Differences in Endogenous Hormone Levels and Their Relationship with Yield and Phosphorus Use Efficiency in Rice Varieties With Various Tolerance to Low Phosphorus Stress

doi:10.16819/j.1001-7216.2025.241004

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】This study aimed to investigate the differences in endogenous hormone levels among rice varieties with varying tolerance to low phosphorus (P) stress and their relationship with grain yield, P uptake, and utilization. 【Method】Two rice varieties with strong tolerance to low P (STVs, low P tolerance index > 0.9) and two varieties with weak tolerance to low P (WTVs, low P tolerance index < 0.5) were grown hydroponically under normal P level (NP, 8.02 mg /L) and low P level (LP, 0.401 mg/ L). 【Results】Compared to NP, LP significantly reduced grain yield and P uptake in both types of rice varieties but increased dry matter production per unit of P and internal P use efficiency. Under LP treatment, the STVs exhibited higher grain yield, P uptake and utilization efficiency, root dry weight, and root oxidation activity compared to the WTVs. Additionally, the STVs had higher content of indole-3-acetic acid, zeatin + zeatin riboside, abscisic acid, jasmonates (jasmonic acid and methyl jasmonate), and brassinosteroids (24-epibrassinolide and 28-homobrassinolide) in both roots and leaves, as well as higher content of strigolactones in roots. These hormone levels were significantly or very significantly positively correlated with grain yield, P uptake and utilization efficiency, root dry weight, and root oxidation activity. Furthermore, a lower ethylene emission rate and lower 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid content were observed in both roots and leaves of the STVs compared to the WTVs, which were significantly or very significantly negatively correlated with grain yield and P use efficiency. Random forest analysis indicated that jasmonates and brassinosteroids served as the predominant contributors to grain yield and P use efficiency. 【Conclusion】Under LP stress, the balance among endogenous hormones, particularly higher levels of jasmonates and brassinosteroids, plays a key role in optimizing root morphology, maintaining higher root activity, promoting P uptake and utilization, and achieving a higher grain yield in STVs.

Key words: rice, tolerance to low phosphorus, grain yield, phosphorus uptake and utilization, endogenous hormone

摘要：

【目的】探明不同耐低磷水稻品种内源激素水平的差异及其与产量和磷吸收利用的关系。【方法】以2个强耐低磷品种 (耐低磷指数>0.9)和2个弱耐低磷水稻品种 (耐低磷指数<0.5)为材料，采用水培种植，设置低磷(磷浓度为标准营养液中磷浓度的1/20，0.401 mg/L)和正常磷(8.02 mg/L)两个处理。【结果】与正常磷相比，低磷显著降低了两类品种的产量和磷的吸收量，但提高了磷素干物质生产效率和磷产谷利用率。在低磷处理下，与弱耐低磷品种相比，强耐低磷品种具有较高的产量、磷吸收量、磷利用效率、根干质量、地上部干质量和根系氧化力，根和叶中具有较高的生长素、玉米素及其核苷、脱落酸、茉莉酸类(茉莉酸和茉莉酸甲酯)、油菜素甾醇(24-表油菜素内酯和28-高油菜素内酯)含量，根中具有较高的独脚金内酯含量。这些激素水平与产量、磷吸收利用率、根干质量、地上部干质量和根系氧化力呈显著或极显著正相关；而根和叶中乙烯释放速率和1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸含量表现为强耐低磷品种显著低于弱耐低磷品种，并与产量和磷利用率显著或极显著负相关。随机森林分析表明，在各类激素中茉莉酸类和油菜素甾醇对产量和磷利用率的贡献最大。【结论】在低磷胁迫下，强耐低磷品种内源激素之间的平衡，特别是较高的茉莉酸类和油菜素甾醇含量，有利于优化根系形态，维持较高的根系活性，促进磷的吸收和利用，获得较高产量。

关键词: 水稻, 耐低磷, 产量, 磷吸收利用, 内源激素

XU Yuemei, PENG Shiyan, SUN Zhiwei, WANG Zhiqin, ZHU Kuanyu, YANG Jianchang. Differences in Endogenous Hormone Levels and Their Relationship with Yield and Phosphorus Use Efficiency in Rice Varieties With Various Tolerance to Low Phosphorus Stress[J]. Chinese Journal OF Rice Science, 2025, 39(2): 231-244.

徐月梅, 彭诗燕, 孙志伟, 王志琴, 朱宽宇, 杨建昌. 不同耐低磷水稻品种的内源激素水平差异及其与产量和磷利用率的关系[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2025, 39(2): 231-244.

Figures/Tables 12

Table 1. Temperature, precipitation, and sunshine hours during rice growing season in 2023

气象因子 Meteorological factors	五月 May	六月 June	七月 July	八月 August	九月 September	十月 October
平均温度Average temperature(℃)	21.8	25.7	28.8	28.2	24.5	18.4
降水量Precipitation(mm)	75.7	246	625	92.6	253	32.7
日照时长Sunshine hours(h)	156	136	101	179	98.0	195

Table 2. Grain yield and its components of rice varieties differed in tolerance to LP under various P levels

处理 Treatment	类别/品种 Category/Variety	穗数 Panicles (No./m²)	每穗粒数 Spikelets per panicle	总颖花数 Total spikelets number(×10³/m²)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	结实率 Filled-grain percentage(%)	产量 Grain yield (g/m²)
正常磷 NP	强耐低磷/扬稻2号 STV/Yangdao 2	300.78 d	156.35 a	47.01 a	25.16 b	68.71 e	812.68 a
	强耐低磷/盐粳2号 STV/Yanjing 2	511.64 a	93.49 e	47.83 a	22.51 d	73.26 c	788.11 b
	弱耐低磷/国际24号 WTV/IR24	286.62 e	101.61 d	29.12 e	24.21 c	58.90 g	415.15 f
	弱耐低磷/镇稻88 WTV/Zhendao 88	375.56 c	110.63 c	41.55 b	24.48 bc	70.87 d	720.77 d
低磷 LP	强耐低磷/扬稻2号 STV/Yangdao 2	295.46 d	128.84 b	38.07 c	26.78 a	73.55 c	749.77 c
	强耐低磷/盐粳2号 STV/Yanjing 2	442.37 b	79.12 f	35.00 d	24.32 bc	83.92 a	714.23 d
	弱耐低磷/国际24号 WTV/IR24	270.64 f	81.02 f	21.93 g	24.96 bc	62.27 f	340.79 g
	弱耐低磷/镇稻88 WTV/Zhendao 88	299.30 d	91.52 e	27.38 f	26.19 a	76.35 b	547.56 e

Fig. 1. Phosphorus (P) accumulation (A), dry matter production per unit P (B) and internal P use efficiency (C) of rice varieties differed in tolerance to LP under various P levels Varieties with strong tolerance to low P: YD2, Yangdao 2; YJ2, Yanjing 2. Varieties with weak tolerance to low P: ZD88(Zhendao 88), IR24. LP, Low phosphorus treatment; NP, Normal phosphorus treatment. MT, Mid-tillering; PI, Panicle initiation; HD, Heading; MA, Maturity. Different letters within the same stage indicate the significance at the P = 0.05 level.

Table 3. Variance analysis of yield and phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) between varieties and treatments

变异来源 Source of variation	磷产谷利用率 IPE	磷积累量 PA	磷素干物质生产效率 PUE_DW	产量 Grain yield
品种 Variety(V)	467^**	294^**	2.83^ns	1068^**
处理 Treatment(T)	4583^**	6504^**	602^**	293^**
品种×处理 (V×T)	43.6^**	42.3^**	4.97^*	21.2^**

Fig. 2. Root length (A), root diameter (B) and root dry weight (C) of rice varieties differed in tolerance to LP under various P levels Varieties with strong tolerance to low P: YD2(Yangdao 2), YJ2(Yanjing 2). Varieties with weak tolerance to low P: ZD88(Zhendao 88), IR24(International rice 24). LP, Low phosphorus treatment; NP, Normal phosphorus treatment. MT, Mid-tillering; PI, Panicle initiation; HD, Heading; MGF, Mid-grain filling; MA, Maturity. Different letters indicate significance at the P = 0.05 level.

Fig. 3. Shoot dry weight (A) and root oxidation activity (B) of rice varieties differed in tolerance to LP under various P levels Varieties with strong tolerance to low P: YD2(Yangdao 2), YJ2(Yanjing 2). Varieties with weak tolerance to low P: ZD88(Zhendao 88), IR24(International rice 24). LP, Low phosphorus treatment; NP, Normal phosphorus treatment. MT, Mid-tillering; PI, Panicle initiation; HD, Heading; MGF, Mid-grain filling; MA, Maturity; DW, Dry matter weight. Different letters within the same stage indicate significance at the P = 0.05 level.

Fig. 4. Content of indole-3-acetic acid (A, B), zeatin and zeatin riboside (C, D), and abscisic acid (E, F) in roots and leaves of rice varieties differed in tolerance to LP under various P levels Varieties with strong tolerance to low P: YD2(Yangdao 2), YJ2(Yanjing 2). Varieties with weak tolerance to low P: ZD88(Zhendao 88), IR24(International rice 24). LP, Low phosphorus treatment; NP, Normal phosphorus treatment. MT, Mid-tillering; PI, Panicle initiation; HD, Heading; MGF, Mid-grain filling. Different letters indicate significance at the P = 0.05 level.

Fig. 5. Ethylene emission rate (A, C) and l-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) content (B, D) in roots and leaves of rice varieties differing in tolerance to LP under various P levels Varieties with strong tolerance to low P: YD2(Yangdao 2), YJ2(Yanjing 2). Varieties with weak tolerance to low P: ZD88(Zhendao 88), IR24(International rice 24). LP, Low phosphorus treatment; NP, Normal phosphorus treatment. MT, Mid-tillering; PI, Panicle initiation; HD, Heading; MGF, Mid-grain filling. Different letters indicate significance at the P = 0.05 level.

Fig. 6. Content of jasmonic acid (A, B) and methyl jasmonic acid (C, D) in roots and leaves of rice varieties differed in tolerance to LP under various P levels Varieties with strong tolerance to low P: YD2(Yangdao 2), YJ2(Yanjing 2). Varieties with weak tolerance to low P: ZD88(Zhendao 88), IR24(International rice 24). LP, Low phosphorus treatment; NP, Normal phosphorus treatment. MT, Mid-tillering; PI, Panicle initiation; HD, Heading; MGF, Mid-grain filling. Different letters indicate significance at the P = 0.05 level.

Fig. 7. Content of 24-epibrassinolide (A, B) and 28-homobrassinolide (C, D) in roots and leaves of rice varieties differed in tolerance to LP under various P levels Varieties with strong tolerance to low P: YD2(Yangdao 2), YJ2(Yanjing 2). Varieties with weak tolerance to low P: ZD88(Zhendao 88), IR24(International rice 24). LP, Low phosphorus treatment; NP, Normal phosphorus treatment. MT, Mid-tillering; PI, Panicle initiation; HD, Heading; MGF, Mid-grain filling. Different letters indicate significance at the P = 0.05 level.

Fig. 8. Strigolactones content in roots and leaves of rice varieties differed in tolerance to LP under various P levels Varieties with strong tolerance to low P: YD2(Yangdao 2), YJ2(Yanjing 2). Varieties with weak tolerance to low P: ZD88(Zhendao 88), IR24(International rice 24). LP, Low phosphorus treatment; NP, Normal phosphorus treatment. MT, Mid-tillering; PI, Panicle initiation; HD, Heading; MGF, Mid-grain filling. Different letters indicate significance at the P = 0.05 level.

Fig. 9. Correlation analysis of grain yield, P use efficiency, root traits, and endogenous hormone levels (A, B) of rice varieties with various LP tolerance and random forest analysis of the contribution of hormone levels to grain yield and P use efficiency (C) MT, Mid-tillering; PI, Panicle initiation; HD, Heading; MGF, Mid-grain filling; PA, Phosphorus accumulation; IPE, Internal P use efficiency; PUEDW, Dry matter production per unit P; SDW, Shoot dry weight; TS, Total spikelets; FG, Filled grains; RL, Root length；RDW, Root dry weight; ROA, Root oxidation activity; R, Roots; L, Leaves; IAA, Indole-3-acetic acid; Z+ZR, Zeatin+zeatin riboside; ABA, Abscisic acid; ETH, Ethylene; ACC, l-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid; JA, Jasmonic acid; MeJA, Methyl jasmonate; SLs, Strigolactones; 24-EBL, 24-epibrassinolide; 28-HBL, 28-homobrassinolide; Increase in mean squared error, a higher value indicates greater importance.

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