Effect of Free-air CO2 Enrichment and Temperature Increase on Grain Quality of Rice Cultivar Yangdao 6

doi:10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.240309

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】To elucidate the impact and mechanism of elevated CO₂ and elevated temperature on the quality of indica rice.【Methods】Using the free-air CO₂ enrichment and temperature increase (T-FACE) system, the rice cultivar Yangdao 6 (indica) was used to assess the effects of elevated CO₂ (increased by 200 μmol/mol) and elevated temperature (increased by 2 ℃, with both night-time and day-time temperatures elevated in 2021, and only day-time temperature elevated in 2022) on rice processing, appearance, nutritional quality, eating quality, starch synthesis enzyme activities, and non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) content.【Results】Generally, under the treatment combining elevated CO₂ and elevated night-time and day-time temperatures, rice processing and nutritional quality were not affected. However, eating quality improved as the amylose content decreased by 31.57%. The appearance quality of rice also improved, evidenced by a decrease in both the percentage of chalky grains and the degree of chalkiness under elevated CO₂ and/or elevated temperature. Specifically, under the combination of elevated CO₂ and elevated night-time and day-time temperatures, the percentage of chalky grains and the degree of chalkiness decreased by 25.98% and 34.82%, respectively. The degree of chalkiness showed a significantly positive correlation with the sucrose synthase (SuSy) activity and the cell wall invertase (CWI) activity, but a significantly negative correlation with NSC content and starch synthase (SS) activity. The potential mechanisms underlying the reduction in chalkiness under elevated CO₂ and elevated temperature include: (i) elevated CO₂ could increase NSC content and SS activity, providing adequate substrates for rice grain filling; and (ii) elevated temperature, along with the combination of elevated CO₂ and elevated temperature, decreased both SuSy activity and CWI activity during the later stages of grain filling, which could slow down the grain-filling rate.【Conclusion】Under the combined conditions of elevated CO₂ and elevated night-time and day-time temperatures, the chalkiness and amylose content of rice grain of Yangdao 6 decreased, and the rice appearance quality and eating quality improved.

Key words: elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration, elevated temperature, rice quality, chalkiness, starch synthesis enzymes

摘要：

【目的】明确大气CO₂浓度升高和温度升高对籼稻稻米品质的影响及其机制。【方法】采用开放式大气CO₂浓度升高和温度升高(T-FACE)平台，以扬稻6号(籼稻)作为测试品种，研究大气CO₂浓度升高200 μmol/mol，温度升高2 ℃(2021年为夜间-白天温升，ENDT; 2022年为白天温升，EDT)对稻米加工、外观、营养和食味品质及其相关的淀粉合成酶活性和非结构性碳水化合物含量的影响。【结果】未来大气CO₂浓度和全天温度共同升高不会影响籼稻的加工品质和营养品质；使稻米直链淀粉含量降低31.57%，有助于改善食味品质。而大气CO₂浓度升高或/和温度升高均降低籽粒的垩白粒率和垩白度，从而改善籼稻的外观品质。在未来大气CO₂浓度和全天温度同时升高条件下，垩白粒率和垩白度分别降低了25.98%和34.82%。相关性分析结果显示，水稻籽粒垩白度与蔗糖合成酶活性和细胞壁转化酶活性正相关，与非结构性碳水化合物含量以及可溶性淀粉合成酶活性负相关。水稻籽粒垩白降低的可能机制包括：大气CO₂浓度升高增加非结构性碳水化合物含量，增强可溶性淀粉合成酶活性，保证了灌浆过程充足的底物供应；温度和大气CO₂浓度升高共同作用主要在灌浆后期，降低蔗糖合成酶和细胞壁转化酶活性，可能减缓了灌浆速率。【结论】在大气CO₂浓度和全天温度同时升高背景下，扬稻6号水稻籽粒的垩白和直链淀粉含量降低，外观品质和食味品质得到改善。

关键词: 大气CO₂浓度升高, 温度升高, 水稻品质, 垩白, 淀粉合成酶

WANG Xiaoxi, CAI Chuang, SONG Lian, ZHOU Wei, YANG Xiong, GU Xinyue, ZHU Chunwu. Effect of Free-air CO₂ Enrichment and Temperature Increase on Grain Quality of Rice Cultivar Yangdao 6[J]. Chinese Journal OF Rice Science, 2025, 39(1): 115-127.

王晓茜, 蔡创, 宋练, 周伟, 杨雄, 顾歆悦, 朱春梧. 开放式大气CO₂浓度升高和温度升高对扬稻6号稻米品质的影响[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2025, 39(1): 115-127.

Figures/Tables 6

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年份 Year	处理 Treatment	糙米率 Brown rice percentage (%)	精米率 Milled rice percentage (%)	整精米率 Head rice percentage (%)	垩白粒率 Chalky grain percentage (%)	垩白度 Chalkiness degree (%)	直链淀粉含量 Amylose content (%)	蛋白质含量 Protein content (mg/g)
2021	Control	79.16±0.22 c	63.83±0.24 b	58.68±0.38 a	20.59±1.49 a	5.60±0.41 a	27.37±3.09 a	105.79±3.87 ab
	EC	80.11±0.35 b	64.85±0.61 ab	57.01±0.25 ab	16.01±0.88 ab	4.28±0.28 ab	25.77±1.51 a	99.20±2.99 b
	ENDT	80.24±0.24 b	65.28±0.32 a	57.64±0.61 ab	18.88±0.84 ab	4.78±0.19 ab	19.01±1.03 b	111.23±2.41 a
	ECNDT	81.14±0.19 a	65.86±0.21 a	55.97±0.96 b	15.24±2.49 b	3.65±0.70 b	18.73±0.42 b	107.71±2.88 ab
2022	Control	80.28±0.24 a	67.97±0.30 a	59.72±1.16 a	18.27±0.17 a	4.26±0.22 a	16.00±1.88 a	100.24±2.84 a
	EC	80.05±0.18 a	67.76±0.18 a	61.86±2.90 a	16.77±1.93 a	3.46±0.46 ab	14.68±1.25 a	85.53±7.03 a
	EDT	79.66±0.25 a	67.03±0.48 a	65.36±0.56 a	13.94±0.91 a	3.05±0.42 b	17.24±2.04 a	95.41±0.86 a
	ECDT	79.51±0.27 a	67.43±0.24 a	63.27±0.94 a	14.58±1.03 a	3.07±0.32 ab	17.22±0.71 a	83.74±3.12 a
双因素方差分析显著性 The probability of significance of two-way ANOVA
2021	CO₂	0.046	0.161	0.047	0.050	0.062	0.678	0.169
	NDT	0.043	0.165	0.407	0.048	0.009	0.037	0.249
	CO₂ × NDT	0.914	0.499	0.985	0.789	0.823	0.802	0.554
2022	CO₂	0.434	0.647	0.988	0.833	0.592	0.620	0.133
	DT	0.224	0.293	0.241	0.052	0.050	0.035	0.398
	CO₂ × DT	0.860	0.476	0.336	0.357	0.344	0.792	0.676
Control表示环境CO₂浓度和温度，EC表示大气CO₂浓度升高，ENDT表示夜间-白天温度升高，ECNDT表示大气CO₂浓度升高和夜间-白天温度升高，EDT表示白天温度升高，ECDT表示大气CO₂浓度升高和白天温度升高。NDT和DT分别表示夜间-白天温度和白天温度。每列不同小写字母表示各处理间的显著性差异(多重比较结果)。表中数据为平均数±标准误(n = 3)。显著性水平P < 0.05。
Control stand for ambient CO₂ concentration and temperature, EC stand for elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration, ENDT stand for elevated night-time and day-time temperature, ECNDT stand for the combination of elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration and elevated night-time and day-time temperature, EDT stand for elevated day-time temperature, ECDT stand for the combination of elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration and elevated day-time temperature. NDT and DT stand for night-time and day-time temperature and day-time temperature, respectively. Different lowercase letters in a column represent significant differences among treatments (multiple comparisons). Data in the table are mean(standard errors, n = 3). Statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) are shown in the table.

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	糙米率 Brown rice percentage (%)	精米率 Milled rice percentage (%)	整精米率 Head rice percentage (%)	垩白粒率 Chalky grain percentage (%)	垩白度 Chalkiness degree (%)	直链淀粉含量 Amylose content (%)	蛋白质含量 Protein content (mg/g)
2021	Control	79.16±0.22 c	63.83±0.24 b	58.68±0.38 a	20.59±1.49 a	5.60±0.41 a	27.37±3.09 a	105.79±3.87 ab
	EC	80.11±0.35 b	64.85±0.61 ab	57.01±0.25 ab	16.01±0.88 ab	4.28±0.28 ab	25.77±1.51 a	99.20±2.99 b
	ENDT	80.24±0.24 b	65.28±0.32 a	57.64±0.61 ab	18.88±0.84 ab	4.78±0.19 ab	19.01±1.03 b	111.23±2.41 a
	ECNDT	81.14±0.19 a	65.86±0.21 a	55.97±0.96 b	15.24±2.49 b	3.65±0.70 b	18.73±0.42 b	107.71±2.88 ab
2022	Control	80.28±0.24 a	67.97±0.30 a	59.72±1.16 a	18.27±0.17 a	4.26±0.22 a	16.00±1.88 a	100.24±2.84 a
	EC	80.05±0.18 a	67.76±0.18 a	61.86±2.90 a	16.77±1.93 a	3.46±0.46 ab	14.68±1.25 a	85.53±7.03 a
	EDT	79.66±0.25 a	67.03±0.48 a	65.36±0.56 a	13.94±0.91 a	3.05±0.42 b	17.24±2.04 a	95.41±0.86 a
	ECDT	79.51±0.27 a	67.43±0.24 a	63.27±0.94 a	14.58±1.03 a	3.07±0.32 ab	17.22±0.71 a	83.74±3.12 a
双因素方差分析显著性 The probability of significance of two-way ANOVA
2021	CO₂	0.046	0.161	0.047	0.050	0.062	0.678	0.169
	NDT	0.043	0.165	0.407	0.048	0.009	0.037	0.249
	CO₂ × NDT	0.914	0.499	0.985	0.789	0.823	0.802	0.554
2022	CO₂	0.434	0.647	0.988	0.833	0.592	0.620	0.133
	DT	0.224	0.293	0.241	0.052	0.050	0.035	0.398
	CO₂ × DT	0.860	0.476	0.336	0.357	0.344	0.792	0.676
Control表示环境CO₂浓度和温度，EC表示大气CO₂浓度升高，ENDT表示夜间-白天温度升高，ECNDT表示大气CO₂浓度升高和夜间-白天温度升高，EDT表示白天温度升高，ECDT表示大气CO₂浓度升高和白天温度升高。NDT和DT分别表示夜间-白天温度和白天温度。每列不同小写字母表示各处理间的显著性差异(多重比较结果)。表中数据为平均数±标准误(n = 3)。显著性水平P < 0.05。
Control stand for ambient CO₂ concentration and temperature, EC stand for elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration, ENDT stand for elevated night-time and day-time temperature, ECNDT stand for the combination of elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration and elevated night-time and day-time temperature, EDT stand for elevated day-time temperature, ECDT stand for the combination of elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration and elevated day-time temperature. NDT and DT stand for night-time and day-time temperature and day-time temperature, respectively. Different lowercase letters in a column represent significant differences among treatments (multiple comparisons). Data in the table are mean(standard errors, n = 3). Statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) are shown in the table.

酶 Enzyme	开花后天数 Days after flowering (DAF)	2021			2022
酶 Enzyme	开花后天数 Days after flowering (DAF)	CO₂	NDT	CO₂×NDT	CO₂	DT	CO₂×DT
蔗糖合成酶SuSy	4	0.171	0.006	0.011	0.771	0.279	0.453
	8	0.013	0.336	0.008	0.739	0.742	0.201
	12	0.0002	0.003	0.421	0.024	0.511	0.290
	16				0.569	0.985	0.594
可溶性淀粉合成酶SS	4	0.0005	0.002	0.330	0.717	0.036	0.545
	8	0.055	0.259	0.016	0.307	0.652	0.527
	12	0.006	0.0002	0.049	0.306	0.258	0.361
	16				0.032	0.304	0.100
细胞壁转化酶CWI	4	0.054	0.005	0.011	0.523	0.530	0.504
	8	0.002	0.008	0.074	0.394	0.267	0.332
	12	0.017	0.007	0.021	0.658	0.718	0.958
	16				0.097	0.385	0.014
结合态淀粉合成酶GBSS	4	0.030	0.001	0.046	0.711	0.566	0.340
	8	0.493	0.064	0.0001	0.633	0.151	0.843
	12	0.087	0.018	0.496	0.317	0.532	0.600
	16				0.643	0.796	0.636
液泡转化酶VI	4	0.068	0.012	0.0003	0.120	0.365	0.076
	8	0.0003	0.001	0.004	0.034	0.365	0.003
	12	0.399	0.004	0.321	0.233	0.487	0.290
	16				0.161	0.505	0.537

酶 Enzyme	开花后天数 Days after flowering (DAF)	2021			2022
酶 Enzyme	开花后天数 Days after flowering (DAF)	CO₂	NDT	CO₂×NDT	CO₂	DT	CO₂×DT
蔗糖合成酶SuSy	4	0.171	0.006	0.011	0.771	0.279	0.453
	8	0.013	0.336	0.008	0.739	0.742	0.201
	12	0.0002	0.003	0.421	0.024	0.511	0.290
	16				0.569	0.985	0.594
可溶性淀粉合成酶SS	4	0.0005	0.002	0.330	0.717	0.036	0.545
	8	0.055	0.259	0.016	0.307	0.652	0.527
	12	0.006	0.0002	0.049	0.306	0.258	0.361
	16				0.032	0.304	0.100
细胞壁转化酶CWI	4	0.054	0.005	0.011	0.523	0.530	0.504
	8	0.002	0.008	0.074	0.394	0.267	0.332
	12	0.017	0.007	0.021	0.658	0.718	0.958
	16				0.097	0.385	0.014
结合态淀粉合成酶GBSS	4	0.030	0.001	0.046	0.711	0.566	0.340
	8	0.493	0.064	0.0001	0.633	0.151	0.843
	12	0.087	0.018	0.496	0.317	0.532	0.600
	16				0.643	0.796	0.636
液泡转化酶VI	4	0.068	0.012	0.0003	0.120	0.365	0.076
	8	0.0003	0.001	0.004	0.034	0.365	0.003
	12	0.399	0.004	0.321	0.233	0.487	0.290
	16				0.161	0.505	0.537

Effect of Free-air CO₂ Enrichment and Temperature Increase on Grain Quality of Rice Cultivar Yangdao 6

开放式大气CO₂浓度升高和温度升高对扬稻6号稻米品质的影响

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