杂交水稻机械化制种的技术探索与实践

doi:10.16819/j.1001-7216.2020.9130

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

居高不下的杂交水稻制种成本已经成为制约杂交稻推广应用的主要因素之一。本文详细地分析了国内外杂交水稻机械化制种的现状,总结机械化制种存在的困难和问题,针对我国当前形势和耕作制度的特点,结合多年育种实践,提出了通过培育小粒型不育系,利用不育系与恢复系种子粒型（主要是粒厚）的显著差异,实现父母本混播混收、收获后机械分离获得杂交种子的全程机械化制种设想。提出了适合机械化制种的小粒不育系应具备的性状特征。按此设想,笔者团队选育出了综合性状优良的小粒型不育系卓201S、南3502S、展998S等,并配组了系列高产、优质的杂交稻组合卓两优581、卓两优141、南两优1998等,成功实现这些杂交稻的高效机械化制种。卓201S等小粒型不育系及其系列杂交组合的育成,是杂交水稻机械化制种品种选育的重大突破。

关键词: 杂交水稻, 机械化制种, 小粒型, 品种选育

Abstract:

The high cost of hybrid rice seed production has become one of the main factors restricting the popularization and application of hybrid rice. We analyzed the current situation of hybrid rice mechanized seed production at home and abroad, summarized the difficulties and problems existing in mechanized seed production. According to the current situation and the characteristics of farming system in China, and combined with many years of breeding practice, we proposed to utilize a small grain type sterile line suitable for hybrid rice mechanized seed production, and realized mechanized seed production in the whole process by using the difference of seed thickness of parents to realize mixed sowing, mixed harvest and mechanical separation. The characters and standards of small grain CMS lines suitable for mechanized seed production were put forward. According to this assumption, we have selected and bred the small grain CMS lines Zhuo 201S, Nan 3502S, Zhan 998S with excellent comprehensive characters, as well as a series of high-yield and high-quality hybrid rice combinations Zhuoliangyou 581, Zhuoliangyou 141, Nanliangyou 1998, and successfully realized the efficient mechanized seed production of these hybrid rice. The breeding of Zhuo 201S and other small grain sterile lines and a series of hybrid combinations is a major breakthrough in the breeding of hybrid rice combinations of mechanized seed production.

Key words: hybrid rice, mechanized seed production, small grain type, breeding

中图分类号:

唐文帮, 张桂莲, 邓化冰. 杂交水稻机械化制种的技术探索与实践[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2020, 34(2): 95-103.

Wenbang TANG, Guilian ZHANG, Huabing DENG. Technology Exploration and Practice of Hybrid Rice Mechanized Seed Production[J]. Chinese Journal OF Rice Science, 2020, 34(2): 95-103.

图/表 7

参考文献 36

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不育系 SL	株高 PH /cm	粒长 GL /cm	粒宽 GW /mm	粒厚 GT /mm	千粒重 GW /g	稻米品质 GQ	育性转换温度 FTT/℃	柱头外露率 SER/%	柱头活力 SV /%	穗包颈率 PER/%	赤霉酸用量 GA/(g∙hm^-2)
卓201S Zhuo 201S	60.0	0.62	1.84	1.71	14.1	优良Excellent	<23.0	91.7	34.1	5.1	225	卓两优141 Zhuoliangyou 141
南3502S Nan 3502S	62.1	0.59	1.92	1.78	19.2	优良Excellent	<23.0	93.2	30.1	6.4	270	南两优1998 Nanliangyou 1998
展998S Zhan 998S	60.6	0.60	1.80	1.71	14.0	优良Excellent	<23.0	86.3	20.1	1.3	225	展两优018 Zhanliangyou 018
C815S(CK)	68.3	0.66	1.97	2.10	24.3	一般Common	<23.0	72.8	1.7	16.9	375	C两优华占 C liangyouhuazhan

不育系 SL	株高 PH /cm	粒长 GL /cm	粒宽 GW /mm	粒厚 GT /mm	千粒重 GW /g	稻米品质 GQ	育性转换温度 FTT/℃	柱头外露率 SER/%	柱头活力 SV /%	穗包颈率 PER/%	赤霉酸用量 GA/(g∙hm^-2)
卓201S Zhuo 201S	60.0	0.62	1.84	1.71	14.1	优良Excellent	<23.0	91.7	34.1	5.1	225	卓两优141 Zhuoliangyou 141
南3502S Nan 3502S	62.1	0.59	1.92	1.78	19.2	优良Excellent	<23.0	93.2	30.1	6.4	270	南两优1998 Nanliangyou 1998
展998S Zhan 998S	60.6	0.60	1.80	1.71	14.0	优良Excellent	<23.0	86.3	20.1	1.3	225	展两优018 Zhanliangyou 018
C815S(CK)	68.3	0.66	1.97	2.10	24.3	一般Common	<23.0	72.8	1.7	16.9	375	C两优华占 C liangyouhuazhan

机械化制种方式 MSPM	始穗期差 DHD/d		父本播种方式 PSM	母本播种方式 FSM	父母本比例 M∶F	父母本花期 FP	赤霉酸用量 GA/(g∙hm^-2)	辅助授粉 AP	制种产量 YSP /(kg∙hm^-2)
父母本混直播 Parent-mixed direct seeding	7	卓两优780 Zhuoliangyou 780	播芽谷 Sowing bud seed	播干谷 Sowing dry seed	1∶28	相遇 Meet	225	不需要 No	5050.5
父抛秧、母直播 Male broadcast- transplanting, female parent direct seeding	12	卓两优581 Zhuoliangyou 581	提前20 d 软盘育秧 Raising seedlings	播芽谷 Sowing bud seed	父本8250穴/hm² Male parent 8250 plants/hm²	相遇 Meet	225	不需要 No	5283.0
父母本同条播 Parents sowing in line	0	卓两优1998 Zhuoliangyou 1998	条播干谷 Sowing dry seed in line	条播芽谷 Sowing bud seed in line	1∶9	相遇 Meet	225	需要 Need	4446.0

机械化制种方式 MSPM	始穗期差 DHD/d		父本播种方式 PSM	母本播种方式 FSM	父母本比例 M∶F	父母本花期 FP	赤霉酸用量 GA/(g∙hm^-2)	辅助授粉 AP	制种产量 YSP /(kg∙hm^-2)
父母本混直播 Parent-mixed direct seeding	7	卓两优780 Zhuoliangyou 780	播芽谷 Sowing bud seed	播干谷 Sowing dry seed	1∶28	相遇 Meet	225	不需要 No	5050.5
父抛秧、母直播 Male broadcast- transplanting, female parent direct seeding	12	卓两优581 Zhuoliangyou 581	提前20 d 软盘育秧 Raising seedlings	播芽谷 Sowing bud seed	父本8250穴/hm² Male parent 8250 plants/hm²	相遇 Meet	225	不需要 No	5283.0
父母本同条播 Parents sowing in line	0	卓两优1998 Zhuoliangyou 1998	条播干谷 Sowing dry seed in line	条播芽谷 Sowing bud seed in line	1∶9	相遇 Meet	225	需要 Need	4446.0

杂交组合 HC	父本粒厚 PGT/mm	杂交种粒厚 HSGT/mm	第一级筛 FLS/mm	第二级筛 SLS/mm	入机混收种 MH/kg	选出杂交种 SHS/kg	选出父本 SMS/kg	分选成功率 SR/%	损失率 LR/%	效率 E/(t∙h^-1)
卓两优581 Zhuoliangyou 581	2.05	1.71	2.0	2.1	159.7	108.10	51.68	100.0	1.31	2.0
卓两优2115 Zhouliangyou 2115	2.21	1.71	2.1	2.1	118.7	88.17	30.60	100.0	0.51	2.5
卓两优141 Zhouliangyou 141	1.97	1.71	2.0	2.1	137.7	98.71	39.01	98.4	2.31	2.0