直播稻田杂草稻灾害发生及生态型的演变特征

doi:10.16819/j.1001-7216.2024.231011

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】 杂草稻造成直播稻田水稻产量损失严重。对直播稻田中杂草稻种群的发生规律、多样性变化和遗传演变的解析，对农田生态系统管理和杂草稻灾害的防控具有重要意义。【方法】 连续三年对新开直播稻田生态系统中杂草稻种群进行追踪调查。通过定点追踪取样、特征表型鉴定和基于液相芯片的群体遗传结构鉴定，分析杂草稻群体的危害规模、生态类型及其遗传多样性演变。【结果】 水稻直播生产方式下杂草稻数量逐年增加，分别为345.6株/m²、512.4株/m²、600.1株/m²。表型多样性也呈逐年上升趋势，香农指数分别为0.530、0.762、0.852；辛普森指数分别为0.340、0.227、0.164。杂草稻群体的基因多样性（Pi）在三年间呈现先升高后降低的趋势，分别为0.2097、0.2530、0.1493。在群体遗传结构层面，主成分分析与进化树分析结果均显示杂草稻与当地种植的栽培稻没有直接的亲缘关系。不同年度间采集的杂草稻样品在各大聚类分支上均有分布。不同类型杂草稻在高纬度冷凉环境以及与直播稻竞争的双重选择压力下优胜劣汰，导致群体遗传多样性增加后迅速收敛，群体遗传结构随之改变，适应性类型崛起。【结论】 在直播稻新开田生态系统中，杂草稻入侵后群体规模与多样性迅速上升，导致灾害指数迅速增加。基因多样性与群体遗传结构对选择压力高度敏感，产生危害的适应类型杂草稻在入侵直播稻田生态系统伊始就已经奠定。

关键词: 杂草稻, 直播稻, 草害, 群体遗传结构, 遗传多样性

Abstract:

【Objective】 Weedy rice poses a significant threat to rice production in direct-seeded rice fields, resulting in substantial yield losses. Analyzing the occurrence patterns, diversity changes, and genetic evolution of weedy rice populations in these fields is crucial for managing agricultural ecosystems effectively and preventing weedy rice disasters.【Methods】 This study conducted a continuous three-year fixed-site survey of weedy rice populations in new direct-seeded rice field ecosystems. Through targeted sampling, phenotypic characterization, and population genetic structure analysis using liquid chip technology, we examined the scale of damage, ecological types, and genetic diversity evolution of weedy rice populations. 【Results】 In direct-seeded rice fields, the weedy rice population increased annually, with densities of 345.6 plants/m², 512.4 plants/m², and 600.1 plants/m², respectively. Phenotypic diversity showed a consistent upward trend, with Shannon-Wiener (H') indices of 0.530, 0.762, and 0.852, and Simpson (D) indices of 0.340, 0.227, and 0.164. Genetic diversity (Pi) initially increased and then declined over the three years, with values of 0.2097, 0.2530, and 0.1493, respectively. At the population genetic structure level, both principal component analysis (PCA) and phylogenetic tree analysis consistently indicated that weedy rice was not directly related to locally cultivated rice. Weedy rice samples from different years were distributed across major clustering branches. Various types of weedy rice underwent natural selection due to the cold environment and competition with direct-seeded rice, leading to a survival-of-the-fittest scenario. This process results in rapid convergence, increased genetic diversity, alterations in population genetic structure, and the emergence of adaptive types.【Conclusion】 Weedy rice invasion in direct-seeded rice fields leads to rapid population expansion and diversity increase, escalating the disaster index swiftly. Genetic diversity and population genetic structure are highly sensitive to selection pressure, suggesting that harmful adapted weedy rice types are established early in their invasion into direct-seeded rice field ecosystems.

Key words: weedy rice, direct seeded rice, weed infestation, population genetic structure, genetic diversity

吴玥, 梁铖玮, 赵辰妃, 孙健, 马殿荣. 直播稻田杂草稻灾害发生及生态型的演变特征[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2024, 38(4): 447-455.

WU Yue, LIANG Chengwei, ZHAO Chenfei, SUN Jian, MA Dianrong. Occurrence of Weedy Rice Disaster and Ecotype Evolution in Direct-Seeded Rice Fields[J]. Chinese Journal OF Rice Science, 2024, 38(4): 447-455.

图/表 8

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灾害指数范围 Hazard index range	级别 Degree
<50	轻度灾害 Light
[50, 100)	中等偏轻灾害 Moderately light
[100, 200)	中度灾害 Moderate
[200, 400)	中等偏重灾害 Moderately severe
≥400	重度灾害 Severe

灾害指数范围 Hazard index range	级别 Degree
<50	轻度灾害 Light
[50, 100)	中等偏轻灾害 Moderately light
[100, 200)	中度灾害 Moderate
[200, 400)	中等偏重灾害 Moderately severe
≥400	重度灾害 Severe

编号 Number	粒长 Grain length(cm)	粒宽 Grain width(cm)	颖壳颜色 Husk colour	果皮颜色 Pericarp colour	芒 Awn	采集年份 Year
A2	0.717	0.321	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	无芒或短芒 No or short	2020
A3	0.767	0.284	黑色或棕色 Black or brown	红色 Red	无芒或短芒 No or short	2020
A4	0.766	0.259	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	无芒或短芒 No or short	2020
A5	0.686	0.309	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	无芒或短芒 No or short	2020
A6	0.777	0.260	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	无芒或短芒 No or short	2020
B1	0.730	0.273	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	长芒 Long	2020
B2	0.743	0.272	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	无芒或短芒 No or short	2020
C	0.778	0.247	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	长芒 Long	2020
D	0.660	0.347	黄色 Yellow	白色 White	无芒或短芒 No or short	2020
E	0.778	0.285	黄色 Yellow	白色 White	无芒或短芒 No or short	2020
X1	0.739	0.291	黑色或棕色 Black or brown	红色 Red	长芒 Long	2021
X2	0.882	0.328	黄色 Yellow	白色 White	无芒或短芒 No or short	2021
X3	0.806	0.318	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	无芒或短芒 No or short	2021
X4	0.783	0.330	黄色 Yellow	绿色 Green	无芒或短芒 No or short	2021
X5	0.745	0.350	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	无芒或短芒 No or short	2021
X6	0.849	0.308	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	长芒 Long	2021
X7	0.766	0.301	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	长芒 Long	2021
X8	0.754	0.341	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	长芒 Long	2021
X9	0.721	0.279	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	无芒或短芒 No or short	2021
X10	0.851	0.330	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	无芒或短芒 No or short	2021
X11	0.763	0.312	黑色或棕色 Black or brown	绿色 Green	长芒 Long	2021
X12	0.801	0.333	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	无芒或短芒 No or short	2021
X13	0.774	0.340	黑色或棕色 Black or brown	红色 Red	无芒或短芒 No or short	2021
X14	0.875	0.300	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	无芒或短芒 No or short	2021
X15	0.772	0.301	黄色 Yellow	绿色 Green	长芒 Long	2021
X16	0.864	0.301	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	长芒 Long	2021
DW1	0.776	0.309	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	无芒或短芒 No or short	2022
DW2	0.738	0.321	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	长芒 Long	2022
DW3	0.741	0.276	黄色 Yellow	绿色 Green	无芒或短芒 No or short	2022
DW4	0.736	0.320	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	长芒 Long	2022
DW5	0.759	0.318	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	长芒 Long	2022
DW6	0.791	0.283	黄色 Yellow	绿色 Green	无芒或短芒 No or short	2022
DW7	0.688	0.326	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	无芒或短芒 No or short	2022
DW8	0.740	0.272	黄色 Yellow	绿色 Green	长芒 Long	2022
DW9	0.741	0.261	黄色 Yellow	白色 White	无芒或短芒 No or short	2022
DW10	0.718	0.262	黄色 Yellow	白色 White	长芒 Long	2022
DW11	0.727	0.263	黄色 Yellow	绿色 Green	无芒或短芒 No or short	2022
DW12	0.718	0.304	黄色 Yellow	绿色 Green	长芒 Long	2022
DW13	0.698	0.316	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	长芒 Long	2022
DW14	0.697	0.315	黄色 Yellow	绿色 Green	长芒 Long	2022
DW15	0.796	0.287	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	无芒或短芒 No or short	2022
DW16	0.700	0.317	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	无芒或短芒 No or short	2022
DW17	0.687	0.317	黑色或棕色 Black or brown	红色 Red	无芒或短芒 No or short	2022
DW18	0.653	0.309	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	长芒 Long	2022
DW19	0.754	0.295	黑色或棕色 Black or brown	绿色 Green	无芒或短芒 No or short	2022
DW20	0.689	0.328	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	长芒 Long	2022
DW21	0.710	0.266	黄色 Yellow	白色 White	长芒 Long	2022
DW22	0.669	0.306	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	长芒 Long	2022
DW23	0.712	0.278	黄色 Yellow	绿色 Green	无芒或短芒 No or short	2022
DW24	0.668	0.312	黄色 Yellow	白色 White	长芒 Long	2022
DW25	0.745	0.285	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	无芒或短芒 No or short	2022
DW26	0.658	0.303	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	长芒 Long	2022
DW27	0.745	0.307	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	无芒或短芒 No or short	2022
DW28	0.715	0.285	黄色 Yellow	白色 White	长芒 Long	2022
DW29	0.697	0.310	黄色 Yellow	白色 White	无芒或短芒 No or short	2022
DW30	0.691	0.266	黑色或棕色 Black or brown	红色 Red	长芒 Long	2022

编号 Number	粒长 Grain length(cm)	粒宽 Grain width(cm)	颖壳颜色 Husk colour	果皮颜色 Pericarp colour	芒 Awn	采集年份 Year
A2	0.717	0.321	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	无芒或短芒 No or short	2020
A3	0.767	0.284	黑色或棕色 Black or brown	红色 Red	无芒或短芒 No or short	2020
A4	0.766	0.259	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	无芒或短芒 No or short	2020
A5	0.686	0.309	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	无芒或短芒 No or short	2020
A6	0.777	0.260	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	无芒或短芒 No or short	2020
B1	0.730	0.273	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	长芒 Long	2020
B2	0.743	0.272	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	无芒或短芒 No or short	2020
C	0.778	0.247	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	长芒 Long	2020
D	0.660	0.347	黄色 Yellow	白色 White	无芒或短芒 No or short	2020
E	0.778	0.285	黄色 Yellow	白色 White	无芒或短芒 No or short	2020
X1	0.739	0.291	黑色或棕色 Black or brown	红色 Red	长芒 Long	2021
X2	0.882	0.328	黄色 Yellow	白色 White	无芒或短芒 No or short	2021
X3	0.806	0.318	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	无芒或短芒 No or short	2021
X4	0.783	0.330	黄色 Yellow	绿色 Green	无芒或短芒 No or short	2021
X5	0.745	0.350	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	无芒或短芒 No or short	2021
X6	0.849	0.308	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	长芒 Long	2021
X7	0.766	0.301	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	长芒 Long	2021
X8	0.754	0.341	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	长芒 Long	2021
X9	0.721	0.279	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	无芒或短芒 No or short	2021
X10	0.851	0.330	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	无芒或短芒 No or short	2021
X11	0.763	0.312	黑色或棕色 Black or brown	绿色 Green	长芒 Long	2021
X12	0.801	0.333	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	无芒或短芒 No or short	2021
X13	0.774	0.340	黑色或棕色 Black or brown	红色 Red	无芒或短芒 No or short	2021
X14	0.875	0.300	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	无芒或短芒 No or short	2021
X15	0.772	0.301	黄色 Yellow	绿色 Green	长芒 Long	2021
X16	0.864	0.301	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	长芒 Long	2021
DW1	0.776	0.309	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	无芒或短芒 No or short	2022
DW2	0.738	0.321	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	长芒 Long	2022
DW3	0.741	0.276	黄色 Yellow	绿色 Green	无芒或短芒 No or short	2022
DW4	0.736	0.320	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	长芒 Long	2022
DW5	0.759	0.318	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	长芒 Long	2022
DW6	0.791	0.283	黄色 Yellow	绿色 Green	无芒或短芒 No or short	2022
DW7	0.688	0.326	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	无芒或短芒 No or short	2022
DW8	0.740	0.272	黄色 Yellow	绿色 Green	长芒 Long	2022
DW9	0.741	0.261	黄色 Yellow	白色 White	无芒或短芒 No or short	2022
DW10	0.718	0.262	黄色 Yellow	白色 White	长芒 Long	2022
DW11	0.727	0.263	黄色 Yellow	绿色 Green	无芒或短芒 No or short	2022
DW12	0.718	0.304	黄色 Yellow	绿色 Green	长芒 Long	2022
DW13	0.698	0.316	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	长芒 Long	2022
DW14	0.697	0.315	黄色 Yellow	绿色 Green	长芒 Long	2022
DW15	0.796	0.287	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	无芒或短芒 No or short	2022
DW16	0.700	0.317	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	无芒或短芒 No or short	2022
DW17	0.687	0.317	黑色或棕色 Black or brown	红色 Red	无芒或短芒 No or short	2022
DW18	0.653	0.309	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	长芒 Long	2022
DW19	0.754	0.295	黑色或棕色 Black or brown	绿色 Green	无芒或短芒 No or short	2022
DW20	0.689	0.328	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	长芒 Long	2022
DW21	0.710	0.266	黄色 Yellow	白色 White	长芒 Long	2022
DW22	0.669	0.306	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	长芒 Long	2022
DW23	0.712	0.278	黄色 Yellow	绿色 Green	无芒或短芒 No or short	2022
DW24	0.668	0.312	黄色 Yellow	白色 White	长芒 Long	2022
DW25	0.745	0.285	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	无芒或短芒 No or short	2022
DW26	0.658	0.303	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	长芒 Long	2022
DW27	0.745	0.307	黄色 Yellow	红色 Red	无芒或短芒 No or short	2022
DW28	0.715	0.285	黄色 Yellow	白色 White	长芒 Long	2022
DW29	0.697	0.310	黄色 Yellow	白色 White	无芒或短芒 No or short	2022
DW30	0.691	0.266	黑色或棕色 Black or brown	红色 Red	长芒 Long	2022

年份 Year	粒长 Grain length	粒宽 Grain width
2020	5.6	10.9
2021	6.5	6.4
2022	5.1	7.2