Abstract: 【Objective】To determine the effects of efficient, reduced-input pesticide and nitrogen (N) fertilizer application via unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) on the yield formation and energy efficiency of machine-transplanted rice. This study proposes an optimal model for adapting reduced N fertilizer and pesticide inputs to UAV operational efficiency, providing a theoretical foundation and practical basis for integrated UAV fertilizer and pesticide application systems. 【Methods】A randomized block design was used with two drone flight speeds and four fertilizer-pesticide reduction treatments. Two drone speeds were set: 5.0 m/s (F1) and 5.5 m/s (F2). Four treatments with proportionally reduced N fertilizer and pesticide application were established: conventional application rate (N1), 10% reduction (N2), 20% reduction (N3), and 30% reduction (N4). Manual conventional application (CK1) and no application (CK2) served as controls. The study examined the effects of UAV flight speed and combined reduction treatments on machine-transplanted rice yield, plant population quality, and energy efficiency, while exploring the relationship between yield formation and energy efficiency under the UAV-based integrated fertilizer and pesticide application model. 【Results】Compared with the CK1 treatment, the F1N1, F2N1, F1N2, and F2N2 treatments increased yields by 1.22%-1.96%, with no significant yield differences among treatments and disease control efficacy exceeding 84% in all cases. Notably, under 10% reduced fertilizer and pesticide application, treatments F1N2 and F2N2 exhibited increases of 1.73%-13.24% in both dry matter transport volume and rate, as well as N transport volume and rate. N partial factor productivity, N uptake efficiency, and N harvest index increased by 12.48%-12.89%, 17.84%-18.75%, and 1.86%-2.30%, respectively. Energy output, net energy and energy utilisation efficiency increased by 0.54%-0.66%, 0.98%-1.11%, and 5.47%-5.52%, respectively. Under identical fertilizer-pesticide regimes, a 10% increase in drone flight speed raised electricity consumption by 5.19%-10.11%. However, reduced labor hours offset electricity costs, yielding the highest net profit of 8,848.94 yuan/hm2 under the F2N2 treatment. This demonstrates that a 10% increase in UAV speed combined with a 10% reduction in N fertilizer and pesticide application (F2N2 treatment) enhances operational efficiency and reduces production costs (labor) while maintaining net profit. This achieves cost savings and efficiency gains, representing the optimal production model for N fertilizer and pesticide reduction adapted to UAV operational efficiency in this trial. 【Conclusion】The 10% drone speed increase coupled with 10% integrated N fertiliser and pesticide reduction drives synergistic optimization of yield, ecology, and energy efficiency in machine-transplanted rice through an optimised compensation mechanism. This achieves unified synergies of fertilizer and pesticide savings alongside high yields and efficiency, providing theoretical and technical support for fully mechanised green rice production.

Key words: rice, UAV, flight rate, N fertilizer, pesticide, production energy efficiency

摘要： 【目的】明确无人机高效减量喷洒农药与氮肥对机插稻产量形成与能效的影响，提出氮肥农药减量适配无人机作业效率的最佳模式，为无人机肥药综合生产模式提供理论基础和实践依据。【方法】设置无人机飞行速度与肥药综合减施随机区组试验，2种无人机飞行速度分别为5.0 m/s (F1)和5.5 m/s (F2)；4种氮肥农药同比例减施处理分别为氮肥农药综合常规用量处理(N1)、减量10% (N2)、减量20% (N3)、减量30% (N4)，并设人工常规氮肥农药处理(CK1)和不施肥药处理(CK2)为对照，研究无人机飞行速度与氮肥农药综合减施处理对机插稻产量、群体质量及能效的影响，并探讨无人机肥药综合生产模式下机插稻产量形成与能效间的关系。【结果】与CK1处理相比，F1N1、F2N1、F1N2和F2N2处理增产1.22%~1.96%，各处理产量差异不显著且对病害防治效果均达84%以上。尤其是F1N2和F2N2处理，在肥药减量10%条件下，群体干物质转运量、转运率和氮素转运量、转运率增加了1.73%~13.24%，氮肥偏生产力、氮肥吸收利用率和氮素收获指数分别增加12.48%~12.89%、17.84%~18.75%、1.86%~2.30%，能量产出、净能量、能量利用效率分别增加0.54%~0.66%、0.98%~1.11%、5.47%~5.52%。同一肥药模式下，无人机飞行提速10%电能耗量增加5.19%~10.11%，但缩短了劳动力工作时间，可补偿电能成本，净收益以F2N2处理8848.94 元/hm2最高。表明无人机提速10%配合氮肥农药减量10% (F2N2处理)，在保障净收益的基础上提高工作效率和节省生产成本(劳动力)，达到节本增效，为本研究氮肥农药减量适配无人机作业效率的最佳生产模式。【结论】提高无人机作业速度10%且配合氮肥农药综合减量10%模式，可驱动机插稻通过优化模式补偿机制实现产量、生态、能效的协同优化，达到节肥节药丰产高效的协同统一，为水稻全程机械化绿色生产提供了理论与技术支撑。

关键词: 水稻, 无人机, 飞行速度, 氮肥, 农药, 生产能效