Effects of Alternate Wetting and Moderate Soil Drying Irrigation and Straw Returning Methods on Rice Yield and Greenhouse Gas Emissions

doi:10.16819/j.1001-7216.2026.250115

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】The effects of different irrigation and straw returning combinations on rice yield and greenhouse gas emissions were studied to provide theoretical basis and practical guidance for rice yield increase and greenhouse gas emission reduction.【Method】Taking Yongyou 2640 and Nanjing 5718 as the test varieties, two irrigation methods were set up: conventional irrigation (CI), alternate wetting and moderate soil drying irrigation (AWD), and three straw returning methods: no straw returning (S0), straw biochar application(SC), composted straw returning to the field combined with straw biochar(SS). The effects on rice yield, dry matter accumulation, photosynthetic rate, photosynthetic potential, root activity and methane and nitrous oxide emission fluxes during the whole growth period were analyzed.【Results】1) Compared with CI+S0, the AWD+SC and AWD+SS treatments significantly increased grain yield by 8.30%−13.90% and 18.55%−22.58%, respectively. Compared with S0 treatment, SC and SS significantly increased the effective panicle number and grain number per panicle, and AWD treatment significantly increased the grain number per panicle, seed setting rate and 1000-grain weight. 2) The increase in yield was mainly due to the significant increase of dry matter accumulation in underground and above-ground parts, net photosynthetic rate and photosynthetic potential of leaves, NSC transport in stem sheath and oxidizing power of roots. 3) SC significantly reduced methane and nitrous oxide emissions, while SS increased emissions, but AWD treatment significantly reduced methane emissions, thereby reducing the global warming potential and greenhouse gas emission intensity of rice fields.【Conclusion】The combination of straw returning technology (AWD+SC/SS) with alternating wet and dry irrigation can significantly improve the accumulation and transport of photosynthetic substances in rice, promote below-ground root growth, and achieve the dual goals of increasing rice yield and reducing greenhouse gas emissions in rice fields.

Key words: rice, alternate wetting and moderate soil drying irrigation, biochar, straw-decomposing microbial inoculants, global warming potential

摘要：

【目的】研究不同灌溉和秸秆还田组合方式对水稻产量及温室气体排放的影响，为稻田高产和温室气体减排提供理论依据和实践指导。【方法】以甬优2640和南粳5718为供试品种，设置常规水层灌溉(CI)、干湿交替灌溉(AWD)2种灌溉方式和秸秆不还田(S0)、秸秆生物炭(SC)、秸秆堆腐还田配施秸秆生物炭(SS)3种秸秆还田方式，分析其对水稻产量、干物质积累量、光合速率、光合势、根系活力以及全生育期甲烷和氧化亚氮排放通量等的影响。【结果】(1)与CI+S0相比，AWD+SC与AWD+SS分别显著增产8.30%~13.90%和18.55%~22.58%。从产量构成因素分析，SC和SS较S0处理提高了有效穗数和每穗粒数，并且AWD处理显著提高了每穗粒数、结实率和千粒重。(2)产量的提高主要得益于地下部和地上部干物质积累量、叶片净光合速率、光合势、茎鞘NSC转运和根系氧化力的显著增加。(3)SC显著降低稻田甲烷和氧化亚氮排放，而SS则增加了排放，但经AWD处理后甲烷排放显著减少从而降低稻田全球增温潜势和温室气体排放强度。【结论】干湿交替灌溉技术配合秸秆还田技术(AWD+SC/SS)能显著提高水稻光合物质的积累与转运，改善地下部根系生长，实现水稻产量提高和稻田温室气体排放减少的双重目标。

关键词: 水稻, 干湿交替灌溉, 秸秆生物炭, 秸秆促腐菌剂, 全球增温潜势

WANG Chaorui, ZHANG Nan, RU Yan, YAN Yu, MENG Qinghao, WEN Ya, ZHANG Ying, XIAO Zhilin, ZHANG Hao. Effects of Alternate Wetting and Moderate Soil Drying Irrigation and Straw Returning Methods on Rice Yield and Greenhouse Gas Emissions[J]. Chinese Journal OF Rice Science, 2026, 40(4): 531-547.

王超瑞, 张男, 汝艳, 严语, 孟庆好, 温雅, 张瑛, 肖治林, 张耗. 干湿交替灌溉与秸秆还田方式对水稻产量及温室气体排放的影响[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2026, 40(4): 531-547.

Figures/Tables 12

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年度与品种 Year and variety	处理 Treatment	穗数 Number of panicles (×10⁴/hm²)	每穗粒数 Spikelets per panicle	结实率 Filled grain rate(%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	产量 Grain yield (t/hm²)
2023 甬优2640 Yongyou 2640
	CI+S0	182.50 cd	292.14 d	82.29 c	25.42 e	11.15 c
	CI+SC	185.00 bc	294.11 cd	82.75 bc	25.55 d	11.50 c
	CI+SS	190.00 a	302.52 bc	83.30 b	25.77 c	12.34 b
	AWD+S0	178.75 d	305.26 ab	84.51 a	26.57 b	12.26 b
	AWD+SC	181.25 cd	306.63 ab	84.48 a	26.65 b	12.52 b
	AWD+SS	187.50 ab	311.54 a	85.04 a	26.81 a	13.32 a
南粳5718 Nanjing 5718	CI+S0	226.25 bc	139.43 c	90.62 b	28.57 b	8.17 d
	CI+SC	230.00 ab	141.49 bc	90.72 b	28.63 b	8.45 cd
	CI+SS	233.75 a	146.22 bc	91.10 b	28.84 ab	8.99 bc
	AWD+S0	221.25 c	147.78 abc	92.75 a	29.04 ab	8.82 bcd
	AWD+SC	227.50 abc	148.85 ab	92.92 a	29.11 ab	9.15 ab
	AWD+SS	230.00 ab	155.24 a	93.33 a	29.31 a	9.77 a
2024 甬优2640 Yongyou 2640
	CI+S0	182.50 bc	289.45 d	80.38 b	23.68 b	10.05 c
	CI+SC	186.25 b	290.56 d	80.86 b	23.72 b	10.36 c
	CI+SS	192.50 a	297.42 c	81.27 b	23.85 b	11.10 b
	AWD+S0	177.50 c	301.75 bc	83.88 a	24.96 ab	11.21 b
	AWD+SC	180.00 c	303.58 b	84.02 a	25.04 a	11.50 b
	AWD+SS	187.50 ab	307.72 a	84.77 a	25.21 a	12.33 a
南粳5718 Nanjing 5718	CI+S0	232.50 ab	137.65 c	86.98 b	27.81 c	7.75 d
	CI+SC	237.50 a	140.03 bc	86.97 b	27.89 bc	8.07 cd
	CI+SS	241.25 a	145.57 b	87.46 b	28.02 bc	8.60 b
	AWD+S0	224.50 b	146.08 b	89.36 a	28.13 b	8.25 bc
	AWD+SC	226.50 b	147.65 b	89.58 a	28.85 a	8.64 b
	AWD+SS	236.25 a	152.38 a	89.92 a	29.06 a	9.43 a
方差分析Analysis of variance
年份Year(Y)		25.37*	8.90*	730.32**	1641.67**	210.58**
品种Variety(V)		7399.56**	31639.49**	6418.84**	13245.22**	3245.50**
灌溉方式Irrigation regime(I)		87.72**	128.284**	806.72**	1011.35**	292.36**
秸秆还田Straw returning(S)		97.35**	26.542**	21.43**	44.92**	135.44**
Y×V		20.45**	ns	177.53**	334.23**	ns
Y×I		ns	ns	26.39**	21.19**	ns
Y×S		ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
V×I		ns	ns	ns	110.79**	ns
V×S		ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
I×S		ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
Y×V×I		ns	ns	11.40*	ns	ns
Y×V×S		ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
Y×I×S		ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
V×I×S		ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
Y×V×I×S		ns	ns	ns	ns	ns

年度与品种 Year and variety	处理 Treatment	穗数 Number of panicles (×10⁴/hm²)	每穗粒数 Spikelets per panicle	结实率 Filled grain rate(%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	产量 Grain yield (t/hm²)
2023 甬优2640 Yongyou 2640
	CI+S0	182.50 cd	292.14 d	82.29 c	25.42 e	11.15 c
	CI+SC	185.00 bc	294.11 cd	82.75 bc	25.55 d	11.50 c
	CI+SS	190.00 a	302.52 bc	83.30 b	25.77 c	12.34 b
	AWD+S0	178.75 d	305.26 ab	84.51 a	26.57 b	12.26 b
	AWD+SC	181.25 cd	306.63 ab	84.48 a	26.65 b	12.52 b
	AWD+SS	187.50 ab	311.54 a	85.04 a	26.81 a	13.32 a
南粳5718 Nanjing 5718	CI+S0	226.25 bc	139.43 c	90.62 b	28.57 b	8.17 d
	CI+SC	230.00 ab	141.49 bc	90.72 b	28.63 b	8.45 cd
	CI+SS	233.75 a	146.22 bc	91.10 b	28.84 ab	8.99 bc
	AWD+S0	221.25 c	147.78 abc	92.75 a	29.04 ab	8.82 bcd
	AWD+SC	227.50 abc	148.85 ab	92.92 a	29.11 ab	9.15 ab
	AWD+SS	230.00 ab	155.24 a	93.33 a	29.31 a	9.77 a
2024 甬优2640 Yongyou 2640
	CI+S0	182.50 bc	289.45 d	80.38 b	23.68 b	10.05 c
	CI+SC	186.25 b	290.56 d	80.86 b	23.72 b	10.36 c
	CI+SS	192.50 a	297.42 c	81.27 b	23.85 b	11.10 b
	AWD+S0	177.50 c	301.75 bc	83.88 a	24.96 ab	11.21 b
	AWD+SC	180.00 c	303.58 b	84.02 a	25.04 a	11.50 b
	AWD+SS	187.50 ab	307.72 a	84.77 a	25.21 a	12.33 a
南粳5718 Nanjing 5718	CI+S0	232.50 ab	137.65 c	86.98 b	27.81 c	7.75 d
	CI+SC	237.50 a	140.03 bc	86.97 b	27.89 bc	8.07 cd
	CI+SS	241.25 a	145.57 b	87.46 b	28.02 bc	8.60 b
	AWD+S0	224.50 b	146.08 b	89.36 a	28.13 b	8.25 bc
	AWD+SC	226.50 b	147.65 b	89.58 a	28.85 a	8.64 b
	AWD+SS	236.25 a	152.38 a	89.92 a	29.06 a	9.43 a
方差分析Analysis of variance
年份Year(Y)		25.37*	8.90*	730.32**	1641.67**	210.58**
品种Variety(V)		7399.56**	31639.49**	6418.84**	13245.22**	3245.50**
灌溉方式Irrigation regime(I)		87.72**	128.284**	806.72**	1011.35**	292.36**
秸秆还田Straw returning(S)		97.35**	26.542**	21.43**	44.92**	135.44**
Y×V		20.45**	ns	177.53**	334.23**	ns
Y×I		ns	ns	26.39**	21.19**	ns
Y×S		ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
V×I		ns	ns	ns	110.79**	ns
V×S		ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
I×S		ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
Y×V×I		ns	ns	11.40*	ns	ns
Y×V×S		ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
Y×I×S		ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
V×I×S		ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
Y×V×I×S		ns	ns	ns	ns	ns

年度与品种 Year and variety	处理 Treatment	分蘖中期 Mid tillering	穗分化始期 Panicle initiation	抽穗期 Heading	成熟期 Maturity
2023
甬优2640 Yongyou 2640	CI+S0	18.09 d	20.01 e	22.22 e	8.31 b
	CI+SC	18.69 d	21.74 d	22.68 e	8.39 b
	CI+SS	19.25 c	23.26 d	23.74 d	8.91 b
	AWD+S0	21.40 b	24.01 c	25.72 c	10.07 a
	AWD+SC	21.46 b	25.05 b	26.13 b	10.43 a
	AWD+SS	22.55 a	26.89 a	26.93 a	10.61 a
南粳5718 Nanjing 5718	CI+S0	16.53 e	18.13 f	21.06 e	6.49 b
	CI+SC	17.75 d	19.94 e	21.52 e	6.86 b
	CI+SS	18.83 c	20.68 d	22.13 d	6.98 b
	AWD+S0	20.15 b	21.41 c	23.32 c	8.35 a
	AWD+SC	20.53 b	22.64 b	24.26 b	8.64 a
	AWD+SS	20.94 a	23.01 a	25.43 a	8.83 a
2024
甬优2640 Yongyou 2640	CI+S0	19.11 d	21.31 e	22.43 d	7.26 d
	CI+SC	19.87 d	21.67 de	22.85 cd	7.45 d
	CI+SS	20.44 c	22.44 d	23.36 c	8.35 c
	AWD+S0	22.59 b	24.62 c	25.83 b	9.34 b
	AWD+SC	23.17 ab	25.15 b	26.43 ab	9.64 b
	AWD+SS	23.34 a	26.38 a	27.02 a	10.59 a
南粳5718 Nanjing 5718	CI+S0	17.48 c	20.65 c	21.58 e	6.22 d
	CI+SC	18.14 c	20.84 c	21.76 e	6.74 d
	CI+SS	18.87 b	20.76 c	22.94 d	7.58 c
	AWD+S0	21.34 a	21.07 b	23.83 c	8.21 b
	AWD+SC	22.06 ab	21.63 b	24.16 bc	8.51 b
	AWD+SS	22.49 a	22.42 a	24.67 a	9.42 a

年度与品种 Year and variety	处理 Treatment	分蘖中期 Mid tillering	穗分化始期 Panicle initiation	抽穗期 Heading	成熟期 Maturity
2023
甬优2640 Yongyou 2640	CI+S0	18.09 d	20.01 e	22.22 e	8.31 b
	CI+SC	18.69 d	21.74 d	22.68 e	8.39 b
	CI+SS	19.25 c	23.26 d	23.74 d	8.91 b
	AWD+S0	21.40 b	24.01 c	25.72 c	10.07 a
	AWD+SC	21.46 b	25.05 b	26.13 b	10.43 a
	AWD+SS	22.55 a	26.89 a	26.93 a	10.61 a
南粳5718 Nanjing 5718	CI+S0	16.53 e	18.13 f	21.06 e	6.49 b
	CI+SC	17.75 d	19.94 e	21.52 e	6.86 b
	CI+SS	18.83 c	20.68 d	22.13 d	6.98 b
	AWD+S0	20.15 b	21.41 c	23.32 c	8.35 a
	AWD+SC	20.53 b	22.64 b	24.26 b	8.64 a
	AWD+SS	20.94 a	23.01 a	25.43 a	8.83 a
2024
甬优2640 Yongyou 2640	CI+S0	19.11 d	21.31 e	22.43 d	7.26 d
	CI+SC	19.87 d	21.67 de	22.85 cd	7.45 d
	CI+SS	20.44 c	22.44 d	23.36 c	8.35 c
	AWD+S0	22.59 b	24.62 c	25.83 b	9.34 b
	AWD+SC	23.17 ab	25.15 b	26.43 ab	9.64 b
	AWD+SS	23.34 a	26.38 a	27.02 a	10.59 a
南粳5718 Nanjing 5718	CI+S0	17.48 c	20.65 c	21.58 e	6.22 d
	CI+SC	18.14 c	20.84 c	21.76 e	6.74 d
	CI+SS	18.87 b	20.76 c	22.94 d	7.58 c
	AWD+S0	21.34 a	21.07 b	23.83 c	8.21 b
	AWD+SC	22.06 ab	21.63 b	24.16 bc	8.51 b
	AWD+SS	22.49 a	22.42 a	24.67 a	9.42 a

年度与品种 Year and variety	处理 Treatment	抽穗期NSC量 NSC at heading (t/hm²)	成熟期NSC量 NSC at maturity (t/hm²)	NSC转运量 NSC translocation amount(t/hm²)	NSC转运率 NSC translocation rate(%)	NSC对产量贡献率 Contribution of NSC translocation to grain yield(%)
2023
甬优2640 Yongyou 2640	CI+S0	1.98 c	1.12 b	0.86 d	43.43 d	8.44 d
	CI+SC	2.06 c	1.14 b	0.92 d	44.66 d	8.66 d
	CI+SS	2.34 b	1.28 a	1.06 c	45.30 c	9.27 c
	AWD+S0	2.36 b	1.01 c	1.35 b	57.20 b	12.14 b
	AWD+SC	2.41 ab	1.02 c	1.39 b	57.68 b	12.05 b
	AWD+SS	2.74 a	1.13 b	1.61 a	58.76 a	13.16 a
南粳5718 Nanjing 5718	CI+S0	1.56 d	0.99 b	0.57 d	36.54 d	7.74 d
	CI+SC	1.62 d	1.02 b	0.60 cd	37.04 d	8.02 d
	CI+SS	1.82 c	1.11 a	0.71 c	39.01 c	8.93 cd
	AWD+S0	1.98 bc	0.95 b	1.03 b	52.02 b	12.83 b
	AWD+SC	2.06 ab	0.98 b	1.08 b	52.43 b	13.15 ab
	AWD+SS	2.26 a	1.02 b	1.24 a	54.87 a	13.81 a
2024 甬优2640 Yongyou 2640
	CI+S0	2.18 c	1.21 b	1.06 d	48.58 b	10.77 b
	CI+SC	2.23 c	1.24 b	1.11 d	49.60 b	11.17 b
	CI+SS	2.38 b	1.38 a	1.10 d	46.05 b	10.51 b
	AWD+S0	2.36 b	1.01 c	1.35 c	57.20 a	12.34 a
	AWD+SC	2.41 b	1.02 c	1.39 b c	57.68 a	12.50 a
	AWD+SS	2.69 a	1.15 bc	1.54 a	57.25 a	13.29 a
南粳5718 Nanjing 5718	CI+S0	2.26 d	1.23 c	1.03 b	45.56 b	13.97 b
	CI+SC	2.32 cd	1.23 c	1.09 b	46.98 b	14.48 b
	CI+SS	2.51 b	1.51 a	1.17 b	46.61 b	14.43 b
	AWD+S0	2.59 b	1.18 c	1.41 a	54.44 a	17.54 a
	AWD+SC	2.64 b	1.20 c	1.44 a	54.52 a	17.44 a
	AWD+SS	2.81 a	1.30 b	1.51 a	53.74 a	17.81 a