旱稻覆膜旱作机械化栽培技术的构建与评价

doi:10.16819/j.1001-7216.2026.260114

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研制旱稻覆膜旱作配套机具，探讨不同机械化栽培技术对机具作业质量及出苗等农艺效应的影响，为机具优化升级和机直播优质栽培提供理论依据。【方法】针对覆膜旱直播(MS)和旱直播覆膜(SM)两种作业方式研制配套样机，结合全膜覆土(1)、带状覆土(2)、不覆土(3)的覆土方式构建6种机械化栽培技术(MS1，MS2，MS3，SM1，SM2及不覆膜CK)，构建机具作业质量、农艺效应评价指标集，探究覆土方式对机具作业质量和栽培技术对农艺效应的影响，并探讨指标间的内在联系。【结果】不同覆土方式对机具作业质量影响显著，MS1、MS2的孔穴错位率较MS3降低60.74%~71.45%、种子覆土厚度提高21.99%~31.59%，播种作业质量显著优于MS3，出苗率提高27.16%~32.23%；SM1的膜土贴合度较SM2提高17.72%，出苗率提高了6.81%；2种作业方式的农艺效应存在显著差异，SM的土壤含水率较MS提高9.30%~22.00%、杂草密度降低75.12%~79.24%，但出苗率降低16.15%~18.37%、产量降低4.31%~5.50%。在作业质量与农艺效应的关系方面，孔穴错位率、膜土贴合度与出苗率的相关系数分别为−0.949、0.818，且出苗率与有效穗数、产量显著正相关。MS作业方式的出苗及产量指标与作业质量、环境因子等多指标显著相关，而SM中仅与膜土贴合度等作业质量指标显著相关。【结论】旱直播覆膜和覆膜旱直播各具技术优势，需结合区域生产条件选用适配技术并优化配套机具，以充分发挥机械化栽培的农艺增益效应。同时膜上覆土厚度需稳定在15~20 mm，保障机具作业质量与田间出苗效果。

关键词: 旱稻, 覆膜旱作, 覆膜旱直播, 旱直播覆膜

Abstract:

【Objective】This study developed supporting machines for film-mulched dry farming of upland rice, and explored the effects of different mechanized cultivation techniques on machinery operation quality and agronomic effects including seedling emergence and yield, so as to provide a theoretical basis for machinery optimization and high-quality mechanical direct seeding.【Method】Two tested machines were developed for two operation modes, namely film-mulched dry direct seeding (MS) and dry direct seeding with film mulching (SM). Combined with three soil covering methods: full-film soil covering (1), strip soil covering (2), and no soil covering (3), six mechanized cultivation techniques were established [MS1, MS2, MS3, SM1, SM2, and non-mulched control (CK)]. Evaluation index systems for machinery operation quality and agronomic effects were constructed and used to investigate the impacts of different soil covering methods on machinery operation quality and of different mechanized cultivation techniques on agronomic effects. Statistical methods were used to explore the internal relationships among the indices.【Result】Different soil covering methods significantly affected machinery operation quality. Compared with MS3, MS1 and MS2 reduced the hole dislocation rate by 60.74%-71.45% and increased the seed covering thickness by 21.99%-31.59%. Their seeding operation quality was significantly better than that of MS3, and the seedling emergence rate was improved by 27.16%-32.23%. The film-soil contact degree of SM1 was 17.72% higher than that of SM2, and increased the seedling emergence rate by 6.81%. Significant differences in agronomic effects were found between the two operation modes: compared with MS, SM increased soil moisture content by 9.30%-22.00% and reduced weed density by 75.12%-79.24%, but decreased seedling emergence rate by 16.15%-18.37% and reduced grain yield by 4.31%-5.50%. Regarding the relationship between operation quality and agronomic effects, the correlation coefficients of hole dislocation rate and film-soil contact degree with seedling emergence rate were -0.949 and 0.818, respectively. Furthermore, seedling emergence rate was significantly positively correlated with effective panicle number and grain yield. The correlation patterns among indices varied with operation modes: seedling emergence and grain yield indices of MS were significantly correlated with multiple indices including operation quality and environmental factors, while those of SM were only significantly correlated with operation quality indices such as film-soil contact degree.【Conclusion】Dry direct seeding with film mulching and film-mulched dry direct seeding each have distinct technological advantages. Techniques should be selected and supporting machines optimized based on regional production conditions to maximize the agronomic benefits of mechanized cultivation. Meanwhile, the soil covering thickness on the film should be stably controlled at 15-20 mm to ensure the machinery operation quality and field seedling emergence.

Key words: upland rice, film-mulched dry farming, film-mulched dry direct seeding, dry direct seeding with film mulching

刘皓东, 丁启朔, 陈少桦, 李毅念, 颜晓元, 徐高明, 何瑞银. 旱稻覆膜旱作机械化栽培技术的构建与评价[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2026, 40(6): 821-837.

LIU Haodong, DING Qishuo, CHEN Shaohua, LI Yinian, YAN Xiaoyuan, XU Gaoming, HE Ruiyin. Development and Evaluation of Mechanized Cultivation Techniques for Film-mulched Dry Farming of Upland Rice[J]. Chinese Journal OF Rice Science, 2026, 40(6): 821-837.

图/表 15

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栽培技术 Cultivation technique	作业流程 Operation process	特征 Characteristics
MS1	先覆膜后破膜直播，膜上覆土全膜覆盖 Film mulching followed by perforation and direct seeding with soil covering the entire film surface	覆土厚度10~20 mm Soil covering thickness 10~20 mm
MS2	先覆膜后破膜直播，种行膜上带状覆土 Film mulching followed by perforation and direct seeding with soil covering the entire film surface	覆土宽度100 mm，覆土厚度10~20 mm Soil covering width 100 mm, soil covering thickness 10~20 mm
MS3	先覆膜后破膜直播，膜上无覆土 Film mulching followed by perforated direct seeding, with no soil covering the film	地表裸膜覆盖 Bare film mulching on the soil surface
SM1	先旱地直播后覆膜，膜上覆土全膜覆盖 Dry direct seeding followed by full-film mulching with soil covering the film	覆土厚度10~20 mm Soil covering thickness 10~20 mm
SM2	先旱地直播后覆膜，种行膜上带状覆土 Dry direct seeding followed by film mulching, with strip soil covering the film along the seed rows	覆土宽度100 mm，覆土厚度10~20 mm Soil covering width 100 mm, soil covering thickness 10~20 mm
CK	旱地直播不覆膜 Dry direct seeding without film mulching	裸地表 Bare soil surface

栽培技术 Cultivation technique	作业流程 Operation process	特征 Characteristics
MS1	先覆膜后破膜直播，膜上覆土全膜覆盖 Film mulching followed by perforation and direct seeding with soil covering the entire film surface	覆土厚度10~20 mm Soil covering thickness 10~20 mm
MS2	先覆膜后破膜直播，种行膜上带状覆土 Film mulching followed by perforation and direct seeding with soil covering the entire film surface	覆土宽度100 mm，覆土厚度10~20 mm Soil covering width 100 mm, soil covering thickness 10~20 mm
MS3	先覆膜后破膜直播，膜上无覆土 Film mulching followed by perforated direct seeding, with no soil covering the film	地表裸膜覆盖 Bare film mulching on the soil surface
SM1	先旱地直播后覆膜，膜上覆土全膜覆盖 Dry direct seeding followed by full-film mulching with soil covering the film	覆土厚度10~20 mm Soil covering thickness 10~20 mm
SM2	先旱地直播后覆膜，种行膜上带状覆土 Dry direct seeding followed by film mulching, with strip soil covering the film along the seed rows	覆土宽度100 mm，覆土厚度10~20 mm Soil covering width 100 mm, soil covering thickness 10~20 mm
CK	旱地直播不覆膜 Dry direct seeding without film mulching	裸地表 Bare soil surface

参数 Parameter	数值 Value	参数 Parameter	数值 Value
整机尺寸(长×宽×高) Overall dimensions(length×width×height) (mm)	1,468×2,118×930	覆土层厚度 Soil covering thickness (mm)	10~20
作业幅宽 Working width (mm)	2,000	行数 Number of rows	6
刀轴转速 Rotor speed (r/min)	200~600	播种行距 Row spacing (mm)	300
作业耕深 Working depth (mm)	30~70	穴距 Hill spacing (mm)	150
作业速度Working speed (km/h)	2~5	穴粒数 Seeds per hill	3~6

参数 Parameter	数值 Value	参数 Parameter	数值 Value
整机尺寸(长×宽×高) Overall dimensions(length×width×height) (mm)	1,468×2,118×930	覆土层厚度 Soil covering thickness (mm)	10~20
作业幅宽 Working width (mm)	2,000	行数 Number of rows	6
刀轴转速 Rotor speed (r/min)	200~600	播种行距 Row spacing (mm)	300
作业耕深 Working depth (mm)	30~70	穴距 Hill spacing (mm)	150
作业速度Working speed (km/h)	2~5	穴粒数 Seeds per hill	3~6

参数 Parameter	数值 Value	参数 Parameter	数值 Value
整机尺寸(长×宽×高) Overall dimensions (length×width×height) (mm)	1,388×2,118×930	覆土层厚度 Soil covering thickness (mm)	10~20
作业幅宽 Working width (mm)	2,000	行数 Number of rows	6
刀轴转速 Rotor speed (r/min)	200~600	播种行距 Row spacing (mm)	300
作业耕深 Working depth (mm)	30~70	穴距 Hill spacing (mm)	150
作业速度Working speed (km/h)	3~6	穴粒数 Seeds per hill	3~8