生物可降解膜覆盖对机插水稻生长和稻米品质的影响
收稿日期: 2019-07-12
修回日期: 2019-08-12
网络出版日期: 2020-03-10
Effect of Biodegradable Film Mulching on Growth and Quality of Mechanically Transplanted Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Received date: 2019-07-12
Revised date: 2019-08-12
Online published: 2020-03-10
【目的】研究并明确不同生态区生物可降解膜覆盖对机插水稻生长和稻米品质的影响,为实现水稻生态种植提供方法。【方法】以生产上大面积应用的五优稻4号、鄂早18及甬优538为试验材料,在北方单季稻、南方早稻及单季稻三种种植类型中设置生物可降解膜覆盖处理及不覆膜处理,研究不同生态区水稻生物可降解膜覆盖机插对土壤温度、水稻生长和稻米品质的影响。【结果】1)增温效果：北方覆膜水稻增温效果更好,增温效应主要集中在生育前期,特别是在移栽到穗分化期这段时间。与对照相比,土壤日平均增温2.76℃;2)生育期变化：南北方覆膜水稻均缩短了水稻生育期,北方覆膜水稻提前7 d成熟,南方两种种植方式覆膜处理均提前3 d;3)叶龄：无论南北方覆膜均能促进水稻叶片生长,增加出叶速率,在生育前期北方覆膜水稻的出叶数比对照多0.6~0.9叶;4)株高：南北方覆膜水稻均降低水稻株高,北方覆膜水稻显著降低了5.7cm;5)茎蘖数:北方单季稻覆膜处理促进了水稻分蘖的早发快长,与对照相比,显著提高有效茎蘖数35.7万个/hm2;6)干物质积累量：北方覆膜水稻在穗分化期、齐穗期及成熟期干物质积累量均显著大于对照,南方覆膜早稻在成熟期的干物质积累显著大于对照;南方单季稻在齐穗期的干物质积累显著小于对照;7)增产效果：南北方覆膜水稻都有显著增产效果,北方增产效果更好,增产达到了8.7%,南方早稻增产7.9%,南方单季稻增产4.1%;8)稻米品质：北方覆膜水稻显著提高了糙米率、精米率及蛋白质含量;南方单季稻覆膜处理显著提高了整精米率,南方早稻也得到相同结果,但未达到显著水平。【结论】生物可降解膜覆盖机插种植模式在两个生态区均能促进水稻的生长发育,提高水稻产量;对于稻米品质,北方覆膜水稻提高了稻米加工品质,而食味品质下降,南方覆膜水稻提高了加工品质,而外观品质变劣;将南北覆膜水稻进行比较发现,生物可降解膜覆盖机插种植模式对北方水稻有更好的促进生长作用及增产效果,并且降低了水稻覆膜生产中塑料薄膜对环境的污染,为水稻绿色优质生产提供新的途径。
胡国辉, 宋顺奇, 向镜, 朱德峰, 陈惠哲, 张义凯, 王亚梁, 徐一成, 易子豪, 王军可, 张玉屏 . 生物可降解膜覆盖对机插水稻生长和稻米品质的影响[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2020 , 34(2) : 159 -170 . DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2020.9081
【Objective】Our aim is to reveal the effects of biodegradable film mulching on the growth and quality of mechanically transplanted rice in different ecological areas, and provid a method for the rice ecological planting.【Method】The biodegradable film mulching treatment was designed in early-season rice in southern area, single-season rice in northern area and single-season rice in southern area under mechanical transplanting with widely used Wuyoudao 4, Ezao 18 and Yongyou 538 as materials. We investigated the effects of biodegradable film mulching on soil temperature, mechanically transplanted rice growth and quality in different ecological areas.【Result】1) The effect of temperature increase: The film mulching had a better temperature increasing effect on mulched rice in northern area, which was mainly concentrated in the early period of growth, especially in the period from transplanting to panicle initiation; the average daily increase in soil temperature was 2.76℃. 2) Change of growth period: the growth period of rice was shortened in both northern and southern areas. The maturing stage of film-mulched rice was 7 days earlier in the norther area and 3 days earlier in the southern area. 3) Leaf age: biodegradable-film mulching promoted the growth of leaves and increased the rate of leaf emergence of rice in the northern and southern areas. In the early growth stage, the number of emerged leaves of the northern film mulched rice was 0.6~0.9 more than that of the control. 4) Plant height: the plant height of rice decreased in both northern and southern areas, while that of northern rice was significantly decreased by 5.7 cm. 5) Number of stems and tillers: the mulching treatment promoted the growth of rice tillers, and significantly increased the effective tillers number per hm2 of northern single-season rice by 357,000 compared with the control. 6) Shoot dry weight: the dry matter accumulation of single-season rice with biodegradable film mulched in northern area at panicle initiation stage, full heading stage and maturing stage was significantly higher than that of control, while that of early-season biodegradable film-mulched rice in southern area at maturing stage was significantly higher than that of control, that of single-season biodegradable film-mulched rice in southern area at full heading stage was significantly less than that of control. 7) Yield increasing effect: the yield of film-mulched rice in the northern and southern areas increased significantly. The yield of film-mulched single-season rice in northern area increased by 8.7%, early-season rice in southern area by 7.9%, and single-season rice in southern by only 4.1%. 8) Quality comparison: the brown rice, milled rice and protein contents were significantly improved by biodegradable film mulching in single-season rice in northern area, while the head rice was significantly increased in single-season biodegradable film-mulched rice in southern area, and the same results were obtained in southern early rice, but not significantly.【Conclusion】The planting mode of biodegradable film mulching and mechanical transplanting can promote the growth and development of rice and increase the yield of rice in both ecological regions. For rice quality, the northern film-mulched rice had improved milling quality of rice, but the eating quality decreased, and the southern film-mulched rice had improved milling quality, but the appearance quality became worse. The comparison between the northern and southern film-mulched rice showed that planting mode of biodegradable film mulching and mechanical transplanting had better promotion and yield-increasing effect on the northern rice, and reduced the environmental pollution caused by plastic film in the production of rice, and provide a new way for the green and high-quality production of rice.
Key words： biodegradable film; mechanical transplanting; rice growth; rice quality
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