品种和播种量互作对机械旱直播水稻与杂草养分竞争的影响
收稿日期: 2023-08-08
修回日期: 2023-09-20
网络出版日期: 2024-03-14
基金资助
国家重点研发计划资助项目(2022YFD1100204);四川省“十四五”生物育种重大科技专项(2022ZDZX0012);西南作物基因资源发掘与利用国家重点实验室“生物育种”揭榜挂帅项目(SKL-ZY202228);2023年度农业重大技术协同推广计划资助项目(202307)
Effects of Variety and Seeding Rate Interaction on Nutrient Competition Between Mechanized Dry Direct Seeded Rice and Weeds
Received date: 2023-08-08
Revised date: 2023-09-20
Online published: 2024-03-14
【目的】明确机械旱直播水稻品种和播种量对抑制杂草生长的效果，为实现机直播稻优质高产绿色高效栽培提供理论依据。【方法】以三系杂交稻川康优6308(C1)和两系杂交稻晶两优534(C2)为试材，设15 kg/hm2(S1)、22.5 kg/hm2(S2)、37.5 kg/hm2(S3)三个播种量，研究其对稻田主要杂草与水稻关键生育时期干物质累积、养分累积及转运的影响，并探讨品种和播种量互作下水稻与杂草养分竞争的关系。【结果】1) 直播后29 d时，稻田杂草密度较水稻显著增加39.29%~47.16%，且杂草与水稻群体干质量比及养分累积比均高于1∶1，据此进行了一次必要性除草。2) 除草前，品种C1较C2杂草密度显著降低91.34%~96.54%，水稻干物质累积量增加19.21%~30.24%，氮、磷、钾累积提高7.17%~34.59%；同一品种提高播种量，杂草量显著降低，相对S1，S2和S3处理杂草量显著降低21.95%~109.69%，水稻干物质累积量增加39.78%~94.52%，氮、磷、钾累积量提高10.11%~50.79%。3) 除草后，直播43 d，杂草数量显著降低，品种C1较C2干物质累积量增加54.12%~66.97%，氮、磷、钾养分提高15.56%~47.45%；同一品种下，S2和S3较S1处理水稻密度显著提高14.94%~32.34%，干物质累积量增加24.45%~85.07%，氮、磷、钾养分提高21.62%~98.34%；但随播种量的增加，结实期氮、磷、钾养分转运量与转运率，以及稻谷产量均呈先增加后降低趋势，以S2处理最高。【结论】综合抑制杂草生长和稻谷产量，机械旱直播水稻以选用川康优6308配套22.5 kg/hm2播种量，并依据稻田杂草总密度高于水稻且杂草与水稻群体干质量比及养分比1∶1时为最佳除草时机，可发挥水稻品种与播种量互作的优势控制杂草生长，减少除草剂使用，提高产量。
杨永刚, 袁晓娟, 曹云, 陈雪芳, 尹慧来, 王志强, 文艳芳, 杨志远, 孙园园, 贾现文, 马均, 孙永健 . 品种和播种量互作对机械旱直播水稻与杂草养分竞争的影响[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2024 , 38(2) : 185 -197 . DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2024.230803
【Objective】To clarify the effect of mechanical dry direct seeded rice varieties and sowing rates on weed growth inhibition, laying a theoretical basis for achieving high-quality, high-yield, green, and efficient cultivation techniques in mechanical direct seeded rice.【Method】Using the three-line hybrid rice Chuankangyou 6308 (C1) and the two-line hybrid rice Jingliangyou 534 (C2) as test materials, three sowing rates of 15 kg/hm2 (S1), 22.5 kg/hm2 (S2), and 37.5 kg/hm2 (S3) were set to study their effects on dry matter accumulation, nutrient accumulation, and transport of the main weeds in the rice field during the critical growth period. The study also explored the relationship between rice and weed nutrient competition under the interaction of varieties and sowing rates.【Results】1) At 29 days after direct seeding, the density of weeds in the paddy fields increased significantly by 39.29% to 47.16% compared with that of rice, with the dry weight ratio and nutrient accumulation ratio of weed to rice population being higher than 1∶1, necessitating weed control. 2) Before weeding, weed density of variety C1 significantly decreased by 91.34% to 96.54% compared to C2, with dry matter accumulation of rice increasing by 19.21% to 30.24%, and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium accumulation increasing by 7.17% to 34.59%. For the same variety, increasing the sowing rate significantly reduced weed amount by 21.95－109.69%, increasing rice dry matter accumulation by 39.78－94.52%, and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium accumulation by 10.11－50.79% compared to S1 treatment. 3) After weeding and 43 days of direct seeding, weed number significantly decreased. The dry matter accumulation of C1 increased by 54.12% to 66.97% compared to C2, with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrients increasing by 15.56% to 47.45%. For the same variety, S2 and S3 treatments significantly increased rice density by 14.94－32.34%, dry matter accumulation by 24.45－85.07%, and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrients by 21.62－98.34% compared to S1 treatments. However, with the increase of sowing amount, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrient transport amount and rate during the filling period, as well as rice yield, showed an increasing-decreasing trend, with S2 treatment being the highest.【Conclusions】Based on comprehensive inhibition of weed growth and rice yield characteristics, this experiment selected Chuankangyou 6308 for mechanical dry direct seeding with a seeding rate of 22.5 kg/hm2. Considering the higher total density of weeds in the rice field compared to rice, and the 1∶1 dry weight and nutrient ratio of weeds to rice population, optimal weeding timing can be achieved. This leverages the advantages of the interaction between rice varieties and seeding rates to control weed growth, reduce herbicide use, and improve yield.
Key words： machanized direct seeding; rice; variety; seeding rate; weed competition; nutrients
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