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    Research Progress in the Function of Basic Leucine Zipper (bZIP) Protein Family in Rice
    HAN Cong, HE Yuchang, WU Lijuan, JIA Lili, WANG Lei, E Zhiguo
    Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2023, 37 (4): 436-448.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2023.221018
    Abstract932)   HTML32)    PDF (1407KB)(511)       Save

    As a large family of transcriptional regulators, basic leucine zipper (bZIP) proteins are widespread in eukaryotes. The bZIP proteins characteristically harbor a bZIP domain composed of two closely adjacent structural features: a DNA-binding basic region and the leucine zipper region. Annotations to eighty-nine bZIP transcription factor-encoding genes are available in the japonica rice genome, 45 of which are identified. They are involved in regulating rice growth and development and responses to biotic and abiotic stress, including seed dormancy and germination, floral transition, and photomorphogenesis, and stress and hormone signaling pathway, etc.

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    Advances in the Molecular Mechanism of Rice Plant Type
    LAN Jinsong, ZHUANG Hui
    Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2023, 37 (5): 449-458.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2023.221102
    Abstract419)   HTML55)    PDF (401KB)(434)       Save

    The plant type of rice is one of the major factors determining rice yield. The ideotype of high-yielding rice cultivar is an important way to increase rice yield potential in rice breeding. Dwarf breeding in the 1950s and hybrid rice breeding in the 1970s are two revolutions in rice yield. However, the growth rate of rice yield has slowed down significantly in recent years. The third yield breakthrough depends on the super-high-yield breeding that combines ideotype with heterosis. We briefly reviewed the advances in the regulation mechanism of rice plant architecture, focusing on the progress achieved in leaf, panicle, grain and other aspects, and looked forward to the future research trends rice ideotype. It will lay a solid foundation for improving rice plant type and further increasing rice yield through molecular breeding.

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    Creation of Thermo-sensitive Genic Male Sterile Rice Lines with Wide Compatibility Based on CRISPR/Cas9 Technology
    DUAN Min, XIE Liujie, GAO Xiuying, TANG Haijuan, HUANG Shanjun, PAN Xiaobiao
    Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2023, 37 (3): 233-243.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2023.221006
    Abstract256)   HTML14)    PDF (4620KB)(386)       Save

    【Objective】In order to break the fetters in traditional hybridization in the breeding of genic male sterile rice lines, the thermo-sensitive genic male sterility gene TMS5 was edited by CRISPR/Cas9 technology to create new genic male sterile lines using indica restorer line Taihui 31 as material.【Method】Two sequences in the first exon of TMS5 were chosen as target sites for the construction of vector pHUE411-TMS5-gRNA and 116 T0 generation transgenic plants were obtained by Agrobacterium infection method.【Result】Three homozygous mutants, tms5-1, tms5-2 and tms5-3 with amino acid deletion in TMS5 were verified by PCR and sequencing. The split sowing experiment showed that the self-fertilization rate of tms5-1 and tms5-3 were 0.56% and 0.03% at 27℃, respectively. Meanwhile, at the same temperature, the pollen of tms5-2 turned to be completely sterile. Compared with Taihui 31 (WT), TB52S (tms5-2) had more panicles, shorter panicle length. Its plant height and grain numbers per panicle reduced to nearly three quarters of WT. Furthermore, except for smaller anther with no pollens, the stigma, palea and lemma of TB52S didn’t change significantly as compared with WT. The fertility transfer temperature of TB52S was confirmed as 26℃ according to the temperature test during the IV phase of young panicle differentiation. Last but not least, the seed setting rate of hybrid F1 derived from the cross between TB52S and indica or japonica restorer lines was beyond 90%.【Conclusion】Using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, we obtained thermo-sensitive genic male sterile line TB52S which was genetically stable. It provides new technical support for the breeding of genic male sterile lines.

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    Phenotypic Analysis and Fine Mapping of blg1(beak like grain 1), a Rice Mutant with Abnormal Palea and Lemma Development
    SHEN Yumin, CHEN Mingliang, XIONG Huanjin, XIONG Wentao, WU Xiaoyan, XIAO Yeqing
    Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2023, 37 (3): 225-232.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2023.220506
    Abstract221)   HTML24)    PDF (5807KB)(373)       Save

    【Objective】 The development of rice floral organs is very important for the successful reproduction and yield of rice. Genetic mapping of genes related to floret organ development can improve the regulatory network of rice floret development, which has theoretical significance for rice breeding.【Method】A mutant blg1 with abnormal palea and lemma was isolated and identified from breeding materials. The floret morphology of blg1 and control line was observed. The mutant was hybridized with Dular to form an F2 population, and then genetic analysis, fine mapping and candidate gene analysis were carried out.【Result】Phenotypic observation showed that the palea and lemma in blg1 could not closed normally and curved severely with smaller grains. Genetic analysis showed that the mutant phenotype was controlled by a pair of recessive nuclear genes. Through fine mapping, the objective gene was located between markers InD3 and InD5 at the end of the long arm on chromosome 5, with a physical distance of 50 kb, including eight Open Reading Frames. By candidate gene analysis, LOC_Os05g48760 may be a candidate gene for BLG1 gene.【Conclusion】BLG1 is a new gene controlling the development of palea and lemma in rice.

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    Meta-analysis of Relationship Between Fertilizer Application and Rice Quality
    LIU Aihua, LI Xiaokun
    Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2023, 37 (3): 276-284.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2023.220807
    Abstract205)   HTML11)    PDF (2371KB)(363)       Save

    【Objective】Scientific fertilization is one of the most effective means to improve rice quality, and the relationship between different nutrients and rice quality is integrated to provide a theoretical basis for rice quality improvement.【Method】N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Zn, Fe, Si, rice, and quality were used as the main keywords to search the publications on "China National Knowledge Infrastructure" and "Web of Science" from 2001 to 2021. A total of 94 articles and 4277 data sets were selected to meet the analysis criteria. The nutritional quality, cooking and eating quality, appearance quality, and milling quality of rice in the publications were categorized, and the effect of different nutrient applications on rice quality indicators was integrated and analyzed by meta-analysis.【Result】Compared with without fertilization, the application of nitrogen, potassium, and iron fertilizer could improve the protein content of rice grain by an average of 17.03%, 6.10%, and 5.61%, respectively, and the application of zinc and iron fertilizer increased the zinc content (28.20%) and iron content (21.81%) of rice grain, respectively, all of which were beneficial to improving the nutritional quality. Nitrogen fertilizer application lowered gel consistency (3.33%), amylose content (6.01%), peak viscosity (8.05%), and breakdown (9.98%), which were not favorable to the improving rice cooking and eating quality. The application of potassium, magnesium, sulfur, and silicon fertilizer reduced the chalkiness rate by 15.09%, 6.50%, 24.07%, and 23.22%, respectively, while potassium, zinc, and silicon also reduced the chalkiness degree and helped improve the appearance quality. For milling quality indicators, the application of nitrogen, potassium, and zinc fertilizer could greatly enhance the head rice rate with an average growth rate of 10.29%, 2.92%, and 3.76%, respectively, which was conducive to the milling quality improvement.【Conclusion】Different nutrients have an effect on the nutritional, cooking and eating, appearance, and milling quality of rice, however the quality indicators affected vary. To optimize rice quality, the impacts of different nutrients on rice quality should be coordinated in actual production according to the desired quality standards.

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    Directed Knockout of SD1 Gene Improves Lodging Resistance and Blast Resistance of Rice
    LI Gang, GAO Qingsong, LI Wei, ZHANG Wenxia, WANG Jian, CHEN Baoshan, WANG Di, GAO Hao, XU Weijun, CHEN Hongqi, JI Jianhui
    Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2023, 37 (4): 359-367.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2023.221113
    Abstract293)   HTML22)    PDF (1390KB)(361)       Save

    【Objective】 Huai 119 is a high-yielding japonica rice variety. To improve its unfavorable traits, especially high plant height and poor resistance to rice blast, we used the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology to knock out its ‘Green Revolution’ gene SD1.【Method】 We selected the SD1 gene as the target to construct the CRISPR/Cas9 gene knockout vector, which was then transformed into Huai 119 by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method, and the homozygous sd1 knockout line without transgenic insertion was obtained. Subsequently, we compared and analyzed the plant height, rice blast resistance, and nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiency of the sd1 and wild-type lines.【Result】 We successfully isolated a homozygous sd1 knockout line without transgenic insertion in the background of Huai 119. In field paddy, it was found that over 60% of the planting area of wild-type Huai 119 was lodging, while the sd1 homozygous mutant population effectively avoided lodging in the later stages of growth due to its shorter plant height. In addition, after treatment with different concentrations of GA (0.01-1.00 μmol/L), the plant height increase of wild-type plants was significantly greater than that of the sd1 line, indicating that the sensitivity of sd1 line to exogenous GA treatment was reduced. The identification of rice blast resistance shows that knocking out SD1 also contributed to the improvement of rice blast resistance of Huai 119. However, the absorption and utilization efficiency of nitrogen decreased due to the knockout of SD1. 【Conclusion】 The knockout of SD1 gene in the rice variety Huai 119 not only improves lodging resistance by reducing plant height, but also enhances the resistance to rice blast.

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    Development of Aromatic Salt-tolerant Rice Based on CRISPR/Cas9 Technology
    LI Jingfang, WEN Shuyue, ZHAO Lijun, CHEN Tingmu, ZHOU Zhenling, SUN Zhiguang, LIU Yan, CHEN Haiyuan, ZHANG Yunhui, CHI Ming, XING Yungao, XU Bo, XU Dayong, WANG Baoxiang
    Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2023, 37 (5): 478-485.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2023.220907
    Abstract258)   HTML35)    PDF (1424KB)(344)       Save

    【Objective】 It is of importance to promote salt-tolerant and fragrant rice breeding. We obtained transgene free homozygous rice materials with salt-tolerance and fragrance by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing of Badh2 and OsRR22 in japonica variety Lianjing 11. 【Method】 Target sites were designed according to knockout efficiency of editing sites in Badh2 and OsRR22 gene sequence. The pH-Ubi-Badh2-OsRR22 knockout vector was constructed and transferred into the recipient variety Lianjing 11 by the Agrobacterium-mediated technology. PCR detection for hygromycin, Cas9 marker and target gene sequencing were performed in the transgenic progenies to obtain badh2-osrr22 homozygous lines without exogenous gene insertion. The seed traits and salt tolerance at seedling stage were analyzed. 【Result】 Compared with the background material Lianjing 11, the 2-AP content of T2 significantly increased. After treated with 128 mmol/L NaCl solution for 14 days, the seedling height, the fresh and the dry weight of T2 line 21-30 increased by 15.2%, 45.2% and 13.2%, respectively. 【Conclusion】 The successful editing of Badh2 and OsRR22 by CRISPR/Cas9 technology developed aromatic salt-tolerant homozygous lines without exogenous gene insertion, speeding up the breeding process of pyramiding multiple traits in rice.

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    Effects of Different Water Management on Yield and Rice Quality of Dry-seeded Rice
    YANG Xiaolong, WANG Biao, WANG Benfu, ZHANG Zhisheng, ZHANG Zuolin, YANG Lantian, CHENG Jianping, LI Yang
    Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2023, 37 (3): 285-294.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2023.220810
    Abstract216)   HTML16)    PDF (936KB)(341)       Save

    【Objective】The effects of different water management on rice yield, photosynthetic physiological characteristics and rice quality under dry direct seeding mode were studied to lay a theoretical basis for water-saving cultivation under arid climate conditions.【Method】With hybrid rice Hanyou 73 and conventional rice Huanghuazhan as experimental materials, a field experiment was carried out under flooding irrigation (W) and dry cultivation (D) to evaluate the effects of irrigation regimes on photosynthetic characteristics of rice leaves, dry matter accumulation and distribution, yield and rice quality.【Result】Dry cultivation of rice under dry direct seeding mode significantly improved water use efficiency, increased rice yield, and reduced the appearance quality and eating quality of rice. Compared with flooding irrigation, dry cultivation significantly increased the SPAD value of leaves and the net photosynthetic rate at the heading stage, and promoted the accumulation of dry matter in shoot. The dry matter translocation amount and contribution rate from stem and leaf to grain were promoted, and the effective panicle number and 1000-grain weight of rice were increased. The yield of Huanghuazhan and Hanyou 73 increased by 14.0% and 11.9%, respectively. Dry cultivation had no significant effect on processing quality, but significantly reduced amylose contents and increased protein contents. At the same time, it reduced the content of heavy metal arsenic and increased the content of heavy metal cadmium in grains.【Conclusion】Dry cultivation under dry direct seeding mode provides the possibility for the adaptive cultivation of rice under dry climate conditions, but the synergistic improvement of rice quality and yield varies with variety. Therefore, more efforts should be made in developing the high-efficiency and high-quality cultivation technology under the dry direct seeding mode.

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    Research Progress on Correlation of Rice Leaf Senescence and Discoloration with Nitrogen Reuse and Volatilization
    TAO Yi, XU Yanan, YE Chang, ZHENG Guangjie, XU Chunmei, CHEN Song, CHU Guang, LIU Yuanhui, WANG Danying
    Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2023, 37 (6): 553-562.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2023.230605
    Abstract240)   HTML29)    PDF (1050KB)(333)       Save

    Leaf senescence is a critical development stage in the plant lifecycle, and leaf discoloration is a typical marker. The investigation on N recycle and reuse during the leaf color changing process can provide insights into the influence factors of N remobilization efficiency. This review delivers a brief overview about the internal and external factors that influence rice leaf discoloration and the types of stay-green varieties. Moreover, we summarized the latest research progress on the association between nitrogen reutilization-volatilization and rice leaf discoloration. This review elucidated the reasons behind the increasing nitrogen volatilization during the late reproductive stage of rice, and made a strong case for the development of straightforward leaf discoloration monitoring technology to create a quantitative indicator system for leaf discoloration characteristics. Such a review would clarify the relationships and mechanisms between rice leaf senescence dynamics and nitrogen reutilization and volatilization, photosynthetic assimilate accumulation, and nitrogen activation reutilization in the maturation process.

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    Characterization and Gene Mapping of a Glume Lesion Mimic Mutant glmm1 in Rice
    XU Huan, ZHOU Tao, SUN Yue, WANG Mumei, YANG Yachun, MA Hui, LI Hao, XU Dawei, ZHOU Hai, YANG Jianbo, NI Jinlong
    Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2023, 37 (5): 497-506.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2023.221201
    Abstract189)   HTML19)    PDF (47940KB)(331)       Save

    【Objective】 The aim of this study is to identify and map the glume lesion mimics mutant gene in rice, and to lay a foundation for gene cloning and molecular mechanism research. 【Method】 Agronomic traits analysis, scanning electron microscopy observation, DAB staining, and total silicon content determination were performed on the wild-type material LR005 and the glume lesion mimics mutant glmm1 obtained through EMS mutagenesis. The F2 population derived from glmm1 and L422 was used for genetic analysis, and gene mapping by map-based cloning and BSA-seq method. 【Result】 The mutant gradually showed brown spots on the glumes and leaves 10 days after heading, and the glumes were completely brown at mature stage. Compared with the wild type, the mutant showed highly significant reductions in plant height, panicle length, total number of grains per panicle, seed setting rate and 1000-grain weight. DAB staining showed that the glmm1 glumes and leaves had increased ROS(reactive oxygen species) content; Scanning electron microscopy observation showed that the siliceous cells on the surface of the mutant glumes and leaves wrinkled. The genetic analysis showed that the glume lesion mimics phenotype of glmm1 was controlled by a pair of recessive genes. Using the F2 segregating population of glmm1 and L422, GLMM1 was localized to a 68-kb interval containing 10 genes on chromosome 2 by map-based cloning and BSA-seq. Sequence analysis revealed only one SNP in this interval, which located in the fifth exon of the gene Lsi1 (LOC_Os02g51110), resulting in a substitution of Ile with Thr. The reduced accumulation of glmm1 silicon was found by measuring total silicon content of the glumes and leaves, suggesting that glmm1 may be a mutant allele of Lsi1. 【Conclusion】 glmm1 is a new mutant allele of Lsi1, which causes a reduction in silicon content and accumulation of reactive oxygen species in plants, resulting in brown spots on glumes and leaves.

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    Identification and Gene Mapping of Outcurved Leaf Mutant ocl1 in Rice
    REN Zhiqi, XUE Kexin, DONG Zheng, LI Xiaoxiang, LI Yongzhao, GUO Yujing, LIU Wenqiang, GUO Liang, SHENG Xinnian, LIU Zhixi, PAN Xiaowu
    Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2023, 37 (4): 337-346.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2023.221004
    Abstract209)   HTML23)    PDF (1775KB)(331)       Save

    【Objective】 Moderate leaf rolling can enhance photosynthetic efficiency and improve rice yield. Identification of rice leaf rolling mutants will help elucidate the molecular mechanism behind rice leaf formation. 【Methods】 60Co-γ ray irradiation was used to mutagenize indica rice variety Yuzhenxiang and an outcurved leaf mutant was obtained, tentatively named ocl1 (outcurved leaf 1). The phenotypic and agronomic traits of the mutant were investigated. The F2 population of a cross between ocl1 and 02428 was used for mapping of the OCL1 gene. Additionally, the expression of leaf-rolling related genes was analyzed by quantitative PCR. 【Result】 Compared with the wild-type, the leaves of the mutant was characterized by outcurved and drooping leaves from tillering to mature stage. The yield components including the seed setting rate, 1000-grain weight and yield per plant were obviously decreased in ocl1. Cross-section observation of leaves revealed that the bulliform cells between adjacent vascular bundles of ocl1 were larger than those of the wild-type. Genetic analysis implied that these phenotypes of the mutant were controlled by a pair of recessive nuclear gene. The OCL1 gene was fine-mapped to a 127 kb interval between markers RM19575 and ID02612 on the chromosome 6. Sequencing analysis indicated that one of the genes (LOC_Os06g10600) has a single-base mutation at the intron-exon junction, which leads to abnormal splicing and changes in amino acid sequence. The gene encodes a homologous domain-leucine zipper protein, which is an allele to the leaf rolling related gene ROC8 (URL1). Correspondingly, the expression of ROC5 and LAC17 genes related to bulliform cell development was down-regulated in ocl1, while that of XTH11 was up-regulated in ocl.【Conclusion】 The mutation of OCL1 gene results in outcurved leaf by affecting the development of bulliform cells, which in turn leads to a yield reduction.

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    Genetic Analysis and Identification of Brown Planthopper Resistance Gene in indica Rice Accession 570011
    CHENG Ling, HUANG Fugang, QIU Yipu, WANG Xinyi, SHU Wan, QIU Yongfu, LI Fahuo
    Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2023, 37 (3): 244-252.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2023.220601
    Abstract153)   HTML6)    PDF (1239KB)(324)       Save

    【Objective】The aim is to identify brown planthopper (BPH) resistance gene in resistant indica rice accession 570011, and provide new materials for insect-resistant rice breeding.【Method】A seedling bulk test was conducted to evaluate the BPH resistance of F3 population, and a local genetic map was developed based on the genotype of the mapping population by JoinMap 3.0. The resistance locus was then detected and genetic effect was evaluated by MapQTL 5. The expression of one candidate resistance gene was analyzed with qRT-PCR, and the corresponding CDS and amino acid sequences of the candidate gene were compared.【Result】Accession 570011 showed high resistance to BPH at the seedling stage and significant antibiosis and antixenosis against BPH. The ratio of resistant lines (score < 7) to susceptible lines (score≥7) in F3 population was 89:35, which accorded with the separation law of one dominant gene. One BPH resistance locus was detected in the 39 cM region flanked by markers 4M18675 and 4M24.64 on chromosome 4, which could be allelic to the cloned BPH6. qRT-PCR analysis indicated that the expression of BPH6 allele in accession 570011 was significantly higher than that in susceptible line 9311. Accession 570011 respectively shared the similarity of 99.08% and 97.96% in CDS and amino acid sequence comparing with the cloned gene BPH6. Moreover, they closely clustered in the phylogenetic tree. All the results suggested that the BPH resistance gene derived from accession 570011 was allelic to BPH6.【Conclusion】Accession 570011 is highly resistant to BPH and carries one major resistance gene, which is an allele of BPH6. The identification of the resistance gene enriches the alleles of BPH6 and provides new materials for insect resistant rice breeding.

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    Effect of Different Fertilizer Application Rates on Rice Yield and Quality Formation and Its Relationship with Energy Metabolism at High Temperature
    WANG Wenting, MA Jiaying, LI Guangyan, FU Weimeng, LI Hubo, LIN Jie, CHEN Tingting, FENG Baohua, TAO Longxing, FU Guanfu, QIN Yebo
    Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2023, 37 (3): 253-264.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2023.220808
    Abstract209)   HTML27)    PDF (4138KB)(322)       Save

    【Objective】 In recent years, frequent occurrence of extreme high temperature weather severely inhibited the formation of rice yield and quality. Optimizing plant nutritional status and improving energy metabolism can alleviate thermal damage. However, the effects of fertilizer application rates on grain energy metabolism and its relationship with yield, quality and thermal resistance at high temperature have not been reported, and elucidating the mechanism can lay an important theoretical basis for the research and development of rice heat-resistant and risk-resistant cultivation technology.【Method】 In this study, a single cropping indica hybrid rice variety Zhongzheyou 8, which was widely planted in Zhejiang Province in recent years, was pot-cultivated in a climate chamber. Three fertilizer treatments were set: no fertilization (0-NPK), 1/2 normal fertilization (1/2-NPK) and normal fertilization (1-NPK). On the day of flowering, they were moved to the artificial climate chamber for high temperature treatment for 15d (for high temperature treatment, 36℃ in daytime and 28℃ at night; for the normal temperature treatment, 28℃ in daytime and 25℃ at night).【Result】The yield, seed-setting rate and 1000-grain weight of Zhongzheyou 8 followed a trend of increasing with the increaing fertilizer application at normal temperature or high temperature, with a shrinking decreasing amplitude at high temperature. However, head rice rate decreased with the increase of fertilizer application, and chalkiness degree showed an upward trend. The contents of soluble sugar, MDA, H2O2, ATPase and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in the grains after high temperature treatment were higher than those in the normal temperature control, but contents of starch, non-structural carbohydrate, antioxidant enzyme and ATP were lower than those in the normal temperature control. Both at normal temperature and high temperature, the activities of non-structural carbohydrates, antioxidant enzymes, ATP and ATPase increased with rising fertilizer application level, while contents of MDA, H2O2 and PARP decreased. At normal temperature, relative expression levels of energy receptor genes SnRK1A and SnRK1B decreased with the increase of fertilizer application, while TOR showed an increasing trend. Compared with normal temperature treatment, after high temperature treatment, the expression of SnRK1A was upregulated, while TOR was downregulated with the increase of fertilizer amount.【Conclusion】Increased fertilizer application could effectively alleviate the negative effect of high temperature on seed setting rate and 1000-grain weight of rice during flowering, but appearance quality and processing quality tended to deteriorate. At normal temperature, the quality deterioration caused by increased fertilizer application may be related to the acceleration of grain filling, while the quality deterioration caused by high temperature is mainly due to the lack of energy, which is difficult to meet the demand of yield and quality formation.

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    Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Consumption and Operation on Rice Yield and Its Components in China:A Meta-analysis
    XIAO Dakang, HU Ren, HAN Tianfu, ZHANG Weifeng, HOU Jun, REN Keyu
    Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2023, 37 (5): 529-542.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2023.221111
    Abstract196)   HTML31)    PDF (2425KB)(320)       Save

    【Objective】 Moderate nitrogen (N) fertilizer rate and operation can effectively improve rice yield and N use efficiency. Clarifying the effects of N rate fertilizer rate and operation on rice yield and its components can provide theoretical guidance for high yield and high efficiency for rice. 【Methods】 Based on 119 published articles on N fertilizer management in rice fields, a meta-analysis was conducted to summarize the effects of N management on rice yield and its components under different total N rates, basal fertilizer+tillering fertilizer, topdressing for panicle initiation, planting areas and soil properties, and explored the appropriate measures to improve yield components to get high yield in major Chinese rice production areas. 【Results】 Compared with no N fertilizer application, N fertilizer application can significantly increase the actual yield (+42.2%) and theoretical yield (+43.1%), effective panicle number and grain number per panicle increased by 33.2% and 13.5%, respectively, while the seed setting rate and 1000-grain weight decreased by 4.2% and 1.6%, respectively. There were significant differences in rice yield and its components under different N rates and N operations. The actual and theoretical yield of rice increased significantly at the N rate of 150-200 kg/hm2, while the effective panicle number and grain number per panicle increased most at the N rate of 250-300 kg/hm2. In addition, with the increase of N rates, the seed setting rate and 1000-grain weight decreased significantly. When the ratio of basal fertilizer+tillering fertilizer to the total nitrogen application was 30%-50% and the N ratio of panicle fertilizer was 10%-30%, the rice yield peaked, while increasing the ratio of basal fertilizer+tillering fertilizer (≤70%) can significantly increase effective panicle number, but reduce grain number per panicle and seed setting rate. And, increasing the ratio of topdressing for panicle initiation (≤30%) can increase grain number per panicle and seed setting rate. For different rice growing regions, there were significant differences for rice yield and its components. The main performance is that the yield increase in the single-season rice from Northeast China is the largest, followed by the single-season and double-season rice in the Yangtze River basin, and the single-season and double-season rice region in South China and the single-season rice in the Yunnan-Guizhou and Sichuan-Hunan Plateau are the smallest. All rice regions achieved high yield by increasing the number of effective panicles and grain number per panicle. The increase of actual and theoretical yield of rice was less affected by SOM(soil organic matter), and the difference between the increase of each SOM level was not more than 4.39% and 2.26%, while the changes of soil TN(total nitrogen), AN(available nitrogen), AP(available phosphorus), AK(available potassium) contents had a greater impact, but there was no significant difference between subgroups. 【Conclusion】 The recommended N rate should not exceed 250 kg/hm2, and the recommended ratio of base fertilizer +tillering fertilizer should not exceed 70% of the total N rate. When the ratio of panicle fertilizer is 10%-30%, it is more beneficial to increase rice yield. Under the condition of ensuring the effective panicles and grain number per panicle of rice, improving the seed setting rate is the key to increase yield in all the rice planting regions in China, which needs comprehensive management measures such as chemical regulation, cultivation density and excellent varieties.

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    Effects of Silicon and Zinc Fertilizer and Their Application Ways on Yield and Grain Quality of Rice Variety Nanjing 46
    WEI Xiaodong, SONG Xuemei, ZHAO Ling, ZHAO Qingyong, CHEN Tao, LU Kai, ZHU Zhen, HUANG Shengdong, WANG Cailin, ZHANG Yadong
    Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2023, 37 (3): 295-306.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2023.220805
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    【Objective】It is important to clarify the effects of silicon and zinc fertilizer and their application methods on rice quality and grain yield of Nanjing 46.【Method】Nine fertilizer application treatments were designed, including soil topdressing of silicon fertilizer (Si-B), soil topdressing of zinc fertilizer (Zn-B), soil topdressing of silicon fertilizer + foliar spraying of silicon fertilizer (Si-B+Si-L), soil topdressing of zinc fertilizer + foliar spraying of zinc fertilizer (Zn-B+Zn-L), soil topdressing of silicon fertilizer + soil topdressing of zinc fertilizer (Si-B+Zn-B), foliar spraying of silicon fertilizer (Si-L), foliar spraying of zinc fertilizer (Zn-L), foliar spraying of silicon fertilizer + foliar spraying of zinc fertilizer (Si-L+Zn-L), and no silicon and zinc fertilizer application (CK). The soil topdressing was conducted during last 4-leaf stage and the foliar spraying was conducted during the booting stage (5-7 days before heading). We evaluated the effects of different treatments on the grain yield and its components, processing quality, appearance quality, eating quality and the 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) content of Nanjing 46.【Result】The silicon and zinc fertilizer application obviously increased grain yield of Nanjing 46 with the increasing range of 0.8-11.9%, which resulted from the increase of 1000-grain weight and the number of grains per panicle. The silicon fertilizer application decreased the rates of brown rice and milled rice, while the zinc fertilizer increased the rates of brown rice and milled rice. The silicon and zinc fertilizers could increase the head rice rate, with the latter being more influential. The effects of silicon and zinc fertilizers on the amylose content and RVA profile values varied with treatments, but the silicon and zinc fertilizers could increase the breakdown viscosity, reduce the setback viscosity, increase the gel consistency, the 2-AP content and aroma, improve the taste value.【Conclusion】Soil topdressing of silicon fertilizer and foliar spraying of zinc fertilizer could increase not only the grain yield, but also the head rice rate, aroma and eating quality of Nanjing 46.

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    Effect of Plant-row Spacing on Rice Yield and Root Morphological and Physiological Characteristics in Super High Yield Field
    DONG Liqiang, YANG Tiexin, LI Rui, SHANG Wenqi, MA Liang, LI Yuedong, SUI Guomin
    Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2023, 37 (4): 392-404.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2023.221007
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    【Objective】 It is very crucial to investigate the effects of plant-row spacing on rice yield in super-high-yield field and clarify the mechanism behind high yield of rice in high-density mode.【Method】 In 2020 and 2021, Liaojing 419 was grown under five cultivation modes including local farmers' mode (LFM), conventional high-density mode (CHMD), narrow-row high-density mode (NHDM) and two wide and narrow row modes (WNHDM1 and WNHDM2). We measured the root morphological and physiological indexes and the composition factors of rice yield to explore the effects of plant and row spacing on rice yield and root morphological and physiological characteristics in super high-yield fields, clarify the relationship between root distribution and yield composition factors of rice in high-density mode, and reveal the mechanism of high yield of rice in super-high-yield fields in high-density mode.【Result】 Compared with LFM, the productive panicle number under WNHDM1 and WNHDM2 increased by 19.24% and 18.16%, respectively, and grain number per panicle and seed setting rate remained stable. The root indexes of IN(narrow row) area in WNHDM1 and WNHDM2 were not lower than those of other modes, but the difference was greater in OUT(wide row) area, total root length, total root diameter, total root surface area, total root volume and total root dry weight increased by 21.07% and 26.76%, 10.71% and 9.18%, 21.13% and 26.77%, 21.15% and 27.62% and 23.48% and 29.71% in two growing seasons. The root morphological indices in WNHDM1 and WNHDM2 had a positive correlation with panicle number and yield at heading stage and filling stage.【Conclusion】 The high-density mode with optimized plant and row spacing provides rice with asymmetric growth space inside and outside the row, exerts root marginal effect, improves root dry weight, root surface area and root volume, maintains strong root oxidation activity, lays a good basis for the formation of more productive panicles, and achieves the purpose of increasing rice yield.

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    Genetic Dissection of Broad Spectrum Resistance of the Rice Maintainer Ganxiang B
    CHEN Mingliang, XIONG Wentao, SHEN Yumin, XIONG Huanjin, LUO Shiyou, WU Xiaoyan, HU Lanxiang, XIAO Yeqing
    Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2023, 37 (5): 470-477.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2023.221105
    Abstract172)   HTML15)    PDF (916KB)(293)       Save

    【Objective】 Ganxiang B is a WA type rice maintainer line developed by the Rice Research Institute of Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences. It shows broad spectrum resistance against rice blast in Jiangxi, Fujian, Guizhou, Hubei, and Zhejiang Provinces. Genetic analysis of blast resistance loci in Ganxiang B will contribute to the future work for blast resistance breeding. 【Method】 The rice blast resistance loci in Ganxiang B were analyzed by genome comparison between resistant and susceptible lines, marker detection of rice blast resistance locus, resistance gene sequencing, and phenotypic identification of segment substitution lines. 【Results】 There were resistance genes Pish, Pia, and Pita in Ganxiang B. After introgressed with Pish, the blast resistance of highly susceptible line was significantly enhanced. However, after introgressed with Pita or Pia, the resistance was slightly enhanced or remained unchanged.【Conclusion】 Ganxiang B carries several blast resistance genes. Among them, Pish is the main resistant gene, showing broad resistance to rice blast.

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    Mechanisms Behind Aleurone Development in Cereals and Its Application in Breeding
    WANG Tengjiao, CHEN Chen
    Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2023, 37 (5): 459-469.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2023.230105
    Abstract165)   HTML12)    PDF (4022KB)(290)       Save

    The outmost layer of endosperm cells differentiates into alleurone cells during seed development, which distinguish themselves from the inner endosperm cells morphologically and physiologically. For example, the aleurone layer is rich in proteins, lipids, vitamins, dietary fibers and mineral elements. The aleurone cells secrete amylase and protease for hydrolyzing reserves accumulated in the endosperm. Several key genes involved in the regulation of aleurone cell differentiation and development have been identified with the mutants showing aleurone defects, deepening our understanding of the aleurone cell fate determination. It has been proposed that increasing the number of aleurone layers may help improve nutritional quality of cereals. In this review, taking rice as an example, we summarized the differentiation and development regulations of aleurone in cereals. We also discussed the potentials, issues and possible solutions for breeding high-nutrition cereals by improving the aleurone-related traits.

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    Prospects for the Application of Gene Editing and Genomic Selection in Rice Breeding
    LIANG Chuyan, WU Mingming, HUANG Fengming, ZHAI Rongrong, YE Jing, ZHU Guofu, YU Faming, ZHANG Xiaoming, YE Shenghai
    Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2024, 38 (1): 1-12.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2024.230503
    Abstract226)   HTML26)    PDF (324KB)(286)       Save

    Rice is the main grain crop in China. Due to large population and limited land resources in China, rice breeding goals have long been yield oriented. Chinese researchers have continuously achieved breakthroughs in rice breeding technology, and the adoption of dwarf breeding and hybrid rice breeding technology has resulted in two significant leaps in rice yield in China. However, with the improvement of living standards and the increasing frequency of extreme weather events, higher demands have been placed on rice in terms of yield, quality, and resistance. At present, biotechnology is undergoing constant innovation, particularly with the rapid development of gene editing and genomic selection breeding technology. This progress is expected to provide robust support for the development of new rice varieties with high yield, superior quality, and resistance to multiple factors. It helps promote the green and sustainable development of rice production. This paper reviews the recent advancements in gene editing technology and genomic selection technology in rice breeding for high yield, superior quality, disease and insect resistance, stress tolerance, and heterosis. The goal is to provide breeding strategies for the efficient development of new varieties to meet demands.

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    Identification and QTL Mapping of Rice Germplasm Resources with Low Amylose Content
    XIE Kaizhen, ZHANG Jianming, CHENG Can, ZHOU Jihua, NIU Fuan, SUN Bin, ZHANG Anpeng, WEN Weijun, DAI Yuting, HU Qiyan, QIU Yue, CAO Liming, CHU Huangwei
    Chinese Journal OF Rice Science    2023, 37 (6): 609-616.   DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2023.221109
    Abstract177)   HTML20)    PDF (777KB)(277)       Save

    【Objective】 Amylose content (AC) is one of the most critical factors that determine the eating and cooking quality (ECQ) of rice. Therefore, it holds great significance to screen rice germplasm resources with low amylose content and elucidate the genetic control mechanism for breeding new varieties with excellent ECQ. 【Method】 We determined AC in 22 restorer lines of three-line hybrid rice and analyzed the QTL locus controlling amylose content using a double haploid (DH) population derived from the cross between Fan 38 and Shenhui 26. 【Result】 Two rice germplasms with low AC, Fan 32 and Fan 38, were discovered among the 22 restorer lines. Their AC was found to be 11.39%±0.01% and 10.58%±0.13%, respectively. In contrast to other low AC varieties carrying Wxmp alleles, Fan 32 and Fan 38 carried Wxb alleles. A total of five QTLs, namely qAC1.1, qAC1.2, qAC5, qAC6.1, and qAC6.2, related to amylose content, were identified in the DH population. Among these, qAC6.1 and qAC6.2 were consistently detectable over two years. qAC6.2 emerged as a major QTL, contributing to over 30% of the phenotypic variation. 【Conclusion】 These findings suggest that the low AC in Fan 38 is likely primarily controlled by the qAC6.2 locus. This establishes a foundation for further research into the regulatory mechanism of amylose synthesis in rice and for the development of new rice varieties with low AC using marker-assisted selection technology.

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