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10 January 2017, Volume 31 Issue 1 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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Progress in Structures, Functions and Interactions of Starch Synthesis Related Enzymes in Rice Endosperm Yaling CHEN, Jinsong BAO 2017, 31(1): 1-12.  DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2017.6132 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1211KB) ( )   Starch is the predominant rice seed reserves. Rice yield and eating quality are influenced by the process of starch biosynthesis. In endosperm amyloplast, starch biosynthesis is a result of complex network of many enzymes. This report summarized the structures, functions and interactions of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), starch synthases (SSs), starch branching enzymes (BEs) and starch debranching enzymes (DBEs). It will provide helpful information to breed high yield and good quality rice.

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Analysis on Comparative Proteomics of Rice Grain Between Heat-tolerant and Heat-sensitive Lines Under High Night Temperature Stress at Filling Stage Xiaoping HUANG, Hongyu ZHANG, Gang LEI, Zhimei WANG, Zhi ZHANG, Chao HE, Jianglin LIAO, Yingjin HUANG 2017, 31(1): 13-22.  DOI: 10.16819/j.1001.7216.2017.6101 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (2076KB) ( )   【Objective】To understand molecular mechanism of rice tolerance to high night temperature at filling stage,we identify the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and screen the proteins involving in regulating the heat-tolerance in rice. 【Method】The heat-tolerant rice line XN0437T and the heat-sensitive rice line XN0437S originated from a near-genetic lines were used as plant materials. Rice was pot-cultivated under traditional management. To ensure that only grain samples with uniform growth were used for proteomes analysis, rice panicle bloomed on the same date were labeled with same markers and spikelets flowering on the same date on the labeled panicle were further labeled. On the 8th day after flowering, rice plants with same label were transferred to chambers for high night temperature treatment.Rice grains with same label were harvested and total proteins of the grain samples were extracted after high temperature treatment. The 8-plex iTRAQ kits combined with the LC-MS/MS technology were used to analyze the DEPs between the heat-tolerant and heat-sensitive lines. 【Result】After protein’s databases searching and differentially expressed proteins analysis, 3130 proteins were finally identified and 36 proteins showed differential expression levels between the heat-tolerant and heat-sensitive line. For the 36 DEPs, 14 proteins (38.9%) had functional annotation, 12 (33.3%) had putative function, and 10 (33.3%) were functional unknown proteins. The 14 function-known proteins were involved in energy metabolism (five proteins), transport and metabolism (three proteins), photosynthesis (two proteins) and defense response (four proteins). 【Conclusion】High night temperature impacts the expressed patterns of the proteins involved in energy metabolism, matter transport and metabolism, photosynthesis and defense response in rice at filling stage. We suggested that up-regulated expression of the zinc finger proteins (Q67TK9 and Q10N88), and down-regulated expression of the zinc finger protein (Q5YLY5) in rice grain could enhance the heat-tolerance in rice.

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QTL Mapping of japonica Rice Stigma Exsertion Rate Wei LI, Zhonghua SHENG, Ziliang ZHU, Xiangjin WEI, Lei SHI, Yawen WU, Shaoqing TANG, Jianlong WANG, Peisong HU 2017, 31(1): 23-30.  DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2017.6043 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1621KB) ( )   【Objective】Stigma exsertion is one of the important traits which contribute to the efficient improrement of commercial seed production in hybrid rice. The objective of the study was to understand the genetic factors involved in the sigma exsertion.【Method】 The F2 and F2:3 populations of Da S×D50 planted in Lingshui, Hainan Province and Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, respectively were used and the single stigma exsertion rate (PSES), double stigma exsertion rate (PDES) and total stigma exsertion rate (PES) were measured. 【Result】Correlation analysis indicated that there were significant relationships among the PSES, PDES and PES. Further, the genetic linkage map of Da S×D50 F2 population was constructed, then, 21 stigma exsertion rate QTL were located on chromosome 1,2,3,4,6,7 and 12, respectively, with the contribution rate ranging from 0.1% to 57.6%. The additive effect of most QTLs were contributed by high value parent Da S except for some QTL that with extremely low contribution rate. There were two QTLs on Chromosome 4 and Chromosome 12, qPDES4 and qPES12, both detected in F2 and F2:3 populations with contribution rate as high as 17.86% and 16.98%, respectively. The qPES3 located on Chromosome 3 with high contribution rate were detected in F2:3 population for two times. 【Conclusion】Some stigma exsertion rate QTL shared the same location with those reported by other researchers, but there were also some new QTLs which provide theoretical support for further fine-mapping, gene cloning, and breeding new japonica male sterile lines with high stigma exsertion rate by using molecular marker-assistant selection.

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Correlation Analysis and QTL Mapping for Starch RVA Profile Properties and Amylose and Protein Contents in Rice Jie ZHANG, Leina ZHENG, Yue CAI, Xiaoman YOU, Fei KONG, Guoxiang WANG, Haigang YAN, Jie JIN, Liang WANG, Wenwei ZHANG, Ling JIANG 2017, 31(1): 31-39.  DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2017.6046 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1896KB) ( )   【Objective】The detection of new quantitative trait loci(QTLs)and the correlation analysis between different rice quality traits are used to dissect the genetic mechanism underlying rice quality and to breed high-quality rice varieties. 【Method】The backcross inbred lines(BILs) of Sasanishiki× Habataki planted in two environments were used to detect additive QTLs for amylose content, protein content and RVA profiles. 【Result】Phenotypic analysis showed the protein content of Habataki was higher than that of Sasanishiki while other rice quality parameters of Sasanishiki were generally higher than those of Habataki except the setback viscosity. A total of 42 additive QTLs were detected, and ten of them could be repeatedly detected in two environments, including qPC8, qAC4, qAC10, qPKV2, qPKV7, qHPV7, qCPV1, qBDV4, qBDV7 and qSBV7. Of them, qCPV1, qBDV4, qPKV7, qHPV7 and qAC10 had not been reported previously. Moreover, the environmental stability of 10 QTLs, was further confirmed across two different environments by chromosome segment substitution lines(CSSLs). 【Conclusion】Significant correlations were observed between RVA profiles and protein or amylose contents, and many QTLs affecting different quality traits were co-localized.

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Analysis of Genetic Similarity and Construction of DNA Fingerprinting for Conventional Double Cropping Early Rice Varieties in the Yangtze River Basin Dongqing DAI, Huali ZHANG, Meng ZHANG, Ximing LI, Liangyong MA 2017, 31(1): 40-49.  DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2017.6117 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (2157KB) ( )   【Objective】 To provide a reference for rice variety identification and parents selection,we constructed fingerprints of conventional early rice varieties and analyzed its genetic similarity. 【Method】 Conventional early rice varieties registered at or above the provincial level since 2000 in the Yangtze River Basin were analyzed using 50 pairs of SSR primers with high polymorphism, good stability, and even distribution on 12 chromosomes of rice to construct SSR fingerprints of conventional early rice. Cluster analysis was conducted with NTSYS PC Version 2.10e software and UPGMA cluster analysis method. 【Results】 A total of 154 polymorphic bands were detected among 62 rice lines. Two to six alleles were detected for each marker with an average of 3.08. Primers polymorphism information content (PIC) value ranged from 0.03 to 0.75, with an average of 0.36. Cluster analysis with NTSYS PC Version 2.10e software showed that the genetic similarities ranged from 0.66 to 1.00. The 62 varieties could be divided into two groups as varieties in Zhejiang Province and varieties outside the province at the similarity coefficient of 0.73 with small difference between groups. 【Conclusion】 Combination with the pedigree relationship, it was revealed that the genetic background of early rice varieties in this study was relatively narrow.

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Effects of Slow-release Urea on Nitrogen Utilization and Yield in Mechanically-transplanted Rice under Different Nitrogen Application Rates Haiyue WANG, Yue LI, Yongjian SUN, Yinghong LI, Mingjin JIANG, Chunyu WANG, Jianhong ZHAO, Yuanyuan SUN, Hui XU, Fengjun YAN, Jun MA 2017, 31(1): 50-64.  DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2017.6072 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (895KB) ( )   【Objective】Effects of different nitrogen (N) application rates (150 kg/hm2 and 180 kg/hm2) and slow-release urea on N utilization and grain yield and its physiological characteristics in mechanical transplanted rice were studied to lay a scientific base for high-efficient N utilization in mechanical transplanted rice.【Method】 Hybrid rice Chuanguyou 7329 was used to investigate the effects of nitrogen (N) application rates and various slow-release urea ratios to conventional urea, (10∶0, 7∶3, 5∶5, 3∶7 and 0∶10, respectively) on N utilization efficiency (NUE), grain yield and its physiological characteristics of mechanical-transplanted rice, as well as the correlation between N utilization, grain yield and physiological characteristics. 【Result】The results showed that N application rates and slow-release urea combined with conventional urea had significant effects on NUE and grain yield. The N utilization at jointing, heading, and filling stage, and the N translation amount of stem-sheath during filling stage had a significant positive correlation with dry matter weight, N accumulation, N apparent use efficiency, spikelet number per panicle and grain yield. Compared with conventional urea, slow-release urea or slow-release urea combined with conventional urea could significantly increase dry matter accumulation, N accumulation, photosynthetic potential, leaf area index (LAI), N apparent use efficiency, and N increment of panicle in mechanical-transplanted rice. 【Conclusion】According to grain yield and NUE, the higher grain yield and NUE were obtained at the N application rate of 180 kg/hm2, especially at the ratio of slow-release urea to conventional urea 7∶3, 0.84%-26.59% and 0.28%-47.02% higher than that of other treatments, respectively. This treatment could also enhance the NUE and grain yield, which was the optimum N management in this experiment. Moreover, LAI, photosynthetic potential and dry matter accumulation decreased with the decline of the proportion of slow-release urea, and these indexes were the lowest in the treatment of whole conventional urea, which were not conducive to NUE and grain yield of mechanical-transplanted rice.

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Effects of Selenium Valence on Its Uptake and Translocation in Rice Under Drip Irrigation Dong ZHAND, Lichao SHI, Jun YE, Zhen’an HOU, Cunhu WANG, Yonghai WU 2017, 31(1): 65-71.  DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2017.6069 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (844KB) ( )   【Objective】 To lay a theoretical base for the development of selenium-enriched rice, a field plot experiment was performed to study the effects of selenate and selenite on selenium transformation and bioavailability under drip irrigation. 【Method】The experiment consisted of two factors: (i) amount of Se fertilizer (0.3, 0.6, and 1.2 kg/hm2), (ii) type of Se fertilizer (selenate and selenite). 【Result】The results indicated that selenate application at the level of 1.2 kg/hm2 resulted in the highest soluble selenium concentration one day after fertilization (340% higher than control), 1.2 kg/hm2 selenite application resulted in the highest exchangeable selenium, Fe oxide-bound selenium and organic matter-bound selenium concentrations four days after fertilization (380%, 56%, 59% higher than control). It could be seen that selenate mainly existed in soluble form in soil, while selenite could be transformed from the soluble form to other three forms, which decreased its bioavailability. We found that under selenite treatment selenium concentration in leaves and seeds was significantly lower than that under selenate treatment. However,under selenite treatment, the selenium content in root was significantly higher than that under selenate treatment. 【Conclusion】The selenium accumulations in shoot and root of rice were significantly higher under selenate treatments than those under the selenite treatments. Compared with the selenate treatment, absorption index, primary transport index and secondary transport index were lower in the selenite treatment. In conclusion, selenite has higher bioavailability than selenite in drip irrigation.

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Effects of Different Nitrogen Supply Patterns on Root Morphological and Physiological Characteristics of Rice Xiangyu HU, Jiuxin GUO, Guangli TIAN, Limin GAO, Qirong SHEN, Shiwei GUO 2017, 31(1): 72-80.  DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2017.6050 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1614KB) ( )   【Objective】The objectives were to study the effects of optimized N managements (OPTs, including HE and HYHE) on root growth, root morphological and physiological characteristics, and their relationships with N accumulation and yield formation. 【Method】Hydroponic experiments using Zhendao 11 as material were conducted in a greenhouse with three N supply patterns: farmers' fertilizer practices (FFP, T1), nitrogen (N) application of high efficiency (HE, T2), and N application of high yield and high efficiency (HEHY, T3). 【Result】Higher spikelet number per panicle, filled grain rate and 1000-grain weight were achieved in HE and HYHE treatments compared to FFP, which led to grain yield increase of 5.7% and 16.0% in HE and HEHY (OPTs), respectively. Rice roots in OPTs had higher root dry matter weight, total root surface area, root volume, and adventitious roots number per tiller and longer root length throughout the growth season. OPTs resulted in higher xylem flow sap rate, root N assimilation activity, and leaf photosynthesis speed anthesis stage and middle grain filling stage. The root dry matter weight, length, total surface area, volume, and adventitious roots number per tiller, xylem flow sap rate, and root N assimilation activity had significantly positive relationship with total N accumulation and grain yield. 【Conclusion】OPTs could improve root growth, optimize root morphology, and maintain higher root physiological activities, thus achieving the improvement in N accumulation and grain yield.

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Effect of Seeding Method and Density on the Benefit of Mechanical Transplanting in indica Hybrid Rice Jianfeng HU, Bo YANG, Wei ZHOU, Peipei ZHANG, Qiang ZHANG, Peicheng LI, Wanjun REN, Wenyu YANG 2017, 31(1): 81-90.  DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2017.6036 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1048KB) ( )   【Objective】 Our purpose is to investigate the rice seedling growth characteristic, quality of transplanting, rice yield and economic benefits of sparse seeding in indica hybrid rice. 【Method】 The seeds of F you 498 and Ⅱ you 498 were used as materials to develop and chose the optimal drilling seeding machine, then a two-factor split-plot field experiment was conducted with seeding method as main plot and seeding quantity as sub-plot. 【Results】 The results showed that sowing in drill was contributive to unifrom growth of seedings with 24 lines being the best. The rice seedlings under sparse seeding began to grow tiller 14 days after seeding with the growth rate of tiller peaking between 17-23 days after seeding. With the increasing seeding density, seedling rate, dry matter accumulation, root shoot ratio, grain plumpness, N accumulation quantity, the percentage of tiller occurrence, rooting ability and leakage rate showed a tendency of decreasing. At the same time, the number of productive panicles increased, the grain number per panicle decreased and the grain yield increased at first and then decreased. The seedling quality under drill seeding was better than broadcast seeding, under which the seeds grew into strong seedlings and had a higher grain yield. 【Conclusion】 By comprehensively comparing cost and output, the drill seeding at the seeding rate of 50g/disc had a good coordination between seedling population density and individual advantage and the input-output ratio was the highest and had a higher economic benefit.

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Structure Observation of Rice Endosperm Tissues Yankun ZHENG, De’er ZENG, Heping WEI, Yuan XU, Yunjie GU, Zhong WANG 2017, 31(1): 91-98.  DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2017.6062 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (3023KB) ( )   【Objective】 The objective of this research was to clarify structural characteristics of aleurone cells, sub-aleurone cells and central starchy endosperm cells. 【Method】 We observed and investigated rice endosperm using a light microscopy, a transmission electron microscopy and a scanning electron microscopy. 【Result】 During the differentiation process of aleurone cells, the large vacuoles were transformed into protein storage vacuoles of small volume and protein storage vacuoles were transformed into aleurone granules. There were more layers of aleurone cells in the dorsal part than in the ventral part of caryopses. However, the formation and accumulation rate of aleurone granules was slower in aleurone cells of the dorsal part of caryopses. Sub-aleurone cells initially included some lipid bodies, and later lipid bodies disappeared and amyloplasts and protein bodies in them increased gradually. Central starchy endosperm cells included amyloplasts and protein bodies. Vacuolar protein bodies occupied the major part of total protein bodies and they could fused with one another to be larger. Starch accumulation rate of central starchy endosperm cells was evidently quicker than that of sub-aleurone cells. In mature caryopses, amyloplasts were very dense in central starchy endosperm cells, amyloplasts were sparser in sub-aleurone cells of dorsal and lateral parts of caryopses and amyloplasts were sparsest in sub-aleurone cells of the ventral part of caryopses. 【Conclusion】 Structural differences of aleurone cells and sub-aleurone cells in dorsal and ventral parts of rice caryopses might be related to nutrient absorption and translocation. Developmental rate of amyloplasts in central starchy endosperm cells was quicker than that in sub-aleurone cells.

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Establishment and Application of “Six-Nursery Method” System for Seed Purification and Multiplication of PTGMS Lines in Rice Jun WU, Qiyun DENG, Shaowu QI, Wen ZHUANG, Zuxing SHI, Chuanguang ZHOU 2017, 31(1): 99-104.  DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2017.6052 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1193KB) ( )   【Objective】 Guaranteeing the seed purity of photo-thermo-sensitive genic male sterile (PTGMS) lines is extremely important for developing and using two-line hybrids. Problems still remained in existing technologies which put too much emphasis on preventing the threshold temperature drift and neglect maintaining not only high seed purity but authenticity. To solve these problems, a new set of “Six-Nursery Method” purification and multiplication system of PTGMS lines in rice has been established based on years of multiplication practices of PTGMS line Y58S in large scale commercially. 【Method】 Key technologies of this system are as follows: initial separating typical monoclonal in screening nursery which is sampled directly from commercial foundation seeds in mass multiplication, and then genetically purifying critical temperature inducing male sterility in critical temperature identification nursery; integrating evaluation results in 3 nurseries, such as group observation nursery, combining ability identification nursery and outcrossing testing nursery, to the final selection for purified genetic background and uniformed phenotype, in order to screening authentic core lines and to obtaining original seed; establishing a specifical original seed multiplication base to achieve the high purity original seed; multiplying original seed to produce breeder seed and multiplying breeder seed to produce foundation seed of PTGMS lines. 【Conclusion】 Practices have proved that application of such a set of techniques could guarantee stable sterility and identical genetic background of PTGMS line and greatly improve the safety and reliability of two line hybrids in commercial production. Since 2008, 2.49 million kg foundation seeds of Y58S with the purity over 99.5% have been produced by applying this purification and multiplication system, and been provided to seed companies for hybrid seed production, which have produced a large number hybrid seeds for planting 14.74 million hectare in farmer’s field.

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Analysis on Resistance of Pi Genes to Predominant Races of Mangnaporthe oryzae in Fujian Province, China Hongchun RUAN, Niuniu SHI, Yixin DU, Lin GAN, Xiujuan YANG, Yuli DAI, Furu CHEN 2017, 31(1): 105-110.  DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2017.6060 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (381KB) ( )   【Obiective】 The rational utilization and deployment of the blast resistance in rice varieties are key factors that ensures the durability and effectiveness of resistance genes. To determine the resistance and utilization potential of 24 single major resistance genes in Fujian Province, 【Method】 we tested the physiological races and pathotypes of 347 single spore isolates of Magnaporthe oryzae which were isolated from susceptible rice cultivar “Lijiangxintuanheigu” from different rice growing areas within Fujian Province between 2012-2015 by using seven Chinese host differentials and six CO39 near-isogenic lines (CO39 NILs) respectively. We further performed an assay to monitor the resistance frequencies of 24 single resistance genes with these isolates. 【Result】 Subsequently, we observed that the seven Chinese host differentials clearly differentiated the 347 isolates into six distinct groups with 36 physiological races. The dominant groups were ZA, ZB and ZC, and the dominant physiological races were ZC15, ZD7 and ZB15. In addition, we noticed that the six CO39 NILs differentiated the 347 isolates into 17 pathotypes with I34.1 as the dominating pathotypes. Particularly, the resistance spectrums associated with the 24 resistance gene were larger and ranged from 9.80 to 89.91% when inoculated with the 347 isolates. For the eight resistance genes Pi-km, Pi-7(t), Pi-9(t), Pi-kp, Pi-k, Pi-kh, Pi-z5 and Pi-ta(1), their resistance spectrums were above 70.00%. 【Conclusion】 These results indicated that the eight resistance genes could be successfully deployed in Fujian Province, and further demonstrated that rice breeding approaches could be combined with multiple resistance genes in widely grown hybrids or cultivars. Furthermore, the recorded resistance spectrums of eight genes for dominant physiological races and pathotypes were above 69.00% and adequately proved that the use of dominant physiological races or pathotypes as a method for identifying resistance or resistance spectrums in rice cultivars was reliable.