling cold tolerance was much higher than that of lines selected for low seedling cold tolerance under cold water irrigation.

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Breeding of Dwarfing Variants with the Technique of Somaclonal Variation for Photo- (Thermo-) Sensitive Genic Male Sterile Line Zhu 1S LIU Xuan-ming ,YANG Yuan-zhu ,CHEN Cai-yan ,TANG Ping-lai ,LIU Bin ,FU Chen-jian 2002, 16(4): 321-325 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (218KB) ( )   Zhu 1S is an indica male sterile line with low critical temperature of fertility change, high ability of resistance, and good combining ability. For improving its unexpected plant height, somaclonal lines were established by culturing explants including young spikelets and mature embryos. Variants were obtained from somaclonal lines by subculturing these calli and treating them with chemical reagent. The variation percentage was above 40%. Somaclonal variant lines,SV5,SV10 and SV14, were got from variants above. They were dwarfing variants and could inherit stably. Dwarfing variant SV14 had obvious superiority in combining ability and rice yield, it might be spreaded widely in rice production.

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Relationship Between Leaf Senescence and Activated Oxygen Metabolism in Super High Yielding Rice During Flowering and Grain Formation Stage ZHU Cheng ,FU Ya-ping ,SUN Zong-xiu 2002, 16(4): 326-330 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (232KB) ( )   Changes of activated oxygen and H2O2, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, autoxidation rate, lipoxygenase(LOX) and activity of enzymes involving cell defense in leaf of super high yielding rice (Pei’ai 64S/9311 and Xieyou 9308) after heading stage were studied. Results suggested that the possible process of leaf senescence in Pei’ai 64S/9311 and Xieyou 9308 followed activity of enzymes involving cell protective enzymes (SOD,CAT,POD,ASP) decrease and LOX activity increase, which further led to lipid peroxidation, with consequence degradation of chlorophyll and protein. The leaf senescence rate of Pei’ai 64S/9311 was faster than that of Xieyou 9308.

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Effect of Nitrogen Levels on Photosynthetic Characteristics of Rice Variety (Combination) Shanyou 64 and Kinmaze WANG Ren-lei ,HUA Chun ,WEI Jin-cheng 2002, 16(4): 331-334 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (213KB) ( )   Pot culture of lack nitrogen(ON, control),low nitrogen(LN),medium nitrogen (MN), high nitrogen(HN) and super high nitrogen(SN) was conducted to investigate the growth of plants and leaves, total N content of leaves, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, photorespiratory rate, stomatal and mesophyll conductance in hybrid rice Shanyou 64 and conventional rice Kinmaze. Results showed that the tiller number and height of plants,total N content of leaves, chlorophyll content, photorespiratory rate, mesophyll conductance raised as increasing nitrogen levels, but stomatal density decreased. Shanyou 64 and Kinmaze had different changing trends in net photosynthetic rate. Net photosynthetic rate of Kinmaze raised as increasing nitrogen levels, but that of Shanyou 64 decreased under HN and SN levels. The increase of photosynthetic oxidative cycle was more than that of photosynthetic reduced cycle under HN and SN levels in both varieties.

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Comparison on the Grain-Filling Properties of Paddy Rice and Upland Rice CHENG Wang-da ,ZHAO Guo-ping ,ZHANG Guo-ping ,YAO Hai-gen 2002, 16(4): 335-340 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (273KB) ( )   The grain filling processes of paddy rice and upland rice under conventional paddy cultivation (PC) and plastic film mulched dry cultivation (DC) were fitted by Richards growth equation to study the difference in grain filling properties between the two types of rice. Results showed that effective panicles and grain weight of paddy rice decreased significantly under DC compared to those under PC,leading to significant reduction in grain yield of paddy rice under DC. In comparison with PC, DC reduced grain filling rates of both the superior and inferior grains, shortened active grain filling period, weakened initial grain filling potential of both the superior and medium grains and delayed occurrence of the maximum grain filling rate of paddy rice. In addition, under the DC condition, paddy rice had small difference in the time reaching the maximum grain filling rate between superior grains and inferior ones, so the grain filling of the inferior grains was worsened. Moreover, the difference in grain filling rate between the superior grains and inferior ones was further enlarged in paddy rice under DC relative to PC. As a result, paddy rice had lower seed setting rate and grain weight under DC than those under PC. Less variations in grain filling, grain yield and its components between DC and PC were found in upland rice relative to paddy rice. Compared to paddy rice, upland rice showed lower initial grain filling potential, especially for the superior and medium grains, stronger competition for assimilates in both superior and medium grains at early and middle filling stages, leading to less availability of assimilates to the inferior grains, which could be attributed to low seed setting rate, grain weight and finally low yield. Results also showed that upland rice had the less variation in the parameters related to grain filling processes in comparison with paddy rice under DC. Under the DC condition, the lower grain filling rate and longer active grain filling period were found in paddy rice relative to upland rice. Thus paddy rice showed greater difference in synchronism of grain filling between the superior and inferior grains relative to upland rice.

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Selenium Analysis of Some Polished Rice in China and Effect of Biological Selenium-Enriched Fertilizers on Level and Chemical Constitution of Selenium in Rice Grains CHEN Li-cheng ,YANG Fang-mei ,ZHANG Yan-ling ,HU Qiu-hui ,PAN Gen-xing 2002, 16(4): 341-345 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (247KB) ( )   Selenium contents of 52 samples of polished rice from various rice varieties in Jiangsu Province and 30 samples of polished rice from different regions of China were determined by hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry, and the effect of foliar application of selenium enriched fertilizer on content and constitution of selenium in rice were also studied. Results showed that the mean selenium contents of rice in Jiangsu and some regions of China were 0.025±0.011 mg/kg (ranged from 0.011 mg/kg to 0.055 mg/kg) and 0.035±0.009 mg/kg (ranged from 0.015 mg/kg to 0.056 mg/kg) respectively. Rice in Enshi was found to have the highest rice selenium content at 0.262 mg/kg among all rice samples. Based on cereal food intake recommended by China Nutrition Society, the daily dietary selenium intake from rice for an adult in Jiangsu and others were estimated to be 10.5-17.5 μg and 7.5-12.5 μg respectively, which contributed a very low dietary selenium intake for inhabitants. Selenium contents of rice were significantly increased to 0.471-0.640 mg/kg by foliar application of selenium enriched bio fertilizer with selenite or selenate, and the portion of organo selenium were enhanced from 78.38% in regular rice to 87.11%-89.08% in selenium enriched rice. Selenium content and assimilation of rice could be promoted by selenium foliar application on rice. As rice is staple food in China, selenium enriched rice through bio enrichment with selenium would be a good selenium source for the population in selenium deficient regions.

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Optimal Nitrogen Application for Direct-Seeding Early Rice ZHANG Qi-chun,WANG Guang-huo 2002, 16(4): 346-350 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (237KB) ( )   The agronomic performance of a newly developed site specific nutrient management (SSNM) technique was tested against the farmer’s fertilizer practice (FFP) in farmer’s rice fields for N fertilizer application to direct seeding early rice at Jinhua City of Zhejiang Province. Results showed that SSNM increased rice yield significantly and improved N use efficiency substantially. The main benefit of SSNM was related to its improved splitting and timing of fertilizer N applications leading to a more balanced supply of N nutrition for rice growth than the common fertilizer practice. When 100 kg/hm2 N was applied into plots, recovery N use efficiency was 0.36 and agronomic N use efficiency was 15.24, and grain yield could be over 6 t/hm2

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Relationships of Different Cultural Patterns of a Predominant Japonica Rice Variety and Population Variation of Antagonistic Bacteria Against Rice Sheath Blight and the Bacterial Species YU Xue-fang ,XIE Guan-lin ,J. SWINGS ,T. W. MEW 2002, 16(4): 351-355 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (261KB) ( )   Population variation and species of antagonistic bacteria against rice sheath blight under direct row seeding, direct broadcast seeding and transplanted cultural pattern with same japonica rice Bing 96-42 were surveyed in Yuhang, Hangzhou City and their relationships were analyzed. Seven thousand one hundred and ninety three bacterial strains were isolated from 810 rice samples of leaf,sheath and grain collected at six different growth stages under the three cultural patterns. Results showed that the population density of antagonistic bacteria was the highest on sheath and the lowest on grain among the three parts of rice plants under each cultural pattern and basically declined with the maturity of rice plants. Appearance of peak of the antagonistic bacteria at growth stages varied with different cultural patterns. The percentage of antagonistic bacteria against the total bacterial population was maintained at 3.6%-4.8% under direct row seeding cultural pattern from seedling to waxy ripening stages and no significant difference among the six stages, however, it varied with different growth stages of rice under other cultural patterns. Fourteen bacterial species or types of eight genera were identified from 539 antagonistic bacteria. No relationship was observed between the cultural patterns and bacterial species of the antagonistic bacteria.

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Screening,Taxonomy of Antagonistic Strain B34 Against Rhizoctonia solani and Acquirement of the Antiseptic Protein ZHENG Ai-ping,LI Ping,WANG Shi-quan,WANG Ling-xia,MA Bing-tian 2002, 16(4): 356-360 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (262KB) ( )   A strain B34 against Rhizoctonia solani was screened from rice plant,in vitro the inhibition zone width was 10 3 mm. Results of analysis on chemical components in cell wall, physiological and biochemical characters of B34, indicated it was Pseudomonas aureofaciens. When its crude extracts were treated by proteinase K and trypsin, the antagonism disappeared. The crude protein of B34 was obtained with 70% staturated (NH4)2SO4. The protein was purified by ion-exchange and gel filtration LKB chromatography. One antagonistic peak was attained and showed only single band with 33.0 kDa by SDS-PAGE. The purified protein crystal of antiseptic protein was obtained.

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Purification and Properties of Antagonistic Peptide Produced by Bacillus subtilis A30 HE Qing-fang,CHEN Wei-liang,MA Zhi-chao 2002, 16(4): 361-365 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (242KB) ( )   Bacillus subtilis A30 showed strong antagonistic activities to several fungal pathogens, e.g. Rhizoctonia solani, Magnaporthe grisea, etc. in vitro. A30 culture showed good control efficiency to rice sheath blight in the field. An antagonistic substance produced by A30 was purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation, FPLC and HPLC and named P1. P1 was both thermostable and proteinases stable. Its ninhydrin reaction was negative, but after acid hydrolysis, its ninhydrin reaction and biuret reaction were positive. Its molecular weight was primarily determined as 1476.7 Da according to the LC-ESI-MS analysis.

研究简报

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Test on Compatibility of Indica-Compatible Japonica Lines in Rice DING Xiao-hua,CHEN Yue-jin,YANG Chang-shou,LU Yong-gen,ZHANG Gui-quan 2002, 16(4): 366-368 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (163KB) ( )   The indica compatible japonica line(ICJL), a kind of new rice germplasm, can produce fertile F1 with indica and should be characterized by japonica genome. The test method and identification standard of the compatibility for ICJL were developed. Six indica varieties and six japonica varieties were suggested as testers. Crossed with six indica testers, the indica compatible lines should produce F 1 hybrids with an average pollen and spikelet fertility above 85% and 80%, respectively. The compatibility of ten candidate ICJLs were studied by using testers. It indicated that the compatibility with indica of four candidate ICJLs were found to be high enough to accord with the demand of indica compatible line. The ICJLs G2416-3 and G2417-2-1 were grouped into exceptionally indica compatible lines on their low japonica compatibility, while G2605 and G3004-4 were grouped into wide-compatible lines on their high japonica-compatibility.

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Apparent Amylose Content of Rice Grain is Controlled by Two Non-allelic Genes CHEN Ye-jian ,SHU Qing-yao ,ZHANG Zeng-qin ,CHENG Shi-hua ,SUN Zong-xiu ,WU Ping 2002, 16(4): 369-371 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (163KB) ( )   By using an intersubspecific DH population (02428/Teqing), the inheritance mode of rice apparent amylose content(AAC) together with its two components hot water insoluble amylose content (HISAC) and hot-water-soluble amylose content(HSAC) was studied. It was revealed that HISAC and HSAC were controlled by two non-allelic genes, Amyi(t) for HISAC and Amys(t) for HSAC, respectively. These two genes were highly linked, with a genetic distance of 12.9 cM. Therefore, AAC was controlled by two non allelic genes, however, it looked like a single locus because of their linkage.

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Model of Dry Matter Production and Light Interception for Rice in Plastic Film Mulched Upland PENG Shi-zhang,LI Rong-chao 2002, 16(4): 372-374 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (159KB) ( )   Relationship between dry matter production and light interception by canopy was analyzed based on the data of canopy structure and rice dry matter measured in different growth stages of rice experimental field under plastic film mulched upland (RPFMU) and water saving irrigation condition. Two formulas are proposed that comparatively reasonable to describe the regulation of dry matter growth of RPFMU.

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Preliminary Study on Liquefying Conditions in Ethanol Production from Early Indica Rice HE Guo-qing,YIN Yuan-ming,GE Hong-juan,ZHANG Hao 2002, 16(4): 375-377 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (146KB) ( )   The liquefying conditions in starch hydrolysed into sugar for ethanol production from indica rice were studied. The experimental results showed the liquefying conditions had great effect on transformable efficiency and the optimum liquefying conditions were composed of 1∶3.5 of rice flour to water ratio, 50 U/g rice of α-amylase amount, and 100 mesh of mash size.

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Weed Control Technique for Upland Rice after Seedling Emergence LI Dong-po,WU Zhi-jie 2002, 16(4): 378-380 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (154KB) ( )   Different combinations of herbicide 20% propanil and 56% mcpa Na were used to upland rice for post emergence treatment in 1996-1998. Results showed that 20% propanil 7.5-11.5 kg/hm2 combining with 56% mcpa Na 0.25-0.75 kg/hm2 and sprayed with water 750-900 kg/hm2 on stems and leaves at 2-6 leaves seedling stage could get satisfying effects, the rice plant grew strongly and had resistance to lodging. Within safety and valid range, the combinations had no adverse effect on plant height, tiller number, panicle length, and grains number per panicle.

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Observation on Nakataea sigmoidea, Vegetative Progeny of Sclerotium oryzae, and Production of Conidium WU Hai-yan ,XIN Hui-pu 2002, 16(4): 381-384 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (217KB) ( )   Nakataea sigmoidea Hara, vegetative progeny of Sclerotium oryzae was reported firstly in Heilongjiang Province of China, and its artificial cultural condition was studied. Results suggested that pathogen could not produce conidia under dark condition, natural lighting could stimulate production of conidia, many conidia were produced on water agar medium under natural lighting. Growth substance and microelement could not stimulate the production of more conidia. C/N ratio had effect on sclerotium producing conidia, percentage of producing conidia was 54.23% when the ratio of C/N was 10/1.

实验技术

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Detached-Rice Appraisement Method for Rice Resistance to Striped Stem Borer YAO Qing,LAI Feng-xiang,ZHANG Zhi-tao 2002, 16(4): 385-386 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (103KB) ( )   A detached rice appraisement method for evaluating the resistance of conventional rice and transgenic rice to striped stem borer was developed. This method overcame problems such as: stems were difficult to maintain freshly in longer time, operation was complex, and striped stem borers often escaped and so on in previous methods. It was reliable and the operation could be easily normalized.