杂交稻制种作业授粉后父本收割装置设计与试验

doi:10.16819/j.1001-7216.2026.250705

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】实现小行比种植模式下杂交稻制种作业授粉后父本的机械化收割。【方法】设计了一种由双刀盘切断机构、同步带夹持喂入机构、对辊螺旋夹持下拉机构和螺旋式滚刀切碎机构等部分组成的杂交稻制种作业授粉后父本收割装置，并开展各机构的工作性能试验和田间试验。【结果】当前进速度为0.2 m/s、切断双刀片重叠率4.14%、割刀转速≥650 r/min时，双刀盘切断成功率最高可达100%；同步带夹持喂入机构夹持厚度10 mm时，喂入成功率最高87.5%；双滚筒夹持下拉机构长度200 mm、螺纹导条角度30°、滚筒转速300 r/min时茎秆下拉成功率97.5%，工作性能最佳；螺旋式滚刀切碎机构在长度200 mm、转速200~300 r/min时，切碎成功率可达96.5%，且撒落距离符合农艺要求。【结论】田间试验结果表明父本秸秆切断成功率平均为99.52%，切碎成功率平均为90.59%，收割效果佳。

关键词: 父本收割, 双刀盘切割, 同步带夹持喂入, 对辊螺旋下拉, 螺旋式切碎

Abstract:

【Objective】To realize the mechanized harvesting of male parents after pollination in hybrid rice seed production under a small row ratio planting mode,【Method】a male parent harvesting device for hybrid rice seed production was designed, which was composed of a double cutterhead cutting mechanism, a synchronous belt clamping and feeding mechanism, a double-roller spiral clamping and pulling mechanism and a spiral hob chopping mechanism, and the working performance test and field test of each mechanism were carried out.【Result】When the forward speed is 0.2 m/s, the overlap rate of double cutting blades is 4.14%, and the cutter speed is not less than 650 r/min, the cutting success rate of the double cutterhead can reach 100%. When the clamping thickness of the synchronous belt clamping feeding mechanism is 10 mm, the feeding success rate is up to 87.5%. When the length of the double drum clamping and pulling mechanism is 200 mm, the angle of the spiral guide bar is 30°, and the drum speed is 300 r/min, the stem pull-down success rate is 97.5%, and the working performance is the best. When the length of the spiral hob chopping mechanism is 200 mm and the speed is 200-300 r/min, the success rate of chopping can reach 96.5%, and the scattering distance meets the agronomic requirements.【Conclusion】The results of field experiment showed that the average chopping success rate of male parent straw was 99.52%, the average cutting success rate was 90.59%, and the harvesting effect was good.

Key words: male parent harvest, double-cutterhead cutting, synchronous belt clamping feeding, screw down the roller, spiral chopping

曾志军, 陈雄飞, 林金龙, 蔡金平, 肖丽萍, 李永辉, 林逸航, 苗科淏. 杂交稻制种作业授粉后父本收割装置设计与试验[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2026, 40(6): 838-848.

ZENG Zhijun, CHEN Xiongfei, LIN Jinlong, CAI Jinping, XIAO Liping, LI Yonghui, LIN Yihang, MIAO Kehao. Development and Experiment of a Post-pollination Male Parent Harvester for Hybrid Rice Seed Production[J]. Chinese Journal OF Rice Science, 2026, 40(6): 838-848.

图/表 14

图1 装置的整体结构三维模型 1: 双刀盘切断机构; 2: 同步带夹持喂入机构; 3: 对辊螺旋夹持下拉机构; 4: 螺旋式滚刀切碎机构。

Fig. 1. 3D model of the whole machine 1, Double cutter cutting mechanism; 2, Synchronous belt clamping feeding mechanism; 3, Double-roller spiral clamping and pulling mechanism; 4, Spiral hob chopping mechanism.

图2 双刀盘切断机构结构示意图 1: 定位板; 2: 切断刀; 3: 传动组件。

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the structure of the cutting mechanism at the base of the double cutterhead 1, Positioning board; 2, Cut-off tool; 3, Driving parts.

图3 双刀盘切断机构设计方案示意图

Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of the double cutterhead cutting mechanism

图4 喂入机构工作原理示意图 Ⅰ: 喂入阶段; Ⅱ: 夹持阶段; Ⅲ: 释放阶段。

Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of the working principle of the feeding mechanism Ⅰ, Feeding stage; Ⅱ, Clamping stage; Ⅲ, Release phase.

图5 对辊螺旋夹持下拉机构三维设计图 1: 喂入锥筒; 2: 下拉辊筒。

Fig. 5. Three-dimensional design drawing of the pull-down roller 1, Feeding cone barrel; 2, Pull down roller.

图6 螺旋式滚刀三维图 1: 切碎刀轴; 2: 螺旋式切碎刀片; 3: 固定刀盘。

Fig. 6. 3D model of spiral knife roller 1, Chopping blade shaft; 2, Spiral chopping blades; 3, Fixed cutter disc.

图7 切断机构单因素试验结果

Fig. 7. Results of single-factor tests of cutting mechanism

图8 切断机构全因素试验结果

Fig. 8. Results of the all-factor test of the cutting mechanism

图9 喂入机构全因素试验结果

Fig. 9. Results of the all-factor test of the feeding mechanism

图10 下拉机构全因素试验结果

Fig. 10. Pull-downa mechanism all-factor test results

表1 切碎机构全因素试验结果表

Table 1. All factor test results of shredding mechanism

长度 Length(mm)	转速 Rotational speed(r/min)	切碎成功率 Chopping success rate(%)	切碎后茎秆长度 Stem length after chopping(mm)	切碎后茎秆散落距离 Scattered distance of stem after chopping
长度 Length(mm)	转速 Rotational speed(r/min)	切碎成功率 Chopping success rate(%)	切碎后茎秆长度 Stem length after chopping(mm)	左 Left(mm)	右 Right(mm)
150	100	95.0	100-200	0	0-100
	200	93.5	0-100	0	0
	300	94.0	0-100	0-100	0-100
	400	93.0	0-100	100-200	≥200
	500	92.5	0-100	≥200	≥200
200	100	94.5	100-200	0	0-100
	200	97.5	0-100	0	0
	300	95.5	0-100	0-100	0-100
	400	91.0	0-100	0-100	100-200
	500	92.0	0-100	≥200	≥200

图11 杂交稻制种作业授粉后父本收割装置试验样机

Fig. 11. Test prototype of male parent harvesting device for hybrid rice seed production

图12 水稻株高测量

Fig. 12. Rice plant height measurement

表2 田间试验结果

Table 2. Results of field trials

试验区 Test plot	切断成功率 Cutting success rate(%)	切碎成功率 Chopping success rate(%)	碎后茎秆散落范围 Scattered distance of stem after chopping
试验区 Test plot	切断成功率 Cutting success rate(%)	切碎成功率 Chopping success rate(%)	左 Left(mm)	右 Right(mm)
G	99.22	88.25	0-100	0
H	99.72	89.71	0-100	0
I	98.92	93.22	0-100	0-100
J	99.75	92.66	0-100	0
K	100.00	89.10	0-100	0
平均值Mean	99.52	90.59

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