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10 July 2011, Volume 25 Issue 4 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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Reviews and Special Topics

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Research Advances in Physiology of Super Rice  under HighYielding Cultivation FU Jing, YANG Jian-Chang* 2011, 25(4): 343-348.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2011.04.001 Abstract ( )   PDF (433KB) ( )    China launched a program for breeding of  super rice or super hybrid rice    by  combining  intersubspecific heterosis with ideal  plant type   in 1996.  Today, about 80 super rice varieties have been released and some of them  have achieved   grain yields of 12-21 tons per hectare in field experiments. Compared with conventional cultivars, main reasons for high yield of super rice can be summarized as follows:  more spikelets per panicle and larger sink size (number of spikelets per square meter);  larger leaf area index, longer duration of green leaf area, higher photosynthetic rate and higher lodging resistance of culms;    more matter accumulation before the heading stage, more remobilization of prestored carbohydrates from stems and leaves to grains during the grain filling period; and   larger root system and greater root activity.  However, super rice also has two major problems in  production:  poor grainfilling of the laterflowering inferior spikelets (in contrast to earlierflowering superior spikelets), and   low and unstable seedsetting rate. The research advances in cultivation physiology  of super rice in respects of biological features, formation of yield components, population quality  and physiological mechanisms  were reviewed, and suggestion on further studies on super rice cultivation physiology  were put forward.

Research Papers

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Responses of  Rice Plants of Wuyunjing 7 to Nitrate as Affected by  OverExpression of OsNRT1.2 MA Cui, FAN Xiao-Rong*, XU Guo-Hua 2011, 25(4): 349-356.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2011.04.002 Abstract ( )   PDF (1075KB) ( )   A  putative lowaffinity nitrate transporter, OsNRT1.2   gene, was identified based  on the rice genomic database and bioinformatics analysis. By Agrobacterium tumefaciens  transformation with a Ubiquitin (Ubi) promoter, the gain of function of rice OsNRT1.2  was tested by overexpression in Wuyunjing 7. The OsNRT1.2  cDNA from Knowledgebased Oryza Molecular Biological Encyclopedia (KOME) database encoded 533 amino acids with a fulllength of 2178 bp and an open reading  fragment (ORF) of 1732 bp. The expression  pattern of OsNRT1.2  in Wuyunjing 7 was investigated and the results showed that its mRNA was only expressed in roots but not in shoots.  And the overexpressed  plants were generated by the transformation of pUbiOsNRT1.2  into Wuyunjing 7. Wild type (WT) and three T2 generation transgenic lines, named as OE1, OE2 and OE8, were used in the growth experiment at 0.2 and 5.0  mmol/L  nitrate  for 30 days and the plant height and root length were recorded every 10 days. The results showed that the plant height  of  WT and transgenic plants had no difference except OE8 line at 5.0 mmol/L  NO3-  , while the root length of transgenic lines significantly  decreased at both 0.2   and 5.0 mmol/L  nitrate. Nitrogen (N) content in shoots  and roots  was not different between WT and transgenic lines at 0.2 mmol/L  NO3-. But at 5.0  mmol/L  NO3-, compared with WT, the shoot nitrogen content of OE2 and OE8 except OE1 was increased and the root N content of all transgenic lines was significantly decreased.  The rootshoot ratio of transgenic lines was significantly decreased at 0.2 and 5.0 mmol/L nitrate levels. The dry weight of transgenic lines was significantly increased by from 9.4% to 31.1% at 0.2 mmol/L  nitrate and from 12.5% to 43.8% at 5.0 mmol/L  nitrate. It indicated that OsNRT1.2  in Wuyunjing 7 might  be involved in the N translocation from plant roots to shoots and therefore shoot biomass was increased.

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Genetic Analysis of Heading Date of Late Season   Japonica Rice   from Taihu Lake Region ZHOU Zhen-Ling1, 2 , JIANG Ling1,Xu Da-Yong1, 2 , WEI Xiang-Jin1, LIU Xi1, LU Bai-Guan2, WAN Jian-Min1, 3 , * 2011, 25(4): 357-364.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2011.04.003 Abstract ( )   PDF (619KB) ( )   Heading dates  of 20 late season  japonica rice cultivars  native to the Taihu Lake region of China were investigated, and their basic vegetative growth (BVG), photoperiodsensitivity (PS) and temperaturesensitivity (TS) were analyzed under artificial shortday  and  natural longday conditions in Nanjing, as well as  artificial high temperature and natural low temperature conditions  in winter in Hainan.  The results showed  that  all the cultivars had strong PS, and most of   the cultivars had strong TS and short BVG. Regression analysis  showed a significant correlation between heading date and PS,  indicating PS was the main factor affecting heading date of late season  japonica rice cultivars from the Taihu Lake region.  Genetic analyses were conducted by using a set  of heading date near isogenic lines  as tester lines.  All these  japonica cultivars carried the  dominant photoperiod sensitivity allele E1 and the dominant earlyheading gene Ef1. At the  E2  and E3 loci, most of  the late season japonica cultivars  carried  the photoperiod insensitivity alleles  e2  and e3, but some carried the photoperiod sensitivity alleles E2  and E3 or E3t.  At the Se1  locus,  these late season  japonica cultivars  mainly carried recessive photoperiod insensitivity gene Se1e, others carried Se1n. In addition, some of the late season  japonica cultivars carried the recessive allele hd2, inhibiting the expressions of E1 and Se-1.

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Mapping of QTLs for Grain Shape Using WholeGenome Resequenced  Chromosome Segment Substitution Lines in Rice XU Jian-Jun1, 2 , ZHAO Qiang3, TANG Zai-Xiang1, ZHAO Yuan-Feng1, ZHU Lei1, XU Chen-Wu1, GU Ming-Hong1, HAN Bin3 2011, 25(4): 365-369.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2011.04.004 Abstract ( )   PDF (541KB) ( )   One hundred and twentyeight chromosome segment substitution lines derived from 9311 as recipient and Nipponbare as donor, were used for mapping QTLs for grain shape by combining  the sequencingbased Binmap with a multiple linear regression analysis. Six  and  two   QTLs were identified for grian length(GL)  and grian width(GW), respectively. qGL3.1  was mapped in a region of 5 792 954 bp on chromosome 3, qGL3.2    in a region of 917 878 bp on chromosome 3; qGL81   in a region of 889 543 bp on chromosome 8;  qGL8.2   in a region of 208 614 bp on chromosome 8; qGL9.1   in a region of 1 149 685 bp on chromosome 9;  qGL11.1  in a region of 3 184 760 bp on chromosome 11; qGW1.1  in a region of 200 070 bp on chromosome 1;  and qGW5.1    in a region of 704 905 bp on chromosome 5. The results  provided a foundation for fine mapping QTLs and subsequent gene cloning.

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Cytoplasmic Genetic Effects  and Cytological Study  of Isonuclear  Alloplasmic  Male Sterile  Lines  in Rice  HUANG Xing-Guo1, 2 ,WANG Guang-yong1,#, YU Jin-hong1, DING Yi1,* 2011, 25(4): 370-380.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2011.04.005 Abstract ( )   PDF (1800KB) ( )   The cytoplasmic  genetic  effects, including the growth characteristics and agronomic traits of the seven  types of isonuclear  alloplasmic male sterile lines (IAMSLs) and of the  combinations derived from  the IAMSLs  and the restorer lines，were analyzed  and the cytological  study of the pollen development   was also carried out. The IAMSLs were 81-83 days in duration from seeding to heading, 25.10-29.  40 cm   in flag leaf length, 21.45-24.30 cm  in panicle   length, 80.60 to 94.13 cm   in plant   height, and 163.2-222.1   in grain  number per panicle. Compared with  the   combinations of the IAMSLs and the   restorer line Fuhui 838,  the combinations derived from the IAMSLs and Mianhui 725  showed the same tendency in the traits of flag leaf length and width,  as well as  the  growth duration of  113-115 days. The major differences  between them were the plant height, effective panicle number, total grain number per panicle,  number of filled grains  per panicle, seed setting rate and 1000grain weight. In general, the   combinations orignated from Mianhui 725, the total grain number per panicle,  number of filled grains  per panicle and seed setting rate were gradually  increased, but the seed setting rate and the 1000grain weight were lower than the    combinations   derived from Fuhui 838. Furthermore, it had been proved that  crossing the mixture of   seven types of IAMSLs   with a single restorer line was feasible in practice.   Based on the cytological observation, the cell nucleuses of the seven types of IAMSLs began  degradation at the uninucleate stage with an  abortion rate  above 92%. The anther vasculars were  quietly  destroyed during the pollen development  in the male sterile lines. It was  concluded that  the sterility of the seven types of IAMSLs was closely related  to  the abnormal  development of vascular tissues and might have  the same abortion mechanism  in pollen development  in these male sterile lines of rice.

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Comparison of Genetic Diversity of  Rice Landraces Planted in Two Periods in Hani′s Terraced Fields in Yuanyang County, Yunnan  Province, China Using Microsatellite Markers XU Fu-Rong1, 2 , DONG Chao1, YANG Wen-Yi1, TANG Cui-Feng1, A Xin-Xiang1, ZHANG En-Lai1, YANG Ya-Yun1, ZHANG Fei-Fei1, DAI Lu-Yuan1, * , ZHANG Hong-Sheng2, * 2011, 25(4): 381-386.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2011.04.006 Abstract ( )   PDF (710KB) ( )   To compare the genetic diversity of  rice landraces  in different  periods polymorphism, genetic similarity and cluster   analyses were conducted with 148  rice landraces by using 48 SSR markers.  The materials included  72 landraces collected during the 1970s (pastgrown landraces) and 76   grown during the past decade (currentgrown landraces) in Hani′s terraced fields in  Yuanyang County, Yunnan Province. The results showed that the differences between the two periods in all  indices,    including average number of alleles, effective number of alleles, locus polymorphism information content  and genotype diversity  were not significant. Furthermore,  52 alleles of 24 SSR markers differed between the pastgrown  and the currentgrown  landraces, among which 32 alleles of 18 SSR markers were not detected in the currentgrown  landraces and 20 alleles of 16 SSR markers were not detected in the pastgrown  landraces.  The average genetic similarity coefficient of the currentgrown  landraces was 03340, and that of the pastgrown  landraces was 03313.   The currentgrown and  pastgrown  landraces were divided into japonica and indica subspecies at the genetic similarity coefficient of 0174  and 0203,  respectively. These results indicated that for   more than 30 years′  natural and artificial selection, there were variations  in some of the allele  locus of the   rice landraces  from Hani′s terraced fields with high genetic diversity. In addition, the indicajaponica subspecies differentiation was obvious in the landraces from Hani′s terraced fields in Yuanyang, and the differentiation seemed to be ongoing, indicating that Hani′s  terraced fields and the   rice landraces might be ideal tested field  and materials for the  study of   indicajaponica subspecies evolution.

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Genetic Structure and Indica/Japonica Component of Major Inbred Rice Varieties in China YU Ping, YUAN Xiao-Ping, XU Qun, WANG Cai-Hong, YU Han-Yong, WANG Yi-Ping, WEI Xing-Hua* 2011, 25(4): 387-391.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2011.04.007 Abstract ( )   PDF (1376KB) ( )   SSR markers were used to analyze  the genetic structure and compare   indica or japonica component of Chinese major inbred rice varieties   from the 1950s to  the 1990s. The results showed that the genetic structure of major inbred rice varieties in China was distinctly divided into two populations, indica  and japonica rice. The substructure of indica rice was more complex than that of  japonica rice. Lateseason indica   rice and earlyseason japonica rice had a little simplex genetic background. The seasonal ecotypes were not quite in conformity with the subtypes of genetic structure. A total of 12 SSR loci with specific differentiation between indica and japonica rice were used to calculate the indica or japonica component. The difference of indica or japonica component among the five decades was not significant except lateseason indica rice. The japonica component of lateseason indica rice planted in the 1990s was increased obviously. These results will be helpful to understand the genetic structure of Chinese major inbred rice varieties and indicajaponica hybridization breeding in China.

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Caryopsis Development and Anthocyanidin Accumulation of Colored Rice LIU Min, WANG Zhong*, GU Yun-Jie 2011, 25(4): 392-398.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2011.04.008 Abstract ( )   PDF (1232KB) ( )   The effects of environmental factors on accumulation of anthocyanidin during the development of caryopsis were studied with two colored rice cultivars， Xuenuo(japonica)  and  Aiganhuangbansuo（indica） as materials. The caryopsis growth and endosperm development of colored rice were basically the same as conventional rice, with the exception in its anthocyanidin accumulation in the pericarp. Anthocyanidin first accumulated in the pericarp close to awn(4-5 days after flowering), then to both sides and to dorsal vascular bundle,and last gradually expanded to the whole pericarp at 10 days after flowering. The accumulation of anthocyanidin mainly occurred at  7~20 days after flowering. Shading inhibited the accumulation of anthocyanidin, especially  at early stage.  High temperature went against the accumulation of anthocyanidin and relatively low  temperature  extended   accumulation duration.

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Effects of Phosphorous  on Grain Quality of Upland  and Paddy Rice under Different Cultivations ZHANG Ya-Jie, HUA Jing-Jing, LI Ya-Chao, CHEN Ying-Ying, YANG Jian-Chang* 2011, 25(4): 399-406.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2011.04.009 Abstract ( )   PDF (921KB) ( )    To investigate  the responses of rice quality of upland rice and paddy rice to phosphorous (P) fertilizer and the interaction between cultivation methods and P  levels, a japonica upland rice   Zhonghan 3 and a japonica paddy rice  Yangfujing 8 were grown under both moist cultivation (MC, contro1) and  bare drycultivation (DC) with three P  levels, low amount of P  (LP, 45  kg/hm2  ), normal amount of P  (NP, 90 kg/hm2  ), and high amount of P  (HP, 135  kg/hm2  ). With the increase of P  levels, grain yields of both upland  and paddy rice were increased under DC. There was no significant difference in grain yield between HP and NP for the upland   and paddy rice, though upland rice had a little increase and paddy rice had a little decrease in yield. Under DC  and at LP, Zhonghan 3 showed higher head milled rice rate, better appearance quality and cooking and eating quality  than at HP or NP. Yangfujing 8 was similar with Zhonghan 3  except that the former showed better appearance quality  at  NP. Under MC, Zhonghan 3 showed higher head milled rice rate at LP and  better  cooking and eating quality  at  NP. Yangfujing 8 was similar with Zhonghan 3  except that the appearance quality  was different. DC could  improve head milled rice  rate and appearance quality for both upland  and paddy rice,   as well as  cooking quality and nutrient quality for paddy rice. Compared with paddy rice, upland rice showed better processing quality, nutrient quality and eating quality. The results suggest that the response to cultivation methods and phosphorus levels varies largely between upland rice and paddy rice.

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Effects of Lodging at Different Filling Stages on Rice Grain Yield and Quality LANG You-Zhong*, YANG Xiao-Dong, WANG Mei-E, ZHU Qing-Sen 2011, 25(4): 407-412.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2011.04.010 Abstract ( )   PDF (735KB) ( )   The effects  of lodging at different filling stages  on grain yield and rice quality were investigated with  a    twoline hybrid rice  Liangyoupeijiu and a  conventional  japonica rice CY6. The results showed  that except for brown rice rate, ratio of length to width, gelatinization temperature  and gel consistency, almost all indices for yield and rice quality were significantly influenced by lodging and thus   deteriorated. Regression analysis  suggested that,  lodging  of CY6 and Liangyoupeijiu one day earlier   could  cause 2.71% and   2.66% of yield loss, 1.8  and  2.1 percentage points decrease of seed setting rate, 0.32  and  0.26 g reduction of 1000grain weight, 0.097  and  0.155 percentage points decrease of milled rice rate, also it increased  chalky grain rate by 0.13  and   0.27 percentage points, and  protein content by  0.021  and   0.024 percentage points, and subsequently lowered the eating quality.

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DifferencesinSensoryEvaluationofCookedRiceinIndicaRiceGrowingRegionin China CHEN Neng, YANG Shi-Hua, XIE Li-Hong, DUAN Bin-Wu 2011, 25(4): 413-419.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2011.04.011 Abstract ( )   PDF (738KB) ( )    With eight  indica conventional， indica hybrid， japonica conventional and japonica hybrid rice   as materials, the sensory evaluation  of cooked rice in 11 different locations in indica   rice growing region in   China was carried out by  two sensory evaluation methods (score method and equality range method).  Results showed that   the sensory score of the  score method significantly varied with varieties  and  sites. However, the sensory score of the   equality range method was  significantly affected  by variety   irrespective of  sites. Age  and gender both  have no significant effect on the sensory score using the  equality range  method. Tailand′s aromatic variety, Xiangwanxian  13, Liangyoupeijiu  and Shanyou 63 were significantly different in sensory score, and    the  sensory evaluation values  of cooked rice of the former three were corresponded  to the grain ranking of national rice standard GB 1354. The sensory scores of cooked rice  from  indica rice growing  region people  were in accord with  the acceptance degree of  people in japonica  rice growing region. It is suggested that  the sensory standard rice sample should be chose in sensory evaluation and the equality range  method can be adopted.

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Pathogen Identification and   Infection Sources of Rice RootKnot Disease   LIU Guo-Kun, WANG Yu, XIAO Shun, ZHANG Shao-Sheng* 2011, 25(4): 420-426.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2011.04.012 Abstract ( )   PDF (1621KB) ( )    The severe occurrence of rice rootknot disease on a large scale was found in Zhenghe,    Fujian Province， China. Severe rootknot nematode infestation was  also found on grass  Eccoilopus sp. of Gramineae   in drainage ditch adjacent to rice fields.  Morphological characteristics and measurements of root knot nematode on  rice or on Eccoilopus sp. were consistent with the original description of Meloidogyne graminicola.  The regions of rDNAITS and 28S rDNAD2/D3  of the root knot nematodes  were amplified, cloned and sequenced. The sequence each  of  region  had a high degree of genetic similarity (>99%) to the relevant regional sequences of M. graminicola  in GenBank. The results showed that  the species of rootknot nematodes on rice or Eccoilopus  sp. was M.  graminicola.The results of habitat investigation and inoculation experiments showed that Eccoilopus   sp. was an  important host of M.  graminicola，  and served as an important source of infection  of rice rootknot nematode disease  in fields.

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Simulation of Canopy Light Distribution and Application  in Rice TANG Liang1, LI Yan-Da1, 2 , ZHANG Yu-Ping1, 3 , ZHU Xiang-Cheng1, LIU Xiao-Jun1, CAO Wei-Xing1, ZHU Yan1, * 2011, 25(4): 427-434.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2011.04.013 Abstract ( )   PDF (2755KB) ( )    A model for canopy light distribution in rice was developed by integrating certain advantages in existing models, and then a processbased photosynthetic production model was furtherly developed by integrating the canopy light distribution model   with the rice photosynthesis. The rice canopy was   divided into five layers according to leaf area index. Solar radiant intensity on horizontal plane at each layer was calculated by MonsiSaeki exponential model. The direct and diffuse radiations were calculated from the local meteorological data of sunshine duration, while the diurnal variation of photosynthetically active rediation  and the influence of direct radiation extinction coefficient on both canopy structure and solar position were also considered. Preliminary validation of canopy light distribution model with independent field experiment datasets showed that the model could accurately predict canopy light distribution under different growing environments. The RMSE(root mean square error) of predicting in rice dry weight for canopylightdistributionbased model and  an  existing model were 0.74  t/hm2  and 1.26  t/hm2, respectively,   indicating  that the canopylightdistributionbased  model   had a better performance.  This study would further play an important role in improvement of rice growth model, rice production management and regulation and variety digital design.

Experimental Techniques

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Cooking and Eating Quality  of Indica Rice Varieties from South China by Using Rice Taste Analyzer LAI Sui-Chun1, Motonobu KAWANO2, WANG Zhi-Dong1, Takashi MIKAMI2, HUANG Dao-Qiang1, LI Hong1, LU De-Cheng1, ZHOU De-Gui1, ZHOU Shao-Chuan1, * 2011, 25(4): 435-438.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2011.04.014 Abstract ( )   PDF (818KB) ( )   The cooking and eating quality of 133 indica rice varieties from South China were evaluated with a  rice taste analyzer STA1A  and by sensory taste values. The regression equation between sensory taste values and STA1Abased evalution was established, showing  a significant correlation between the two evaluation methods. The STA1A rice taste analyzer might be a  convenient, accurate and efficient tool for evaluation  of   rice cooking and eating quality.

Short Communications

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Role of Rice Main Parent BG902 in Breeding of Yangdao Series and  Their  Bacterial Blight  Resistance LI Yu-Hong1, 2 , DAI Zheng-Yuan1, LI Ai-Hong1, CHEN Xi-Jun2, WANG Bao-He1, ZHAO Bu-Hong1, LIU Guang-Qing1, PAN Xue-Biao2,ZHANG Hong-xi1,* 2011, 25(4): 439-442.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2011.04.015 Abstract ( )   PDF (486KB) ( )    The role of BG902 in the breeding of Yangdao series was summarized. BG902, Yangdao series and some indica hybrid rice  were inoculated  with  eighteen strains of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae from the Philippines and  different regions in China  with Yangdao 6 as restorer line. The results showed that BG902 has key function in the development of Yangdao series variety and its bacterial blight resistance was passed  continuously   on to  all the  tested varieties and combinations. Some strong pathogenicity strains(JSA068, JSA0639, JSA0641 and YNA378)were found, which  will be useful to rice breeding for resistance to bacterial blight.

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Estimation of  Rice Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation by  Hyperspectral Remote Sensing XIN Ming-Yue, YIN Hong *,Zhang Tao , ZHANG Mei-Ling 2011, 25(4): 443-446.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2011.04.016 Abstract ( )   PDF (1345KB) ( )   Based on hyperspectral remote sensing data,  correlations between absorbed photosynthetic active radiation (APAR) and spectral reflectance, first derivative spectra and second derivative spectra of  APAR were analyzed. And spectral reflectance,  derivative spectra and vegetative indices were used to establish APAR estimating models. The results showed  that  the correlation between the optimal bands of hyperspectral reflectance, the first derivative spectra, the second derivative  spectra and  APAR were highly significant. The   first derivative spectra could better estimate APAR with the determinant coefficient  of  0.5218 at 769 nm; The model based on the five vegetation indices  combining best band could also achived better accuracies since the determine coefficients were all above 0.67, among which  renormalized difference vegetation index RDVI (758,781)  was the best to estimate APAR with the coefficient of 0.7585.

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Effects of Phosphorus  Levels on Grain Yield and Quality of Super Rice Nanjing 44 GONG Jin-long1 , ZHANG Hong-cheng1, * , LI Jie1 , CHANG Yong1 , DAI Qi-gen1 , HUO Zhong-yang1 , XU Ke1 , WEI Hai-yan1 , LI De-jian2 , LI Bing-wei2 , SHA An-qin2 , ZHOU You-yan2 , LUO Xue-chao2 , ZHU Zhen3 2011, 25(4): 447-451.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2011.04.017 Abstract ( )   PDF (460KB) ( )    Effects of phosphate  levels on grain yield and quality were studied with a  super rice Nanjing 44 as material. With the increasing phosphate(P2O5)  level (within the range of 0.0-225.0 kg/hm2),   seedsetting rate, 1000grain weight    increased firstly and then decreased, while the numbers of panicles  and total grains  per panicle  followed a declining tendency  accordingly. The quality indexes and phosphate  levels were not  significantly correlated, but phosphate fertilizer  application  increased  brown rice rate, head rice rate, chalkiness area and chalkiness degree  and  reduced  peak viscosity, hot  viscosity, breakdown, cool viscosity and consistence. However, milled rice rate, chalky grain rate, protein content,  amylose content, pasting temperature, setback and peak time  were not  significantly correlated  with phosphate  levels. Phosphorus  application increased chalkiness mainly by  increasing chalkiness area. Morever, chalkiness area, chalkiness degree  and setback were  deeply  affected by phosphate level, while brown rice rate, peak time and pasting temperature were almost immune to phosphate level. In consideration of  the grain yield and quality, applicable phosphate level(85.7  kg/hm2   for the soil  with  medium  or  high fertility) was the best choice for high yield and nitrogen use efficiency. Otherwise, it would worsen the ecological environment.

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Primary Study on Effect of Secreted  Proteins of Magnaporthe oryzae During  Infection LIU Yong-Feng, CHEN Zhi-Yi, YU Wen-Yuan, YU Jun-Jie, HU Jian-Kun, LIU You-Zhou, NIE Ya-Feng 2011, 25(4): 452-454.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2011.04.018 Abstract ( )   PDF (659KB) ( )   Secreted proteins during spore germination of Magnaporthe oryzaewere identified. Ungerminated spores, germinated spores and the mixture of germinated spores with  germination liquid of M. oryzae (200550, 200581) were inoculated on rice seedlings, respectively. The disease indices were 1113, 3506, 4901 and 4901, 84, 627, indicating that germination liquid played a driving role in infection process.  SDSPAGE amplification revealed that secreted proteins were contained.  According to the results of mass spectrometer, and database query, eight genes were involved, including MGG_01305, MGG_13188, MGG_12454, etc. The results indicated that these proteins played key roles and important function during M. oryzae infection.