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10 September 2014, Volume 28 Issue 5 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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Physicochemical Property Analysis  and Gene Mapping of a Floury Endosperm Mutant flo7 in Rice FANG Pengfei, LI Sanfeng, JIAO Guiai, XIE Lihong, HU Peisong, WEI Xiangjin*, TANG Shaoqing* 2014, 28(5): 447-457.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2014.05.001 Abstract ( )   PDF (3672KB) ( )   Starch is major storage substance and accounts for 80% of dry weight in rice endosperm. The rice grain quality is partial determined by component, content and granule structure of starch. In this study, starchy mutant designated flo7, selected from the progeny of tissue culture of Nipponbare, displayed floury and opaque endosperm. The grain length of flo7 was longer, but grain width, grain thickness and 1000grain weight were lower than those of its wild type. Compared with the wild type, the flo7 endosperm accumulated a higher level of glucose, fructose and sucrose, but lower level of dry weight. There was no significant difference in protein content between the wild type and  flo7 mutant. The amylose content and gel consistency of  flo7 were lower than that of wild type, but the alkali spreading value of flo7 was higher. Scanning electron microscopic examinations showed that the mutant endosperms contained irregular, loosely packed, compound starch granules. Genetic analysis indicated that the mutant phenotype was determined by a single recessive nuclear gene. By means of molecular marker technique, flo7 gene was narrowed down to a 95.1 kb interval which includes 13 open reading frames (ORFs) on the long arm of chromosome 12. The results of RTPCR indicated that the expression levels of some genes involved in starch synthesis were influenced in flo7 mutant. These results suggested that  FLO7 plays an important role in the synthesis and regulation of starch in rice.

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Fine Mapping of  Gene  RL3(t), Responsible for Leaf Shape Formation in Rice GUO Min, LI Rongde, YAO Jian, ZHU Juan, FAN Xiangyun, WANG Wei, TANG Shuzhu, GU Minghong, YAN Changjie* 2014, 28(5): 458-464.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2014.05. 002 Abstract ( )   PDF (972KB) ( )   Two mutants with rolled leaves, derived from the  indica  cultivar 9311 via the radiation of 60Coγ ray in M2 generation, temporally designated as rl3(t)1 and  rl3(t)2, were served as materials for exploring the mechanism underlying the rolling leaf characteristic. Morphological analysis showed that, these two mutants have typically adaxially rolled leaves. In addition, when compared with wild type 9311, the plant heights and panicle lengths of rl3(t)1 and rl3(t)2 significantly decreased, as well as the seed setting percentage. Cytological analysis suggests that the rolled leaf phenotype may be caused by the change of number and size of bulliform cells. Genetic analysis indicated that rolled leaf character is controlled by a recessive nuclear gene. Crossing between the two mutants, the F1\[rl3(t)1/rl3(t)2\] plants exhibit rolled leaf, suggesting they are allelic. To map the RL3(t) gene, an F2 population was generated by crossing the rl3(t)1 mutants with Wuyunjing 8 as a mapping population. By using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and some new designed sequence tagged site (STS) markers, RL3(t) was initially mapped in the region between the STS marker M345 and the SSR marker RM6676 with the genetic distances of 5.5 cM and 4.4 cM, respectively, on the long arm of chromosome 3. Furthermore, with the enlarged population and more developed STS markers, RL3(t) gene was finally delimited to a 46kb long region governed by the STS markers S339 and S336.

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Characterization and Gene Mapping of a Lesion Mimic Mutant g303 in Rice LIU Lin1, #, ZHANG Yingxin1, #, LI Zhi1,2, LIU Qunen1, YU Ning1, SUN Bin1, YANG Zhengfu1, ZHOU Quan1, CHENG Shihua1, CAO Liyong1,* 2014, 28(5): 465-472.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2014.05.003 Abstract ( )   PDF (2311KB) ( )   The lesion mimic mutant g303 and g342 were isolated by treating the seeds of indica varieties  9311 and R8015 with γray radiation, respectively. The yellow spots initially appear on g303 leaves at 4leaf stage. With the growth and development of the plant, the lesions almost occupied the whole plant till the maturity stage. Compared with the wild type, the plant height, seed setting rate and 1000grain weight of g303 significantly dropped, the chlorophyll and photosynthetic rate obviously decreased. Genetic analysis showed that the mutant phenotype was controlled by a single recessive gene. Using F2 mapping population of g303/ Nipponbare, the g303 mutant gene was mapped between marker InD10 and InD12 on rice chromosome 12, with genetic distances of 0.19 cM and 0.76 cM, respectively. Sequence analysis revealed that the mutated gene was allelic to SL, g303 and g342 mutated gene had a single nucleotide deletion (T572 and G1206, respectively), leading to a premature termination codon. Realtime PCR analysis showed that the expression level of defenserelated genes upregulated significantly, these results demonstrated that the mutation may activate the defense response.

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Development and Application of a Functional Marker for Grain Weight Gene TGW6 in Rice WANG Jun1, YANG Jie1, XU Xiang2, ZHU Jinyan1, FAN Fangjun1, LI Wenqi1, WANG Fangquan1, ZHONG Weigong1,* 2014, 28(5): 473-478.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2014.05.004 Abstract ( )   PDF (1075KB) ( )   Grain weight is one of the most important factors in grain yield and grain quality. TGW6 was reported to significantly enhance thousandgrain weight without  negative effect on grain quality. To improve the selection efficiency of grain weight gene TGW6 in breeding, the marker CAPs61 based on the single nucleotide deletion in the functional region of alleles TGW6/tgw6 was selected and furtherly confirmed to be a gene based marker via sequencing CAPs61 PCR products. CAPs61 was employed to genotype 43 indica rice varieties, 65 japonica varieties certificated in Jiangsu Province from 2007 to 2013, and 179 local japonica cultivars from Taihu Basin. The results showed that there were only 14 indica varieties carrying TGW6 gene, while TGW6 gene was not detected in 244 japonica rice samples, indicating that TGW6 mainly exists in indica germplasm, and is rarely found in japonica rice varieties.

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Breeding Potential and Interaction Effects of qSB9TQ and TAC1TQ in Rice Breeding Against Sheath Blight Disease CHEN Zongxiang1, ZUO Shimin1,*, ZHANG Yafang1, CHEN Hongqi4, FENG Minghui1, JIANG Wei1, FENG Fan1, MA Yuyin3, HUA Heliang2, LI Guosheng2, PAN Xuebiao1,* 2014, 28(5): 479-486.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2014.05.005 Abstract ( )   PDF (445KB) ( )   Through marker assisted selection (MAS), four isogenic lines were obtained, which contained both genes qSB9TQ (quantitative resistance to sheath blight) and  TAC1TQ (tiller angle control gene), either of them, and none of them in each background of two  japonica  varieties (Zhenjing 88 and Wulingjing 1). The agronomic traits, yield related components and sheath blight (SB) disease severity of different lines were investigated under three different favorable disease conditions, slight, moderate and severe. Results showed that: 1) In the same background, the lines harboring TAC1TQ showed significantly larger tiller angle than that of lines without this gene, but presenting a consistent phenotype on other agronomic traits. 2) The average SB ratings of the lines showed significant difference among different favorable disease conditions; in slight disease conditions, the four lines showed similar SB ratings with no significant difference, however, in moderate disease conditions, the lines contained both genes showed significantly lower SB ratings than that of the control; in severe disease conditions, the lines with both genes and with qSB9TQ alone all showed significantly lower SB ratings than that of the control, while the lines with TAC1TQ alone had lower SB ratings than that of the control, too, which further confirmed the contribution of qSB9TQ to SB resistance; the negative interaction between TAC1TQ and qSB9TQ on SB resistance was found. 3) In the same disease condition, the lines with different combinations of TAC1TQ and qSB9TQ did not show significant difference on yield related components; along with the increasing SB ratings, the plant yield, seed setting rate and 1000grain weight of all lines declined; the yield per plant of the four lines in severe disease conditions were all significantly reduced compared to those in slight disease conditions, and among them the control lines suffered from the biggest yield decline. Although the potential of TAC1TQ in japonica rice breeding needs further estimation, introducing both genes TAC1TQ and qSB9TQ is benefit to enhance rice SB resistance.

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Stability Analysis of Rice Yield Related Traits of Varieties Derived from Huanghuazhan and It Parents ZHANG Fenyun1,2,3， LI Hong2,3， WANG Chongrong2,3， ZHOU Degui2,3， ZHOU Xiangyang4， SITU Zhimou， LAI Suichun2,3， CHEN Liyun1， ZHOU Shaochuan1,2,3，* 2014, 28(5): 487-495.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2014.05.006 Abstract ( )   PDF (868KB) ( )   In order to illuminate the difference in yield stability for different varieties, yield stability was analyzed with varieties derived from Huanghuazhan and their parents as materials based on 17 yieldrelated traits for four consecutive seasons in two years by using the Additive Main effects and Multiplicative Interactions (AMMI) model. The results showed that rice yield greatly changed in the four environments, ranging from 2.21% to 19.45%. The yield stability and yieldrelated traits stability were varietydependent, with the highest yield stability in Feng′aizhan and the lowest in Shuanggui 36. Grain width and top leaf width, with stability coefficients of 0.043 and 0.049, showed the highest stability, followed by rice yield(with the stability coefficient of 0.178) and spikelet number per panicle(with stability coefficient of 0.935). Pedigree analysis showed that: the introduction of Changsizhan improved yield stability significantly. With changing breeding objectives, the stability index decreased until the introduction of Molisimao. The excellent germplasm resources would contribute to new rice variesty breeding with high stability of yield and yield related traits, thus promoting high and stable yielding rice breeding.

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Structure Analysis of Highyielding Rice Varieties and Their Derived Lines Bred by Shenyang Agricultural University YANG Xianli， WANG Jiayu*， LIU Dan， ZHANG Ling， LI Xiaonan， LV Guoyi 2014, 28(5): 496-502.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2014.05.007 Abstract ( )   PDF (7234KB) ( )   Six highyield varieties (Shennong 265, Shennong 606, Shennong 9741, Qianchonglang 1, Shennong 9903, Shennong 9816) and 570 inbred lines were used as materials to analyze the utilization of seven cloned yieldrelated functional gene (DEP1, GS5, qSW5, Gn1a, qGW8, GS3 and  GW2) and the contribution of indica blood in the japonica rice breeding of Liaoning Province. The results showed that allelic variations were detected from all of the functional gene loci except for GW2. The loci of DEP1, qSW5 and qGW8 were widely used in japonica rice breeding by the breeders at Shenyang Agricultural University. In the 570 inbred lines, 467 lines (82.13% of the lines) contained DEP1, 550 lines (96.5% of the lines) contained qSW5, and 351 lines (61.6% of the lines) contained qGW8. The functional alleles of GS5, Gn1a and GS3 were also present in a small number of lines, and the rates were 5.44%, 070% and 1.05%, respectively. The results of the analysis with 32 indicajaponica specific markers showed that indicajaponica differentiation on these sites existed in 54.0% of the lines. Most of the indica genetic loci were located on chromosome 5, with a percentage of 20.8%.

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Difference in Grain Productivity and Population Quality of DoubleCropping Late  japonica  Rice under Different Cultivation Methods XU Ke1, ZHANG Jun1,2, ZHANG Hongcheng1,*, HUA Jin1, HUO Zhongyang1, GUO Baowei1, DAI Qigen1, WEI Haiyan1, GAO Hui1 2014, 28(5): 503-513.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2014.05.008 Abstract ( )   PDF (1194KB) ( )   A high population quality is necessary to achieve high grain yield in rice, but little information is available about how different cultivation methods affect population quality and grain yield of late  japonica  rice. Zhendao 11(japonica conventional rice cultivar) and Yongyou 8(japonica hybrid rice cultivar) were grown in the field of doublecropping rice area (Shanggao county, Jiangxi Province), under five cultivation methods including artificial transplanting with middle and strong seedlings in dry nursery (AT), twohole ordered transplanting (OT), singlehole ordered broadcasting (OB) and cast transplanting (CT), with mechanical transplanting (MT) as CK. The results showed that, the average yield of the two cultivars under AT ranked first,followed by OT, OB, CT and MT. Compared with grain yield under MT,  the grain yield of Zhendao 11 and Yongyou 8 under AT, OT, OB and CT were higher by 17.1% and 16.8%, 12.7% and 11.7%, 5.9% and 5.4%, 3.6% and 1.8% , respectively. And percentage of productive tillers (＞65%), biomass in whole growth duration and from heading to maturity, efficient and high efficient leaf area, crop growth rate (CGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) of rice in middle and late growing stage, grainleaf ratio, leaf photosynthetic rate, rootshoot ratio, root bleeding sap and its ratio to spikelets (spikelet number, filled grain number, grain yield) also increased significantly, rice stems has stronger lodging resistance. Based on the results, we discussed the regulation approaches and the suitable cultivation methods for raising productivity and population in doublecropping late japonica rice.

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Differential Comparison of Assimilation Products Accumulation, Nitrogen Uptake and Utilization and Grain Yield of Hybrid  indica  Rice Combinations with Different Panicle Types QIN Jian, YANG Zhiyuan, SUN Yongjian, XU Hui, MA Jun* 2014, 28(5): 514-522.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2014.05.009 Abstract ( )   PDF (760KB) ( )   Grain yield, assimilation products accumulation and transportation, and nitrogen (N) uptake and utilization of 18 hybrid indica  rice combinations were measured under two nitrogen levels (0 kg/hm2 and 180 kg/hm2), then the 18 rice combinations were classified by cluster analysis according panicle weight and the differences in above indexes among various panicle types were compared. The results showed that the 18 rice  combinations  were classified into 4 types: large panicle type (A type), medium to large type (B type), medium to small type (C type) and small type (D type). N fertilizer application increased panicle weight, and the clustering results remained unchanged regardless of nitrogen application level. Grain yield of the four panicle types imporved with increasing panicle weight, and the  large panicle type rice got the highest yield  under both two N levels owing to its superiority in    total dry matter accumulation (TDA), higher proportion of dry matter accumulation after anthesis(DAAA) under zero nitrogen level and  more equitable accumulation of dry matter under Nsufficient level. Export of stemsheaths (ESS) showed close relationships with both panicle types and N levels, and N fertilizer application could increase ESS of A and B types effectively. There were significant differences in N uptake and utilization among the 4 panicle types. Total nitrogen accumulation (TNA) of A and B types were significantly higher under both N levels. With the largest nitrogen uptake, B type rice showed weaker N utilization ability compared with A type. Due to equitable nitrogen accumulation before and after anthesis, powerful nitrogen translocation (VTN) ability of vegetative organs and rational assimilation product distribution to panicle the nitrogen dry matter production efficiency (NDMPE) and nitrogen grain production efficiency (NGPE) of A type rice were outstanding.

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Effects of Nitrogen Level and High Temperature at Late Booting Stage on Yield and Physiological Characteristics of Two Early Rice Cultivars YANG Jun, CHEN Xiaorong, ZHU Changlan, PENG Xiaosong, HE Xiaopeng, FU Junru, OUYANG Linjuan, BIAN Jianmin, HU Lifang, HE Haohua* 2014, 28(5): 523-533.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2014.05.010 Abstract ( )   PDF (1583KB) ( )   The compound effects of nitrogen level and high temperature at late booting stage on rice yield were investigated at two nitrogen levels, with hybrid rice combination (Ganxin 203) and  conventional rice cultivar (Zhong 531) as materials at 38 °C for 4 days at late booting stage. We analyzed the difference in grain yield and physiological indicators of the  two rice cultivars and nitrogen effects under high temperature. The results showed that yield per plant, effective panicle number per plant, spikelet number per panicle, spikelets fertility, differentiated spikelet number per panicle, and harvest index of  the two rice cultivars decreased to various degrees under high temperature at the same nitrogen level at late booting stage. Furthermore, high temperature significantly decreased yield per plant, spikelet  fertility, and harvest index   compared with natural temperature (P< 0.05). The ratio of degenerated spikelets, leaf weight per stem, stem and sheath weight per stem increased under high temperature, while under high temperature  the ratio of degenerated spikelets significantly increased  compared with natural temperature (P< 0.05).  At  the same nitrogen level, the chlorophyll contents of the two cultivars increased to various degrees at the late stage under high temperature. For Zhong 531, the chlorophyll contents increased by a  lower increasing percentage at  high nitrogen level compared with that at normal nitrogen level  under  high  temperature. In addition,  yield per plant and effective panicle number per plant of the two cultivars at  high nitrogen level were higher than those at  normal nitrogen level. Under  high temperature, spikelet number  per panicle, 1000grain weight, and harvest index of Zhong 531 at  high nitrogen level were significantly higher than those at normal nitrogen level, while spikelet fertility was significantly reduced. It was worth noting that  yield per plant of the two cultivars at  high nitrogen  level decreased by a lower percentage  compared with normal nitrogen level under high temperature, implying that   appropriate  high nitrogen levels contributed to relief of  the effects of high temperature on grain production.

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Effects of   Soil Water Potential at Grain FillingMilky Stage on Rice Yield and Physiological Traits in Salinealkali Soil GENG Yanqiu, JIN Feng, ZHU Mingxia, GAO Xianying, WANG Shuai, HUA Shuang, SHAO Xiwen*, ZHANG Lianxue* 2014, 28(5): 534-540.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2014.05.011 Abstract ( )   PDF (601KB) ( )   To explore the effects of soil water potential at grain fillingmilky stage on rice yield and physiological traits in salinealkali soil, we measured grain yield, dry matter production, leaf physiological traits and leaf area under soil water potentials of 0kPa(WP0), -15 kPa(WP-15),-30 kPa(WP-30) and CK (continuously flooded).The results showed that yield of rice differed significantly under different soil water potentials, being the highest under WP0, while being the lowest under WP-30.Compared with the CK, WP-15 and WP-30, rice grain yield under WP0 increased by 403%, 19.90 % and 26.05 %, respectively and the increased 1000grain weight and seed setting percentage may contribute to its higher grain yield. The root dry matter production under WP0 was significantly higher than that under CK at grain fillingmilky  stage. The dry matter accumulation of root and abroveground part under WP0 were significantly higher than those under CK , WP-15 and WP-30 after 15 days of  rewatering. With the decreasing soil water potential, the leaf relative water content  and leaf area index  decreased with insignificant difference. The content of proline and electrical conductivity under CK were significantly lower than those under WP0, WP-15 and , WP-30. The chlorophyll contents showed a trend of WP0>CK> WP-15> WP-30. The 1000grain weight, seed setting percentage, root activity, dry matter production and chlorophyll contents of rice in soda alkalisaline soil increased under moist irrigation at the grain fillingmilky stage, so in soda alkalisaline soil continuously flooded irrigation is not necessary. Moist irrigation method could improve not only rice yield ,but also water resourceuse efficiency.

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Source Area and Landing Mechanism of Early Immigration Population of Whitebacked Planthoppers in Xuyong, Sichuan Province BI Jianchun1， CHEN Xingliao1， PENG Xiaoming2， FENG Chuanhong3， MA Li3， JIANG Chunxian1,*， LI Qing1， WANG Haijian1， YANG Qunfang1 2014, 28(5): 541-550.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2014.05.012 Abstract ( )   PDF (2381KB) ( )   According to the daily lighttrap catches of Xuyong, Sichuan Province from 1991 to 2012,we analyzed the trajectory simulation and meteorological background of immigration peaks of whitebacked planthoppers \[Sogatella furcifera (Horváth),WBPH\] by HYSPLIT 4.8(Hybrid SingleParticle  Lagrangian  Integrated Trajectory)and GRADS (Grid Analysis and Display System).The results showed that the main immigration times of WBPH in Xuyong, Sichuan Province were from May to July. The immigration peaks were few in May. The source areas were mainly located in the southwest of Yunnan, and the secondary source areas were at the central region of Yunnan, the north of Myanmar and Vietnam. From June to July, with The south airflow prevailing in Xuyong,the immigration times was increased. The mass immigration of WBPH into Xuyong during June was from the east and  the south of Yunnan, and some immigrants from the northwest of Guangxi, the north of Myanmar, and the central part of Yunnan. In July, the northeast of Yunnan, the southwestern Guizhou and the border of YunnanGuizhou were the major source areas, and the secondary source areas were the central region of Yunnan and the northwest of Guangxi. Based on the analysis on the meteorological background and rainfall distribution, it was found that the rainfall, the vertical movement of airflow and the wind shear caused mass descent of WBPH into Xuyong.

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Defense Response and Physiological Difference of Rice Cultivars with Different Sheath Blight Resistance Levels to the Toxins Produced by Rhizoctonia solani ZUO Shimin1，#, CHEN Xijun1, 2, #, CHEN Hongqi3, XU Yan2, ZHANG Jiahao2, CHEN Yu2, CHEN Zongxiang1, TONG Yunhui2, XU Jingyou2,*, PAN Xuebiao1,* 2014, 28(5): 551-558.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2014.05.013 Abstract ( )   PDF (2384KB) ( )   Toxins produced by rice sheath blight (SB) pathogen, Rhizoctonia solani AG1IA, are important pathogenicity or virulence factors. It is important to investigate the rice response to the toxin and the correlation between the rice cultivar’s sensitivity to the toxin and susceptibility to the pathogen, which can provide an alternative way for quick selection and identification of resistant cultivars to SB by using SBtoxin. The SBtoxin, extracted by ether and silica gel column chromatography, were biologically active and could inhibit radicle growth of rice seeds and induce typical watersoaked SBlike symptom. After the treatment of SBtoxin at appropriate concentrations, the activities of rice defense enzymes, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, and superoxide dismutase, were quickly induced with faster rates in SB resistant cultivars than those in susceptible cultivars. The cultivars with higher SB resistance generally presented lower inhibition ratio of radicle growth and fewer ratios of damaged membrane and phosphorous effusion by SBtoxin. The biological activity of SBtoxin dedined under longtime illumination, high temperature and strong acid or alkali treatments, especially under the treatment of oxidative compound such as potassium permanganate.